國際關(guān)系專業(yè)英語PPT適用期末考試及考研

ChapterOne

PowerandNationalInterest(3)SamuelP.HuntingtonSamuelP.HuntingtonWhatisthefundamentalsourceofconflictintheworldtoday?SamuelP.Huntington,professoratHarvardUniversity,believesthatit“willnotbeprimarilyideologicalorprimarilyeconomic.Thegreatdivisionsamonghumankindandthedominatingsourceofconflictwillbecultural.Nation-stateswillremainthemostpowerfulactorsinworldaffairs,buttheprincipalconflictsofglobalpoliticswilloccurbetweennationsandgroupsofdifferentcivilizations.Theclashofcivilizationswilldominateglobalpolitics.Thefaultlinesbetweencivilizationswillbethebattlelinesofthefuture.”11Question

WhatisthefundamentalsourceofconflictidentifiedbyHuntingtonintheworldtoday?AnswerTheprincipalconflictsofglobalpoliticswilloccurbetweennationsandgroupsofdifferentcivilizations.SamuelP.HuntingtonHowcancontemporaryinternationalpoliticsbedefined?Isitaunipolarsystemorabipolarsystem,oramultipolarsystem?HuntingtonarguesinTheLonelySuperpower(1999)thatglobalpoliticshaschangedfundamentallysincetheendoftheColdWar.Firstly,ithasbeensubstantiallyreconfiguredalongculturalandcivilizationallines.Secondly,globalpoliticsisalsoalwaysaboutpowerandthestruggleforpower,andtodayinternationalrelationsischangingalongthatcrucialdimension.TheglobalstructureofpowerintheColdWarwasbasicallybipolar,buttheemergingstructureisverydifferentbecausethereisnowonlyonesuperpower.QuestionAccordingtoSamuelP.Huntington,howhasglobalpoliticschangedsincetheendoftheColdWar?QuestionHowdoesHuntingtondefinetheconceptofthecontemporaryinternationalpolitics?AnswerItisastrangehybrid,auni-multipolarsystemwithonesuperpowerandseveralmajorpowersbecausethesettlementofkeyinternationalissuesrequiresactionbythesinglesuperpowerbutalwayswithsomecombinationofothermajorstates,andbecausethesinglesuperpowercanvetoactiononkeyissuesbycombinationsofotherstates.hybridtheoffspringoftwoanimalsorplantsofdifferentraces,varieties,orspecies. Themuleisahybridofafemalehorseandamaledonkey.SamuelP.HuntingtonWhatisasuperpowerorhegemoninaunipolarsystem?Huntington’sunderstandingofitisthatthesuperpowerorhegemoninaunipolarsystem,lackinganymajorpowerschallengingit,isnormallyabletomaintainitsdominanceoverminorstatesforalongtimeuntilitisweakenedbyinternaldecayorbyforcesfromoutsidethesystem,bothofwhichhappenedtofifth-centuryRomeandnineteenth-centuryChina.Inamultipolarsystem,however,eachstatemightpreferaunipolarsystemwithitselfasthesingledominantpowerbuttheothermajorstateswillacttopreventthatfromhappening,aswasoftenthecaseinEuropeanpolitics.IntheColdWar,eachsuperpowerquiteexplicitlypreferredaunipolarsystemunderitshegemony.Butthedynamicsofthecompetitionandtheirearlyawarenessthatanefforttocreateaunipolarsystembyarmedforcewouldbedisastrousforbothenabledbipolaritytoendureforfourdecadesuntilonestatenolongercouldsustaintherivalry.SamuelP.HuntingtonWhatdoestheUnitedStatesprefer?HuntingtonbelievesthattheUnitedStateswouldclearlypreferaunipolarsysteminwhichitwouldbethehegemonandoftenactsasifsuchasystemexisted.Howaboutthemajorpowers?Theywouldpreferamultipolarsysteminwhichtheycouldpursuetheirinterests,unilaterallyandcollectively,withoutbeingsubjecttoconstraints,coercion,andpressurebythestrongersuperpower,andtheyfeelthreatenedbywhattheyseeastheAmericanpursuitofglobalhegemony.QuestionAccordingtoSamuelP.Huntington,whatdothemajorpowersintheworldpreferintermsofpolarity?AnswerTheywouldpreferamultipolarsysteminwhichtheycouldpursuetheirinterests,unilaterallyandcollectively,withoutbeingsubjecttoconstraints,coercion,andpressurebytheUnitedStates,andtheyfeelthreatenedbywhattheyseeastheAmericanpursuitofglobalhegemony.QuestionAccordingtoHuntinton,iftheUnitedStatesofAmericatriestocreateaunipolarsystem,whatwillthemajorpowersdo?AnswerThemajorpowerswillmovetowardamultipolarsystembyincreasinglyassertingthemselvestopromotetheirowndistinctintereststhatoftenconflictwiththoseoftheUnitedStates.SamuelP.HuntingtonWhatdoAmericanofficialsdo?JustasHuntingtonputsit,theyquitenaturallytendtoactasiftheworldwereunipolar.TheyboastofAmericanpowerandAmericanvirtue,hailingtheUnitedStatesasabenevolenthegemon.TheylectureothercountriesontheuniversalvalidityofAmericanprinciples,practices,andinstitutions.TheyseetheUnitedStatesasanindispensableparticipantinanyefforttotacklemajorglobalproblems.Whatisahegemon?Itisapoliticalstatepossessinghegemony.Whatishegemony?Hegemonyisanindirectformofimperial

dominanceinwhichthe"hegemon"(leaderstate)rulessub-ordinatestatesbytheimpliedmeansofpowerratherthandirectmilitaryforce.11.RossHassig,MexicoandtheSpanishConquest(1994),pp.23–24.

QuestionAccordingtoHuntington,whyistheUnitedStatesbecomingincreasinglyaloneintheworld?Answer

Becauseinactingasifthiswereaunipolarworld,Americanleadersconstantlyclaimtobespeakingonbehalfof“theinternationalcommunity,”andbecauseonissueafterissue,theUnitedStateshasfounditselfincreasinglyalone,withoneorafewpartners,opposingmostoftherestoftheworld’sstatesandpeoples.Question

WhatdoesSamuelP.Huntingtonmeanbythephrase“benignhegemonyisintheeyeofthehegemon”?AnswerOnlythehegemonregardsitselfasabenign

hegemon,butnotbenignintheeyesofthosecountriesthatdonotsharevalueswiththehegemon.QuestionWhydoesSamuelP.Huntingtonbelievethatthehighestlevelgrouping(theformationofananti-hegemoniccoalitioninvolvingseveralmajorpowers.)isimpossibleinaunipolarworld?becausetheotherstatesaretooweaktomountit.AnswerSamuelP.Huntingtonbelievesthatthehighestlevelgrouping(theformationofananti-hegemoniccoalitioninvolvingseveralmajorpowers.)isimpossibleinaunipolarworldbecausetheotherstatesaretooweaktomountit.QuestionWhyhavemajorpowerstendedtobalanceagainsttheattempteddominationbythestrongestamongthem?Answer

Theyhavestruggledfortheirinterest.QuestionAccordingtoHuntington,whydosomecountriestrynotto“balance”againsttheUnitedStatesbutto“bandwagon’withit?AnswertheywanttobenefitfromtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.climbonthebandwagontojoinwhatappearstobeawinningorsuccessfulgroup倒向勝利者一邊

QuestionAccordingtoHuntington,whatwouldbethereasonwhyitishardforFrance,Russia,andChinatoorganizeaneffectivecoalition?.AnswerBecausetheirculturesareverydifferentwhichmightmakeitdifficultforthemtoorganizeaneffectivecoalition.SamuelP.HuntingtonWhataretheimplicationsofauni-multipolarworldforAmericanpolicy?Huntingtonhashissense:First,itwouldbehoove(benecessaryfor)Americanstostopactingandtalkingasifthiswereaunipolarworld.Itisnot.Todealwithanymajorglobalissue,theUnitedStatesneedsthecooperationofatleastsomemajorpowers.Unilateralsanctionsandinterventionsarerecipesforforeignpolicydisasters.QuestionAccordingtoSamuelP.Huntington,whataretheimplicationsofauni-multipolarworldforAmericanpolicy?AnswerAmericansshouldstopactingandtalkingasifthiswereaunipolarworld.Itisnot.Todealwithanymajorglobalissue,theUnitedStatesneedsthecooperationofatleastsomemajorpowers.UerationTodealwithanymajorglobalissue,theUnitedStatesneedsthecooperationofatleastsomemajorpowers.在解決重要國際問題上，美國至少要與一些大國合作。QuestionWhatdoesSamuelP.HuntingtonsuggestAmericanleaderstodointermsofthebenign-hegemonillusion?AnswerAmericanleadersshouldabandonthebenign-hegemonillusionthatanaturalcongruityexistsbetweentheirinterestsandvaluesandthoseoftherestoftheworld.Itdoesnot.theBismarckianstrategyItwastopursuestrategicentanglementwithneighboringgreatpowers,creatingagroupofpartnershipsthatmadeacounter-Germancoalitionunlikely.Americaunrivaled:thefutureofthebalanceofpowerByG.JohnIkenberry,2002Question

AccordingtoSamue