電梯基礎(chǔ)知識-5 電梯的安全系統(tǒng)

1、5 電梯的安全系統(tǒng)Safety system of lift為了保證電梯運(yùn)行安全、可靠，電梯上設(shè)置了許多電氣、機(jī)械安全保護(hù)裝置。只要這些安全裝置能夠正常、有效地起到各自應(yīng)有的作用，就一定能保證電梯和乘客的絕對安全，做到萬無一失。To ensure lift to operate safely and reliably, electrical and mechanical safety devices are mounted on lift. Good function of these safety devices will guarantee the safety of lift and p

2、assengers. 電梯應(yīng)有的安全措施：Necessary safety devices include:超速保護(hù)裝置（限速器、安全鉗）；Overspeed protection device, such as overspeed governor, safety gear；供電系統(tǒng)斷、錯(cuò)相保護(hù)（只對交流電梯有效）；Power cut-off, phase-reverse protection, only applicable to AC lift；底坑撞底緩沖器裝置（油壓緩沖器、彈簧緩沖器）；Buffer in pit, such as oil buffer, spring buffer；

3、超越井道上、下極限工作位置時(shí)的保護(hù)裝置（上、下終端極限）；Protection device for upper and lower final limit in well, such as upper / lower final (terminal) limit；層門聯(lián)鎖與轎門電氣聯(lián)鎖裝置；Landing door interlock and car door electrical interlock ；井道底坑有通道時(shí)，對重應(yīng)有防止超速或斷繩下落的裝置（對重側(cè)限速器、安全鉗）；Counterweigh should be equipped with device which prevent

4、s overspeed or ruptured rope precipitation, such as overspeed governor and safety gear； 停電或電氣系統(tǒng)故障時(shí)應(yīng)有轎廂慢速移動(dòng)的救援措施（緊急救援設(shè)備）；Rescue measures (emergency rescue device) should be provided for car to move slowly in case of power off or electrical failure；8）各類電氣安全保護(hù)裝置（電梯門口的光電開關(guān)等）；Various electrical safety pr

5、otection devices (electro-optical switch located at entrance to landing door)；5-1電梯的安全鏈Lift safety chain將電梯的所有安全部件串在一起形成的安全回路俗稱為電梯的安全鏈。圖5-1為 蒂森TCM電梯的安全鏈，圖5-2為奧的斯SPEC60電梯的安全鏈。 Safety chain is referred to as safety circuit connected by all safety parts. In figure 5-1 is shown safety chain of Thyssen T

6、CM lift; in figure 5-2 safety chain of Otis SPEC60. 5-2 限速器Overspeed governor 5-2-1 限速器功能Overspeed governor function限速器是檢測轎廂超速的裝置，在電梯正常運(yùn)行時(shí)它不起作用，當(dāng)電梯運(yùn)行速度超過其額定速度并達(dá)到一定值（即限速器動(dòng)作速度）時(shí)，它就操縱電氣開關(guān)打開急?；芈?，使電動(dòng)機(jī)停轉(zhuǎn)并且制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)，在此同時(shí)或稍后，它將操縱安全鉗動(dòng)作，使轎廂夾持在導(dǎo)軌上，迫使轎廂停下來。所以限速器總是和安全鉗連用的，限速器是在電梯超速并達(dá)到臨界值時(shí)起檢測及操縱作用，而安全鉗則是在限速器操縱下強(qiáng)制使轎廂停

7、住的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。 As a device to test car overspeed, overspeed governor does not function during lift normal operation. It will operate electrical switch to open emergency circuit, making motor stop and engaging brake. Simultaneously or shortly, overspeed governor will operate safety to activate, forcing car

8、to stop by retaining it on guide rails. Therefore, overspeed governor is always used together with safety gear; the former will test and operate when lift runs at overspeed and reaches limit value, while the latter will force car to stop under the manipulation of overspeed governor. 由于電梯速度不同，通過限速器使電

9、梯停止的操作程序也有所不同，當(dāng)電梯額定速度1.0m/s時(shí)，允許在限速器動(dòng)作操縱安全鉗的同時(shí)打開急停回路（即限速器動(dòng)作1和2同時(shí)發(fā)生，見圖5-3 ）當(dāng)電梯額定速度超過1m/s時(shí)，限速器應(yīng)首先打開急?；芈罚磩?dòng)作1）超速在額定速度的115%以下使電梯急停。如果此動(dòng)作未能使電梯減速，并且超速達(dá)到規(guī)定值時(shí)，則限速器直接操縱安全鉗（即動(dòng)作2）使轎廂夾持在導(dǎo)軌上。Different lift speed results in different operation procedure for car to stop through overspeed governor. For lifts with ra

10、ted speed of less than /s, it is permissible to open emergency circuit while operating safety gear (overspeed governors action 1 and 2 occur simultaneously, as shown in figure 5-3). For lifts with rated of above 1m/s, overspeed governor should open emergency circuit opens first, i.e. action 1 occurs

11、 occurs, making lift execute emergency stop if lift speed exceeds rated speed but below 115% rated speed. If such action fails to decelerate lift and speed limit value is reached, overspeed governor will directly operate safety gear, i.e. action 2 occurs, leaving car retained on rails.5-2-2 限速器種類及工作

12、原理Overspeed governor types and mechanism任何限速器本身都包括三個(gè)機(jī)械部分，其一是反映電梯運(yùn)行速度的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部分；其二是當(dāng)電梯運(yùn)行速度達(dá)到限速器動(dòng)作速度時(shí)，根據(jù)離心力原理將限速器繩夾緊的機(jī)械自鎖部分。限速器應(yīng)保證僅在電梯超速下降時(shí)起作用，故有安裝方向性，絕對不允許裝錯(cuò)；其三是限速器鋼絲繩下部張緊裝置部分。Any overspeed governor consists of three mechanical parts: rotating part to reflect lift speed; mechanical self-locking part which

13、 will clutch overspeed governor rope when lift speed reaches the threshold which activates overspeed governor. Overspeed governor can onlyl guarantee to function when lift is moving downwards at overspeed, therefore direction should be considered when it is installed and wrong installation is not al

14、lowed; tension device part is below overspeed governor rope. 限速器按其動(dòng)作原理可分為擺錘式和離心式兩種。離心式結(jié)構(gòu)的限速器又可分為垂直軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)型和水平軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)型兩種。目前常用的大多為后者。Overspeed governor is classified into pendular and centrifugal types according to its mechanism.Centrifugal overspeed governor is classified into vertical rotating and horizonta

15、l rotating types. Currently, the former is frequently used. 5-2-2-1 離心式限速器Centrifugal overspeed governor圖5-4為這種限速器的典型結(jié)構(gòu)。它的動(dòng)作原理是，兩個(gè)繞各自軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的甩塊由杠桿連接在一起，以保證同步運(yùn)動(dòng)。甩塊由螺旋彈簧固定。限速器繩輪在垂直平面內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，如果轎廂速度超過額定速度預(yù)定值時(shí)，甩塊因離心力的作用向外甩開，使超速開關(guān)動(dòng)作，從而切斷電梯的控制回路，使制動(dòng)器失電抱閘。如果轎廂速度進(jìn)一步增大，甩塊進(jìn)一步向外甩開，并撞擊鎖栓，松開擺動(dòng)鉗塊。正常情況下，擺動(dòng)鉗塊由鎖栓拴住，與限速器繩間保持一

16、定的間隙。當(dāng)擺動(dòng)鉗塊松開后，鉗塊下落，將限速器繩夾持在固定鉗塊上。固定鉗塊由壓緊彈簧壓緊，壓緊彈簧可利用調(diào)節(jié)螺栓進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。此時(shí)，繩鉗夾緊了限速器繩，從而使安全鉗動(dòng)作。當(dāng)鉗塊夾緊限速器繩使安全鉗動(dòng)作時(shí)，限速器繩不應(yīng)有明顯的損壞或變形。In figure 5-4 is shown the typical structure of this overspeed governor. Its mechanism is as follows: two independently rotating fly weights are connected by lever to ensure synchronou

17、s movement. Fly weights are fixed by spiral springs. Overspeed governor sheave is rotating in vertical suface; if car speed exceeds rated speed, fly weight will fly outwards, enabling overspeed switch to activate, cutting off control circuit and making brake engage. Fly weight will fly outwards furt

18、her, bumping bolt and disengaging swinging jaw if car speed is increased further. In normal condition, swinging jaw is bolted by lock pin, keeping specific distance from overspeed governor rope. After swinging jaw is disengaged, jaw will precipitate, clutching overspeed rope on fixed jaw. Fixed jaw

19、is compressed by press spring which can be adjusted by means of adjusting bolts. When rope clip clutches overspeed governor rope, enabling safety gear to activate, no obvious damage or deformation should be found on overspeed governor rope.5-2-2-2離心式錘型限速器Centrifugal hammer overspeed governor 離心式錘型限速

20、器示意圖見圖5-5，其工作原理為：當(dāng)轎廂超速下降時(shí)，限速器輪在限速器繩與其繩槽間的摩擦力的作用下，轉(zhuǎn)速加快。因而離心錘所受到的離心力相應(yīng)地也隨之增大，并使離心錘繞著銷軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，重心外移。當(dāng)離心力增大到一定值時(shí)，離心錘上的內(nèi)凸子將和錘罩上的外凸子相嚙合，使錘罩帶動(dòng)偏心叉一起向著轎廂下降方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)到偏心叉中的壓繩舌與限速器繩接觸時(shí)，根據(jù)自鎖原理，壓繩舌將限速器掣停，進(jìn)而帶動(dòng)安全鉗動(dòng)作將轎廂夾持于導(dǎo)軌上。In figure 5-5 is shown the centrifugal hammer overspeed governor whose mechanism is as described

21、as follows. When car is moving downwards at overspeed, overspeed pulley will accelerate under the influence of the friction between overspeed rope and groove. Therefore, centrifugal applied on centrifugal hammer is increased accordingly, enabling centrifugal hammer to rotate around pin shaft and mov

22、ing gravity outwards. When centrifugal increases to a certain value, inner cam on centrifugal hammer will engage with outer cam on hammer cover; hammer caover will drive deflecting fork to move in the direction towards which car decelerates. When press rope tag contacts overspeed governor rope, the

23、former will stop overspeed governor, driving safety gear to retain car on guide rails.5-2-2-3 立軸式球型限速器Vertically axial ball overspeed governor立軸式球型限速器示意圖見圖5-6。其工作原理為：限速器繩帶動(dòng)限速器旋轉(zhuǎn)，并將其運(yùn)動(dòng)傳給一對錐齒輪,使其立軸帶動(dòng)一對飛球轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。隨著限速器轉(zhuǎn)速的提高，飛球所產(chǎn)生的離心力不斷增加。飛球在克服調(diào)節(jié)彈簧及結(jié)構(gòu)自重沿立軸向下分力的基礎(chǔ)上，不斷抬高位置。在飛球抬高位置的過程中，杠桿相應(yīng)地上提，當(dāng)提到一定位置時(shí)，鉤子就與偏心塊（或

24、楔塊）脫離。在偏心塊（或楔塊）自重和一定的附加重量的作用下，根據(jù)自鎖原理，使隨著電梯一起下降的限速器繩掣停，從而促使安全鉗動(dòng)作，將轎廂夾持在導(dǎo)軌上。限速器輪直徑至少是限速器繩直徑的30倍。 錘型限速器一般被用在梯速v的低速電梯上，v1.0m/s的快速梯常選用離心式限速器，高梯選用球型限速器。In figure 5-6 is shown tanding axial ball overspeed governor, whose mechanism is as follows: overspeed governor rope drives overspeed governor to rotate,

25、passing on to a pair of cone pulleys, enabling vertical shaft to drive a pair of fly balls. With speed of overspeed governor increasing, centrifugal produced by fly ball will increase. The position of fly ball will be elevated as long as it overcomes adjusting springs and partial force of self weigh

26、t along vertical shaft. With flying balls position elevated, lever will do so accordingly; when reaching a certain position, anchor and deflecting filler (or wedge) will fly. Under the influence of deflecting filler (or wedge) self weight and other additional weight, overspeed governor rope moving d

27、ownwards with lift will be stopped, enabling safety gear to activate and retaining car on rails.Diameter of overspeed governor pulley should be at least 30 times as that of overspeed governor rope.Hammer overspeed governor is generally used in lift with speed of /s or less; while centrifugal overspe

28、ed governor in lift with speed of more than 1m/s, ball overspeed governor in high-speed lift.限速器的動(dòng)作速度與轎廂速度的關(guān)系一般按表5-1進(jìn)行調(diào)整。In table 1 is shown the relation between speed of overspeed governor and that of car.表5-1 Table 1 轎廂額定速度m/sRated speed of car限速器動(dòng)作速度（最大值）m/sSpeed which activates overspeed governo

29、r (max.)5-2-4 限速器的安裝位置Mounting position of overspeed governor 限速器通常安裝在電梯機(jī)房或隔離層的地面，它的平面位置一般在電梯轎廂的左后角或右前角處。如圖5-7所示。限速器繩的張緊輪安裝在電梯底坑，限速器繩繞經(jīng)限速器輪和張緊輪形成一個(gè)封閉的環(huán)路，其兩端通過繩頭連接架安裝在轎廂架上，與操縱安全鉗的杠桿系統(tǒng)相連。張緊輪的重量使限速器繩保持張緊，并在限速器輪槽和限速器繩之間形成一定的摩擦力。轎廂上、下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)同步帶動(dòng)限速器繩運(yùn)動(dòng)從而帶動(dòng)限速器輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 Overspeed governor is generally mounted on the

30、 floor of machine room or of isolating section. From plan view, it is in rear left corner or front right corner, as shown in figure 5-7. Tension pulley of overspeed governor is mounted in pit; overspeed rope travels around overspeed pulley and tention pulley, forming an enclosed circuit. Both sides

31、of rope are mounted on car frame via rope head connecting support and connected with lever system which manipulates safety gear. Tension pulley weight keeps overspeed rope tensioned, producing friction between overspeed governor groove and rope. Car moving upwards and downwards will snychronize over

32、speed governor rope , enabling overspeed governor pulley to rotate.5-3 安全鉗Safety gear 安全鉗是在限速器的操縱下，使電梯轎廂緊急制動(dòng)，夾持在導(dǎo)軌上的一種安全裝置。任何曳引電梯的轎廂都必須設(shè)有安全鉗裝置，安全鉗裝置必須由限速器來操縱，在轎廂達(dá)到限速器動(dòng)作時(shí)，甚至在鋼絲繩斷裂的情況下，安全鉗應(yīng)能保證使?jié)M載轎廂掣停在導(dǎo)軌上，并能保持靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)。安全鉗裝置只有在電梯超速下行時(shí)才起保護(hù)作用。只有將被掣停在導(dǎo)軌上的轎廂向上提起時(shí)方有可能使安全鉗復(fù)位。Safety gear is a safety device that wi

33、ll retain car on rails after being jerked under the activation of overspeed governor.Any traction lifts should be equipped with safety gear which must be controlled by overspeed governor. If overspeed governor activates, even in case of rope rupture, safety gear should guarantee to jerk car with rat

34、ed load on rails and leave it stationary.Safety gear will not activate unless lift runs at overspeed. Safety gear will not reset until car retained on rail is hoisted.5-3-1 安全鉗裝置的構(gòu)成和布置Safety gear device configuration and arrangement安全鉗裝置設(shè)在轎廂架或?qū)χ丶苌?，它?兩部分組成，即掣停機(jī)構(gòu)和操縱機(jī)構(gòu)。掣停機(jī)構(gòu)叫安全鉗，它的作用是使轎廂或?qū)χ爻竿?，夾持在導(dǎo)軌上。操縱

35、機(jī)構(gòu)是一組連桿系統(tǒng)，限速器通過此連桿系統(tǒng)操縱安全鉗起作用。圖5-8為安全鉗裝置的示意圖。Mounted on car frame or counterweight frame, safety gear device is composed of jerk and manipulation parts. The former is called safety gear that is used to jerk car or counterweight and retain them on rails; while the latter is a set of lever system throu

36、gh which overspeed governor manipulates safety gear. In figure 5-8 is illustrated safety gear device.安全鉗需要由兩組，對應(yīng)地安裝在兩根導(dǎo)軌處。大多數(shù)情況下安全鉗安裝在轎廂架下梁的下面，但也可以安裝在轎廂架上梁的上面。限速器繩兩端的繩頭與安全鉗杠桿系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)連桿相連接，電梯在正常運(yùn)行時(shí)，轎廂運(yùn)動(dòng)通過驅(qū)動(dòng)連桿帶動(dòng)限速器繩和限速器運(yùn)動(dòng)，此時(shí)，安全鉗處于非動(dòng)作狀態(tài)，其制停零件（楔塊、偏心塊或滾子）與導(dǎo)軌之間保持一定的間隙一般為23mm。當(dāng)轎廂超速達(dá)到限定值時(shí)，限速器動(dòng)作使夾繩鉗卡住限速器繩，這時(shí)隨著轎廂

37、繼續(xù)向下連桿被同時(shí)提起，帶動(dòng)安全鉗夾緊零件與導(dǎo)軌接觸，而使安全鉗鉗口同時(shí)夾緊導(dǎo)軌，轎廂掣停。在安全鉗作用時(shí)，裝在其連桿系統(tǒng)中的安全開關(guān)應(yīng)在安全鉗動(dòng)作以前使電動(dòng)機(jī)停止運(yùn)行。Mounted on two rails accordingly, a pair of safety gears are needed. In most cases, safety gear is mounted below the bottom transom of car, but they can also be mounted above the top transom of car. Rope heads on bo

38、th sides of verspeed governor are connected with safety gear driving lever system; for lift in normal operation, car moves by means of driving lever which drives overspeed governor rope and overspeed governor, meanwhile, safety gear remains deactivated, the gap between jerk parts (wedge, deflecting

39、filler or roller) and rail should be 2 -3 mm. When car reaches the speed limit value, overspeed governor will activate to make rope clip retain overspeed governor rope; meanwhile car continues moving downwards and connecting lever is hoisted, driving pin parts of safety gear to contact rail; enablin

40、g safety gear clip to retain rail and jerk car. Under the effect of safety gear, safety switch installed in connecting lever system should make motor stop prior to safety gear activation.5-3-2 安全鉗分類及掣停原理Safety gear types and jerk principle電梯上所采用的安全鉗種類較多，一般按動(dòng)作特性和使用的速度范圍分類，電梯安全鉗可分為瞬時(shí)式、漸進(jìn)式和具有緩沖作用的瞬時(shí)式安全

41、鉗。There are several types of safety gears in lifts. According to action characteristics and speed, they can be momentary, progressive and momentary with buffer effect types.5-3-2-1 瞬時(shí)式安全鉗Momentary safety gear這種安全鉗也叫做剛性、急停型安全鉗。它的承載結(jié)構(gòu)是剛性的，動(dòng)作時(shí)產(chǎn)生很大的制動(dòng)力，使轎廂或?qū)χ亓⒓赐Ｖ?。這種安全鉗結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，但它的掣停距離很短，一般在30mm以內(nèi)，因此只適用于速度較低

42、的電梯，否則掣停時(shí)減速度過大，將危及人體的安全（人體能承受的瞬時(shí)減速度一般在25m/s以下）。Also called rigid and emergency stop safety gear, this safety gear is rigid in structure. When activating, it will produce huge brake force to make car or counterweight stop immediately. Simple in structure, it is characteristic of short jerk distance o

43、f not more than 30mm, therefore, it is only suitable for lifts with low speed; otherwise, high deceleration during jerk will result in personal injury (Normally personal endurance for momentary deceleration should be below 25m/s).。常見的瞬時(shí)式安全鉗結(jié)構(gòu)有楔型、滾子型和偏心型，它們又分為單面作用雙面作用兩種。它們的主要區(qū)別在于夾緊零件。所有的瞬時(shí)式安全鉗，無論是楔型、

44、滾子型或偏心型，均利用自鎖夾緊原理，即一旦夾緊零件（楔塊、滾子或偏心）與導(dǎo)軌發(fā)生接觸，就不需要任何外力而依靠自鎖夾緊作用夾住導(dǎo)軌，由于夾緊零件是剛性支承的，所以夾緊力立即增大到使轎廂停住為止。夾緊力的大小決定于轎廂的速度和重量。According to lift safety regulations, momentary safety gear is used in lifts with speed of not more than /s. Structure of typical momentary safety gear is divided into wedge, roller and

45、partially-centered types, which are also classified into single face and double face applications. Their main difference lies in pinch parts. Self-lock pinch principle is applicable to all momentary safety gear, no matter what type it is. Once pinch parts (wedge, roller or partially-centered) contac

46、t with guide rails, self-lock pinch force is used to pinch rails without any exterior force needed. Since pinch parts are rigid and supportive, pinch force will immediately increase until car stops. Pinch force magnitude is dependent upon car speed and weight.5-3-2-2 漸進(jìn)式安全鉗Progressive safety gear這種安

47、全鉗也叫做彈性滑移型安全鉗，這種安全鉗的掣停力是有控制地逐漸增大或保持恒定值，掣停過程中轎廂將繼續(xù)滑移一段距離，使掣停速度不致很大。因此這種安全鉗適用于額定速度大于0.63m/s的快速和高速電梯。它又分為變制動(dòng)力和恒制動(dòng)力兩種。變制動(dòng)力漸進(jìn)式安全鉗一般由限速器直接帶動(dòng)，隨著轎廂掣?；七^程使安全鉗逐漸夾緊，同時(shí)制動(dòng)力逐漸增大而使轎廂達(dá)到掣停的目的。恒制動(dòng)力漸進(jìn)式安全鉗一般由杠桿系統(tǒng)操縱，夾持零件能自鎖夾緊并由彈簧承載，其特點(diǎn)是在掣停過程中制動(dòng)力保持恒定，掣停性能良好，所以現(xiàn)代快速和高速電梯的安全鉗絕大多數(shù)都采用此種結(jié)構(gòu)。Also called elastic sliding safety ge

48、ar, progressive safety gear is characteristic of gradually increasing of keeping jerk force at constant value; during jerk, car continues sliding a distance, enabling jerk speed rather moderate. Suitable for lift with speed of /s or above, this safety gear is classified into viable jerk and constant

49、-jerk types. Viable progressive safety gear is driven by overspeed governor. With car jerking, safety gear will gradually pinch, meanwhile, brake will increase, enabling car to stop.Constant safety gear is controlled by lever system; pinch parts can self-lock and be supported by spring. During jerk,

50、 brake remains constant with good jerk performance; therefore, it is used in fast and high-speed lifts.5-3-3安全鉗的安全技術(shù)規(guī)范Safety technical regulations of safety gear按電梯安全技術(shù)規(guī)范的規(guī)定，安全鉗須滿足下列要求：According to safety regulations, safety gear must meet the following requirements:5-3-3-1安全鉗掣停過程的平均減速度應(yīng)在0.2之間。g是重力加

51、速度（/s2）。Average speed of safety gear during jerk should be ranging from 0.2 to . g is gravity acceleration (/ s2）.5-3-3-2在轎廂內(nèi)載荷均勻分布的情況下，安全鉗使轎廂掣停后，轎廂地板的傾斜度不超過其正常位置的5%；In case of evenly distributed load in car, after safety gear makes car stop, slant of floor inside car should not exceed 5% of its nor

52、mal position.5-3-3-3安全鉗動(dòng)作之前或同時(shí)應(yīng)有一電氣開關(guān)切斷電梯控制回路，使曳引機(jī)停轉(zhuǎn)。此電氣開關(guān)應(yīng)是非自動(dòng)復(fù)位開關(guān)。An electrical switch cuts off lift control circuit before or as soon as safety gear activates, enabling traction machine to stop rotating. This electrical switch should be non-automatic reset switch.5-3-3-4安全鉗夾緊彈簧和受力零件應(yīng)有足夠的強(qiáng)度系數(shù)。Safe

53、ty gear pinch spring and parts on which pressure to exert should have enough strength coefficient. 5-3-4 安全鉗制動(dòng)力Safety gear brake安全鉗的掣停過程將吸收運(yùn)動(dòng)轎廂的全部能量，包括動(dòng)能和位能。Whole energy of moving car will be absorbed during safety gear jerk process, including dynamic energy and potential energy. 5-1？F 安全鉗的制動(dòng)力（N） F

54、Safety gear brake (N)G1轎廂載重量（Kg） G1 Car load (kg)G0轎廂系統(tǒng)自重（Kg） G0 Car weight (kg)S 掣停距離 S Jerk distance5-3-5 瞬時(shí)式安全鉗設(shè)計(jì)的主要數(shù)據(jù)：Main data for designing momentary safety gear5-3-5-1制動(dòng)力Brake5-3-5-2夾緊力Pinch5-3-5-3夾緊表面的比壓Proportional pressure on pinch surface5-3-5-4自鎖夾緊條件Self-lock pinch conditions5-3-6 漸進(jìn)式安全鉗

55、設(shè)計(jì)的主要數(shù)據(jù)：Main data for designing progressive safety gear 5-3-6-1制動(dòng)力Brake5-3-6-2彈簧力Elasticity5-3-6-3夾緊表面的比壓Proportional pressure on pinch surface5-3-6-4夾緊表面的摩擦系數(shù)Friction coefficient on pinch surface5-3-6-5自鎖夾緊條件Self-lock pinch conditions5-4 緩沖器Buffer緩沖器是由于某種原因，轎廂或?qū)χ爻綐O限位置發(fā)生蹲底時(shí)，用來吸收轎廂或?qū)χ貏?dòng)能的制停裝置。緩沖器是電梯最

56、后一道安全裝置。緩沖器安裝在井道底坑的地面上，轎廂和對重的下方。圖5-9為緩沖器位置示意圖。對應(yīng)于轎架下梁緩沖板的緩沖器稱轎廂緩沖器；對應(yīng)于對重架下方緩沖板的緩沖器稱對重緩沖器。同一臺電梯的轎廂和對重緩沖器其結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)格是相同的。For some reasons, when car or counterweight runs by limit position, resulting in “sinking on bottom”, buffer is used as brake device to absorb car or counterweight dynamic energy. As the

57、last safety device for lift, it is mounted on floor of pit in well, below car and counterweight, as shown in figure 5-9. Car buffer is on buffer board below car frame; while counterweight buffer is on counterweight board below counterweight frame. For an individual lift, buffer structure of car is t

58、he same as that of counterweight.5-4-1 緩沖器分類Buffer types緩沖器一般按結(jié)構(gòu)分為彈簧緩沖器(蓄能)和油壓緩沖器（耗能）兩種（圖5-10）。Buffer is classified into spring buffer and oil buffer according to structure, as shown in figure 5-10.5-4-2 彈簧緩沖器Spring buffer彈簧緩沖器受到轎廂或?qū)χ氐臎_擊時(shí)，依靠彈簧的變形來吸收轎廂或?qū)χ氐膭?dòng)能。當(dāng)電梯運(yùn)行到井道下部時(shí)，因斷繩或超載等各種原因，使電梯超越底層停站繼續(xù)下行，但下行的

59、速度未達(dá)到限速器動(dòng)作速度，在下極限開關(guān)不起作用的情況下，將撞擊設(shè)置在底坑的緩沖器?；虍?dāng)轎廂超越最高停站繼續(xù)上行，上極限開關(guān)不起作用的情況下，對重將撞擊底坑中的對重緩沖器，緩沖器將吸收轎廂或?qū)χ氐膭?dòng)能，減緩轎廂或?qū)χ貙Φ卓拥臎_擊。彈簧緩沖器一般用于額定速度在1m/s以下的電梯。圖5-11所示兩種彈簧緩沖器示意圖。 When shocked by car or counterweight, spring buffer will deform to absorb energy from car or counterweight. After approaching the lower part of

60、 well, if lift runs by the bottom landing to continue due to rope rupture or overload, meanwhile, neither lift reaches the speed which will activate overspeed governor nor lower limit switch functions, collision will be preset on buffer in pit. When car runs by the top landing to continue and upper