國際工商管理

1PartOne:EnvironmentalFoundationChapterOne:WorldwideDevelopments2ObjectivesoftheChapterREVIEWcurrenttrendsininternationalinvestmentandtradeEXAMINEthepresenteconomicstatusinthemajorregionsoftheglobalcommunityANALYZEsomeofthemajordevelopmentsandissuesinvariousregionsoftheworld3IntroductionInternationalManagementTheprocessofapplyingmanagementconceptsandtechniquesinamultinationalenvironment4MultinationalCorporation

(MNC)OperatesinmorethanonecountrySellsitsproductsininternationalmarketsManagersandownersareofdifferentnationalitiesMustlearntoworkeffectivelywithpeoplefromdifferentcountries5Smallandmedium-sizedbusinessesarebeingaffectedbythetrendtowardinternationalization6IncreasingInternationalizationRegionalDevelopmentsNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)AfreetradeagreementbetweentheU.S.,Canada,andMexicowhichhasinessenceremovedallbarrierstotradeMayexpandtoincludeLatinAmericancountries7EuropeanUnion(EU)Consistsof27(2010)countriesMosttradebarriershavebeenremovedEuroisthecommoncurrencyPacificRimJapanandChinaarethedominanteconomiesAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)8InternationalInvestmentandTradeForeigndirectinvestment(FDI)TheamountinvestedinanothercountryApproximately80%ofallinternationalinvestmentscomefromdevelopedcountries9InternationaltradehasincreasedsubstantiallyoverthelasttwodecadesPercentageofworldtradeaccountedforbythethreemajortradingblocshasremainedfairlyconsistentGroups’shareofimportsandexportsremainsintherangeof55-59percent10--MNCsbuydomesticcompaniesratherthantryingtoexportproductstothatcountry11RECENTTRENDSINFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINOECDCOUNTRIES..2007-9-9Table1-112Table1-2Top10tradingPartnersoftheU.S.:1999

Importing U.S. ExportingU.S.Rank

Country/District

Exports* Rank

Country/District

Imports*

1 Canada 166,600.0 1 Canada 198,711.12 Mexico 86,908.9 2 Japan 130,863.93 Japan 57,465.7 3 Mexico 109,720.54 U.K. 38,407.1 4 China 81,788.25 Germany 26,800.2 5 Germany 55,228.46 SouthKorea 22,958.4 6 U.K. 39,237.27 Netherlands 19,436.6 7 Taiwan 35,204.48 Taiwan 19,131.4 8 SouthKorea 31,178.69 France 18,877.4 9 France 26,708.610 Singapore 16,247.3 10 Italy 22,356.5*inmillionsofdollars13Table1-3TopTenCountries/DistrictwithwhichtheU.S.Trades:ForthemonthofJune2007

ThevaluesgivenareforImportsandExportsaddedtogether.

TheseCountries/Districtrepresent66.85%ofU.S.Imports,and64.64%ofU.S.Exportsingoods.Source:.2007-9-914Country/DistrictNameTotalinBillionsofU.S.$YearToDateTotalinBillionsofU.S.$Canada49.49277.07China32.96178.59Mexico29.62167.92Japan17.29103.08FederalRepublicofGermany11.9569.74UnitedKingdom9.2853.65Korea,South7.1441.37France5.9633.91Taiwan5.6830.95Netherlands4.2724.9315Table1-4TopTenCountries/DistrictwithwhichtheU.S.Trades:ForthemonthofJune2010

ThevaluesgivenareforImportsandExportsaddedtogether.

TheseCountries/Districtrepresent66.75%ofU.S.Imports,and62.08%ofU.S.Exportsingoods.Source:.2010-8-1616Country/DistrictNameTotalinBillionsofU.S.$YearToDateTotalinBillionsofU.S.$Canada46.98260.74China39.58201.86Mexico33.70187.65Japan15.2785.13FederalRepublicofGermany11.2961.53UnitedKingdom8.7748.14Korea,South7.7241.58Taiwan5.3628.46Brazil5.2427.77France5.2231.6217EconomicStatusandIssuesoftheMajorRegionsNorthAmericaNAFTAhasresultedin:EliminationoftariffsaswellasimportandexportquotasOpeningofgovernmentprocurementmarketstocompaniesinpartnercountries18IncreasedopportunitytomakeinvestmentsinpartnercountriesIncreasedeaseoftravelbetweenpartnercountriesRemovalofrestrictionsonagriculturalproducts,autoparts,andenergygoods19UnitedStatesU.S.MNCshaveholdingsthroughouttheworldForeignMNCsfindU.S.tobealucrativemarket20NorthAmerica

(cont.)CanadaU.S.’slargesttradingpartnerLegalandbusinessenvironmentssimilartothoseoftheU.S.Targetofincreasedinternationalinvestment21MexicoEconomicfortuneshavevariedintherecentpastMexicanfirmsexpandingworldwideoperations22EconomicStatusandIssuesoftheMajorRegions(cont.)SouthAmericaCountrieshaveexperienceddifficulteconomicproblems23BrazilAttractedsubstantialforeigninvestmentEconomicfuturestilluncertainChileEconomicsuccessstoryinSouthAmericaFuturestilluncertain24MercosurandAndeanCommonMarketpromoteeconomicandsocialintegrationandcooperationCountriesincreasinglylookingtotradewiththeU.S.25EconomicStatusandIssuesoftheMajorRegions(cont.)EuropePrivatizationoftraditionallynationalizedindustriesEUintendedeliminatealltradebarriersamongmembercountries26EU-basedfirms“planglobally,actlocally”TogainafootholdintheEU,foreignMNCshave:createdacquisitionsandalliancesbegunco-operativeresearchanddevelopmentprograms27EuropeanResearchCooperationAgencyEUagencythatfundsprojectsinanumberoffieldstomakeEuropemoreproductiveandcompetitiveintheworldmarketFuturechallengeistheabsorptionofformerlycommunistEasternneighbors28Europe

(cont.)CentralandEasternEuropeCollapseoftheSovietUnionin1991Glasnost(openness)Perestroika(economicandpoliticalrestructuring)29RussiaUndergoneeconomicreformManyattemptstostimulatetheeconomyGreaterprivatizationrequiredCriminalactivityincreasing30CzechRepublic,Hungary,andPolandFormercommunistcountriesthathavebecomemostvisibleininternationalarenaSomeformercommunistcountriesarestruggling31EconomicStatusandIssuesoftheMajorRegions(cont.)AsiaJapanEconomicsuccessinthe1970sand1980sattributedto:Culturalvalues32MinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustryGovernmentagencythatidentifiesandranksnationalcommercialpursuitsGuidesthedistributionofnationalresourcestomeetthesegoals33KeiretsusOrganizationalarrangementinwhichalargegroupofverticallyintegratedcompaniesareboundtogetherbycross-ownership,interlockingdirectorates,andsocialtiesprovidegoodsandservices34SevererecessionduringthepasttenyearsTargetforforeigninvestment35Asia

(cont.)ChinaLargereportedannualgrowthinGDPAttractssubstantialforeigninvestmentMNCsfinditdifficulttodobusinessinChina36TheFourTigersSouthKoreaChaebolsLarge,family-heldconglomeratesthathaveconsiderablepoliticalandeconomicpowerHithardestbySoutheastAsiaeconomiccrisis37TheFourTigers(cont.)HongKongHeadquartersforsuccessfulmultinationaloperationsinAsia38SingaporeLeaderandfinancialcenterofSoutheastAsiaOneofthemostcompetitivenationsTaiwanEconomydominatedbytechnologicallysophisticatedindustries39SoutheastAsianCountries‘BabyTigers’lacktheeconomicprowessoftheFourTigers40Table1-5World’sMostCompetitiveNations/District:2000RankUnitedStates 1Singapore 2Finland 3Netherlands 4Switzerland 5Luxembourg 6Ireland 7Germany 8Sweden 9Iceland 10Canada 11Denmark 12Australia 13HongKong 14UnitedKingdom 1541CountryRankings2009-20101.Switzerland9.Canada2.US10.Netherlands3.Singapore11.HongKongSAR4.Sweden12.Taiwan,China5.Denmark13.UnitedKingdom

6.Finland14.Norway7.Germany