英語(yǔ)修辭專業(yè)知識(shí)講座市公開(kāi)課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、Metonymy Synecdoche Antonomasia第1頁(yè)第1頁(yè)1. 定義definitionMetonymy: the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.Metonymy (由此及彼借代）using Name B to replace Name A. Name B and Name A are closely associated with (聯(lián)想) each other.所謂借代是用一事物名稱來(lái)代替另一事物（即借彼代此），而這一

2、事物與另一事物緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。第2頁(yè)第2頁(yè)metonymy Name B1. The kettle is boiling.2. to climb up the social ladder4. the cradle Name Awatermeans of promotionchildhood第3頁(yè)第3頁(yè)metonymy借代是一個(gè)廣泛利用修辭方式。從心理學(xué)上看，借代修辭格產(chǎn)生以及構(gòu)成依賴是人們?cè)诔Ｒ?guī)共存基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)想能力。借代表現(xiàn)形式 form of expression是，不直接說(shuō)出所指對(duì)象名稱，而是借與該人或該物密切相關(guān)事物名稱代替。所說(shuō)事物與另一事物即使毫無(wú)相同點(diǎn)，但卻有著不可分割邏輯關(guān)系。借代作用

3、function是使聽(tīng)者或讀者不但知道所寫(xiě)是什么，并且還能喚起所說(shuō)事物特性，給人留下深刻印象。借代利用 usage基礎(chǔ)是聯(lián)想，通過(guò)聯(lián)想達(dá)到生動(dòng)形象，風(fēng)趣詼諧、言簡(jiǎn)意賅語(yǔ)言效果。第4頁(yè)第4頁(yè)Metonymy characteristics借代含有下列幾種特點(diǎn)：1. 甲事物與乙事物不相類似；2. 甲事物與乙事物有不可分離關(guān)系；3. 乙事物名稱來(lái)代替甲事物。第5頁(yè)第5頁(yè)metonymyHe is too fond of the bottles. I have never read James Joyce. She is far from the cradle.What is learned in t

4、he cradle is carried into the grave. His purse would not allow him that luxury.第6頁(yè)第6頁(yè)The classifications of metonymymetonymy第7頁(yè)第7頁(yè)依據(jù)人名或商品品牌名By using names of persons or brandsUncle Sam(山姆大叔)Americans or the American government(美國(guó)人/美國(guó)政府)John Bull(約翰牛)the English nation or a typical Englishman(英國(guó)/地道英國(guó)

5、人)He is reading Shakespeare. 他在讀莎士比亞作品 （Shakespeares works 用作者指代作品）He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses.他為了玉鄰里攀比而負(fù)債。 （Joneses ：neighbors 用“瓊斯家”指代“鄰里”）We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我們駕駛一輛福特牌小轎車到海德公園去。（Ford ：a car whose make is Ford 用具牌名指代實(shí)物）第8頁(yè)第8頁(yè)Finally she married money. 她最后嫁給了有錢(qián)人。 （a r

6、ich man用“錢(qián)”指代“有錢(qián)人”） I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 我住在飛機(jī)場(chǎng)附近，日夜可聽(tīng)到過(guò)往飛機(jī)聲。 （the noise made by passing planes用“過(guò)往飛機(jī)”指代“噪音”） （2）依據(jù)實(shí)物名稱 By using the real name第9頁(yè)第9頁(yè)The big apple(大蘋(píng)果)New York city(紐約市)Russian bear(俄國(guó)熊)Russians or the Russian government(俄國(guó)/俄國(guó)政府)British

7、 lion(英國(guó)獅)England or the English government(英國(guó)/英國(guó)政府)The flower of the nation was sent off to war.該國(guó)壯小伙子都被送去打仗了.(The flower 通慣用來(lái)指代“精英”“精髓”等。在句中，它被用來(lái)指代“壯小伙子”。The strong man)（3) 依據(jù)動(dòng)植物名稱 By using the names of animals or plants第10頁(yè)第10頁(yè)When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束

8、后，他放下武器，從事寫(xiě)作。( the sword: arm; the pen: writing. ) Only the knife can save him. 只有手術(shù)能夠挽救他。 ( Operation 用手術(shù)刀指代手術(shù) )（4）依據(jù)工具名By using some tools, equipment, or instruments第11頁(yè)第11頁(yè)I could not hear the actors. 我聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)演員臺(tái)詞。(The words of the actors 用演員指代臺(tái)詞)Some students were talking loudly in class that I coul

9、d not hear the teacher clearly.一些學(xué)生在課上大聲說(shuō)話我聽(tīng)不清老師講課。 (用老師指代老師課)（5） 依據(jù)職業(yè)名By using the professional names第12頁(yè)第12頁(yè)He is too fond of the bottle. 他太喜歡喝酒了。(Wine 用容器“瓶”指代內(nèi)含物質(zhì)“酒”)His purse would not allow him that luxury.他錢(qián)包里錢(qián)不允許他那么奢侈。(The money in his purse 用錢(qián)包指代它里面所裝“錢(qián)”)Two beers, please.請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯啤酒。(Two glasse

10、s of beer. 用內(nèi)含物質(zhì)“啤酒”指代容器“杯”。)（6) 依據(jù)裝東西容器或容器里所裝東西By using containers to refer to what is contained第13頁(yè)第13頁(yè)Brain drain. 人才流失( Talent 用大腦指代人才 )But I was not one to let my heart rule my head.我可不是那讓感情駕馭理智人。(heart: Feeling or emotions;head:reason or good sense.用“心”指代“感情”用“頭”指代“理智”。)Grey hairs should be re

11、spected.老年人應(yīng)當(dāng)受到尊敬。(Old people 頭發(fā)是人體一部分，七千家樂(lè)形容詞“灰白”之后，含有一個(gè)象征意義，慣用來(lái)指代“老年人”。)（7) 依據(jù)身體部位By using part of the body第14頁(yè)第14頁(yè)He decided to enter the bar after college.他決定大學(xué)畢業(yè)后當(dāng)律師。( The bar：原意是法庭圍欄，現(xiàn)在慣用來(lái)指代律師職業(yè) 。The legal profession )Members of the press werent allowed into the combat zone. 新聞?dòng)浾卟粶?zhǔn)進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)斗區(qū)域。 （The

12、 press： 愿意是印刷機(jī)，現(xiàn)慣用來(lái)指帶新聞?dòng)浾摺ewspaper reporters ）He has been appointed to the bench. 他被委任為法官。（The bench： 愿意是法官席位，現(xiàn)慣用來(lái)指代法官。）（8 ） 依據(jù)典型實(shí)物借代職業(yè)To refer to some professions第15頁(yè)第15頁(yè)He had only a few coppers in his pocket.他口袋里只有幾種銅幣。 Coins (copper是制作coin材料)She was dressed in silks.她身穿絲綢衣服。( Silk 是制作clothes材料

13、) （9） 依據(jù)制作某東西材料By using the material made of something第16頁(yè)第16頁(yè)The white house(白宮)the U.S. government 美國(guó)政府Wall Street(華爾街）U.S. financial circles 美國(guó)金融界Capital Hill(國(guó)會(huì)山)the U.S. Congress美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)Hollywood（好萊塢）American film-making industry (美國(guó)電影業(yè))Madison Avenue(麥迪遜大街)American advertising industry (美國(guó)廣告業(yè))Down

14、ing Street(唐寧街)the British government (英國(guó)政府)Fleet Street(艦隊(duì)街)the British Press(英國(guó)新聞界)The field was won after two hours of bloody fighting.（The battle 通過(guò)兩個(gè)小時(shí)浴血奮戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)斗取得了勝利。用戰(zhàn)斗場(chǎng)地指代戰(zhàn)斗）（10）依據(jù)政府、工商公司所在地以及事物活動(dòng)場(chǎng)合To refer to locations of government or of business第17頁(yè)第17頁(yè)metonymy借代和隱喻組成客觀基礎(chǔ)不同。借代要義是取代，即兩個(gè)密切相關(guān)事物

15、之間存在著某種現(xiàn)實(shí)聯(lián)絡(luò)。如eye與視力相關(guān)，因此用eye來(lái)代指視力。而隱喻要義在于比喻，其基礎(chǔ)是相同，即是兩個(gè)事物特性存在著某種類似之處。隱喻重在喻，借代重在代。Difference between metonymy and metaphor :When the two phenomena resemble each other, metaphor is involved.When the two phenomena are related to each other, metonymy is concerned.Metaphor works by similarity.Metonymy wo

16、rks by contiguity.第18頁(yè)第18頁(yè)Synecdoche 感情意蘊(yùn)提喻Synecdoche: the naming of a part to mean the whole or the naming of a whole to mean the part.提喻是借代一個(gè)分支，或者說(shuō)，是借代側(cè)重于一些方面一個(gè)表現(xiàn)。它以部分代全體，單個(gè)代類別，詳細(xì)代抽象或反過(guò)來(lái)。They counted fifty sails in the harbor. (sails-ships)1. 定義 definition第19頁(yè)第19頁(yè)Synecdoche提喻表現(xiàn)形式及其藝術(shù)魅力 form of exp

17、ression and artistic charm在語(yǔ)言表述過(guò)程中，同樣一件事物，若變換一個(gè)表現(xiàn)形式，可使語(yǔ)言新鮮別致，生動(dòng)形象，引起讀者豐富聯(lián)想，突出事物特性，達(dá)到一個(gè)別出心裁，引人入勝言語(yǔ)藝術(shù)效果。正確地利用這一修辭手法，有助于我們依據(jù)事物相關(guān)性，透過(guò)借體理解本體，從而準(zhǔn)確地理解文章內(nèi)涵。第20頁(yè)第20頁(yè)Synecdoche1.用局部代替整體( the part for the whole) 如 用sail 代表ship, 用hands 代表helpers, 用roofs代表house.This newspaper - and probably the whole country- wi

18、ll wait its time and see how the new faces perform before judging them.這家報(bào)紙-大約全國(guó)也同樣-要等待一段時(shí)間，以便看這些新面孔如何行事業(yè)，然后再對(duì)他們做出判斷。faces（面孔）代替 those who have recently come into power(那些新近上臺(tái)人)第21頁(yè)第21頁(yè)2. 用整體代替局部(the whole for the part)SynecdocheThe surgeon cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched me up ag

19、ain. 外科醫(yī)生把我腹部切開(kāi)，取出闌尾，最后又把腹部縫好。以我me代替我腹部my abdomenHe felt at ease with all the world.他怡然自得，與世無(wú)爭(zhēng)。All the world = every thing in the world第22頁(yè)第22頁(yè)3. 用類代替種(genus for the species) 如：用vessel 代表ship, 用weapon 代表sword, 用creature代表man, 用arms代表rifles,用vehicle代表bicycleSynecdocheThe dock can accommodate the larg

20、est vessel. (這船塢能容納最大船。)The poor creature had no home, family, or friends. 這可憐人，既沒(méi)有房子，也沒(méi)親人或朋友。第23頁(yè)第23頁(yè) 4. 用種代替類: species for the genus 如用bread代表food, 用cutthroat代表assassinSynecdocheHad he chosen painting instead of politics, he would have been a great master with the brush. (brush -painting)The young

21、 man is very clever; he may be another Edison. (Edison-all inventors as clever as Edison)第24頁(yè)第24頁(yè)5. 用詳細(xì)代替抽象 specific for abstractSynecdocheShe has come to realize that life is not a bed of roses. ( a bed of rose代替luxurious life and satisfied situation)她終于結(jié)識(shí)到了人生并非總是稱心如意。The gentleman in me made me st

22、and up to go away, but the journalist in me made me stand still.gentleman - gentleman behavior, journalist- objectivity and impartiality第25頁(yè)第25頁(yè)6. 用抽象代替詳細(xì) abstract for specificSynecdocheAll the wit and learning were assembled there. (the wit and learning -the wise and learned scholars)The moon was a

23、bove, cold and beautiful, the music reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars.Mothers-maternal love, roses-love, clean thoughts- noble ideas, clean collars- decent materials life 第26頁(yè)第26頁(yè)Metonymy: the substitution of the name

24、 of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.換喻或借代Synecdoche: When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part.提喻借代是一個(gè)互不從屬關(guān)系，沒(méi)有局部與整體關(guān)系，而提喻是一個(gè)從屬關(guān)系。Differences第27頁(yè)第27頁(yè)Antonomasia換起固有聯(lián)想換稱Antonomasiantnmeizi: It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. 用頭銜、綽號(hào)和稱呼等代替姓名或稱謂或用專有名詞代替普通名詞修辭手法叫做換稱。1. 定義 definition第28頁(yè)第28頁(yè)（1） 用頭銜、綽號(hào)和稱呼等代替姓名或稱謂：His Majesty(陛下)a king or the name of the king (國(guó)王或國(guó)王姓名)Iron Chancellor(鐵血宰相)Bismarck(俾斯麥)第29頁(yè)第29頁(yè)（2） 專用名詞代替普通名詞a. 源于宗教或神話：religion and mythSolomo