化學(xué)詞匯組詞規(guī)律匯總

英語化學(xué)詞匯的組詞規(guī)律.化學(xué)元素（Chemicalelements）A—音譯transliteration鋰lithium鎂magnesium硒selenium氦helium錳manganese鋇barium氟fluorine鈦titanium鈾uranium氖neon鎳nickel鈣calciumB—意譯transcribeorfreetranslation氧oxygen鋁aluminium溴bromine氫hydrogen硅silicon鉀potassium碳carbon磷phosphorus汞mercury氮nitrogen硫sulphur(sulfur)鈉sodiumC意音兼譯translationbymeaningandpronunciation碘iodine氯chlorine砷arsenic.化學(xué)基團chemicalgroups各種元素element的原子atom組合成分子molecule,按性質(zhì)可以把分子分為不同的原子團radicle,分子中這些具有相對獨特性質(zhì)的原子團，稱為官能團functionalgroup，或范圍更廣一點，稱作化學(xué)基團chemicalgroup.-基-烷(正/1)-醇-烯-炔-酮甲/一methylmethanemethanolmethylenemethyneketone乙/二ethylethaneethanolethyleneethyneketene丙/三propylpropanepropanolpropyleneproynepropanone丁/四butylbutanebutanolbutylenebutynebutanone戊/五pentylpentanepentanolpentylene戊二烯pentene戊烯pentynepentanone己/六hexylhexanehexanolhexylenehexynehexanone庚/七heptylheptaneheptanolheptyleneheptyneheptanone辛/八octyloctaneoctanoloctyleneoctyneoctanone壬/九nonylnonanenonanolnonylenenonynenonanone癸/十decatyldecanedecanoldecylenedecynedecanone,說明：-ol表示醇羥基，-an與烷有關(guān)，表示是飽和狀態(tài)，-en與烯有關(guān)，有不飽和的意義，相應(yīng)的飽和狀態(tài)的羥基即醇-anol，不飽和狀態(tài)的羥基即酚-enol。在結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的醇類化合物中，常常只用-ol；酮-one是相當(dāng)于用氧o替換了烯-ene中的一個碳，二者均為不飽和結(jié)構(gòu)。ether（醚），ester（酯），只要在化學(xué)基后加上這兩個詞，就獲得了兩組英文詞。例如：甲醚methylether，甲酯methylester。.化合物類別及化學(xué)官能團Classesofcompoundsandfunctionalgroups化合物類別烴hydrocarbon酚hydroxybenzene/phenol月安amine烷alkane醚ether亞胺imine烯alkene酮ketone腈nitrile炔alkyne醛aldehyde亞砜sulfoxide苯benzene酸acid砜sulfone醇alcohol酎anhydride堿alkali/base官能團烷基alkyl羥基hydroxyl羰基carbonyl

苯基phenyl氨基amino羧基carboxyl芐基benzyl硝基nitryl?；鵤cyl其他官能團（注意類別）甲?；鵩ormyl甲苯基tolyl/cresyl乙烯基vinyl乙?；鵤cetyl聯(lián)苯基biphenyl/diphenyl丁二烯基bivinyl/divinyl丙烯?；鵤cryl苯氧基phenoxyl聚二烯基polyvinyl硝?；鵱itroxyl苯乙基phenethyl亞硝酰基nitrosyl烯丙基allyl硫?；鵶ulfonyl/sulfuryl巰基mercapto磷?；鵳hosphoryl4.前綴和后綴prefixandsuffix（1）前綴A.表示取代位置的前綴prefixesexamples正normal-,n-n-phosphate正磷酸鹽同分異構(gòu)，iso-isobutyl異」.基；isoenzyme同功酶，isoelectricpoint等電點原，鄰ortho-,o-o-hydroxylbenzoate鄰羥基苯甲酸偏，間meta-,m-m-xylene=m-dimethylbenzene間二甲苯對para-,p-p-aminophenol對-氨基酚順cis-cis-platin順鉑（鉑platinum）反trans-trans-isomer反式異構(gòu)體環(huán)cyclo-cyclodextrin環(huán)糊精B.表示取代數(shù)量的前綴戊、己、庚等指的是分子式中所含有的碳原子或其他原子的數(shù)目，而五、六、七等數(shù)字表示在個獨立單位內(nèi)，共存在幾個相同的相對獨立的個體。prefixesexamples單，一mono-monoacid一元酸，monoamine一元胺或單胺（單胺氧化酶為雙，二di-或bi-monoamineoxidase）有時二者通用，di-在化學(xué)中使用較多三tri-triacetamide三乙酰胺四tetra-tetraacetate四乙酸鹽（酯），五penta-ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid乙二胺四乙酸EDTApentabutyrylglucose五」酰葡萄糖六hexa-hexachlorocyclohexane八氯環(huán)己烷，即八八八七hepta-heptadiene庚二烯，heptadecanediacid十七烷二酸八octa-octadecylbromide十八烷基溴,octylformate甲酸辛酯C.表示旋光性的前綴prefixesexamples右旋dextro-Dextroglucose右旋葡萄糖左旋levo-Levodopa左旋多巴（抗帕金森藥）消旋dl-dl-methyldopa消旋甲基多巴（抗高血壓）D.表示氧化程度的前綴prefixesexamples高,過per-低，亞proto-potassiumpermanganate高錳酸鉀，calciumperphosphate過磷酸鈣protochloride低氯化物，氯化亞某stannum/tinprotochloride氯化亞錫次hypo-焦pyro-hypochlorousacid次氯酸sodiumpyrophosphate焦磷酸鈉E.其他常用前綴：prefixesexamples聚poly-polypropylene聚丙烯微，弱，亞sub-半semi-subacid微酸（性），subacidity弱酸性semi-synthesis半合成假，偽，異pseudo-pseudobutylene2-丁烯，異丁烯pseudo-sapogenins假皂苷類（2）后綴A.糖-ose例：葡萄糖glucoseB.酶-ase或enzyme例：乳糖酶lactase；胞內(nèi)酶intracellularenzymeC.醛-al或aldehyde例：氯醛chloralD.胺-amine例：氯胺chloramineE.苯胺-aniline例：硝基苯胺nitroanilineF.酰胺-amide例：乙酰胺acetamideG.酰亞胺-imide例：聚酰亞胺polyimideH.后綴-ide、-ate、-ite的比較與分析例：硫酸sulfuricacid亞硫酸sulfurousacid硫化物sulfide：硫化鈉sodiumsulfide硫酸鹽sulfate：硫酸鈉sodiumsulfate亞硫酸鹽sulfite：亞硫酸鈉sodiumsulfite磷酸phosphoricacid亞磷酸phosphorousacid磷化物phosphide：二磷化鈣calciumphosphide磷酸鹽phosphate：磷酸鈣calciumphosphate亞磷酸鹽phosphite：亞磷酸鈣calciumphosphite硝酸nitricacid亞硝酸nitrousacid氮化物nitride：一氮化三鈉sodiumnitride硝酸鹽nitrate：硝酸鈉sodiumnitrate亞硝酸鹽nitrite：亞硝酸鈉sodiumnitrite碳酸carbonicacid含碳的carbonous碳化物carbonide：碳化鈣calciumcarbonide碳酸鹽carbonate：碳酸鈉sodiumcarbonate特例：鹽酸hydrochloricacid,只有氫氯化物hydrochloride的形式，翻譯成鹽酸某某某。5.翻譯方法methodsoftranslation（1）順式翻譯例：polytetrafluoroethylene（PTFE）聚四氟乙烯，poly（聚），tetra（四），fluoro（氟，氟基），ethylene（乙烯）hydrocyanicacid氫氰酸acrylonitriledipolymer丙烯腈二聚物（2）反式翻譯例：A.化學(xué)酸與化學(xué)元素化合時：Sodiumhydroxide（氫氧化鈉），英文中鈉在前，中文里鈉在后。B.化學(xué)酸與化學(xué)基團化合時：Butylacetoacetate，aceto是acetyl（乙?；?、醋酸基）的變體Ethylthiocarbonatethio與sulfuric的差別：thio是“含硫的，硫代的"，指硫代替了其他原子，如噻吩，英文名為thiofuran，直譯為“硫代呋喃”，相當(dāng)于把呋喃中的氧用硫代替，得到的化合物。Sulfuric的含義則是以硫為基礎(chǔ)，與其他原子形成的基團或化合物，看下面的詞sodiumthiosulphate（硫代硫酸鈉），硫代替了硫酸根上的一個氧。1-異丙氨基-3-[對-（2-甲氧乙基）苯氧基]-2-丙醇1-[4-（2-甲氧乙基）苯氧基]-3-[（1-甲基乙基）氨基]-2-丙醇1-（isopropylamino）-3-[p-（2-methoxyethyl）phenoxy]-2-propanol1-[4-（2-methoxyethyl）phenoxy]-3-[（1-methylethyl）amino]propan-2-ol#Develop的譯法?表示（開始）得了某種疾病Somepeopledevelopskinrasheswhentheytakesulfas.有些人服用磺胺藥物后會出現(xiàn)皮疹。Ifoneisdiscoveredtohavedevelopedhighblood-pressureorheart-disease,heisimmediatelytransferredtolightwork.如果發(fā)現(xiàn)誰得了高血壓或心臟病，就立即調(diào)去做較輕松的工作。Lungfeverdevelopsfromflu.肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。Shedevelopedsymptomsofconsumption.她出現(xiàn)了肺結(jié)核癥狀。Hedevelopedacough.他開始咳嗽了。?用于動、植物的生長等Thebuddevelopedintoablossom.花蕾開出了鮮花。Landanimalsarebelievedtohavedevelopedfromseaanimals.陸地動物被認為是由海洋動物進化而來的。Warmrainsandsummersunsdeveloptheplants.和暖的雨水和夏日的陽光促使植物生長。Thefetusdevelopslungsrelativelylateinthegestationperiod.在妊娠期胎兒的肺生長得相對慢些。Anexampleisthefinestrainofricewehavedeveloped.我們培育出的優(yōu)良品種就是一例。Sureenough,80percentoftheplantsdevelopedthedisease.果然,80%的莊稼都染上了這種病。Achickendevelopsintheegg.雞在蛋中發(fā)育。?(電影、相照)膠卷的沖洗等也常用此詞Thephotographersdevelopedthefilmbytreatingitwithchemicals.攝影師用化學(xué)藥劑使底片顯影。Hewasinthedarkroomdevelopinghisfilms.他在暗室洗相片。Thistypeoffilmdevelopsintwentyminutes.沖洗此類軟片需要20分鐘。?在科技文章中，除經(jīng)常譯成“研制、發(fā)展、開發(fā)、設(shè)計”等外，還可以譯成：-AnotherAmerican,HenryFord,developedtheideaoftheassemblyline.另一個名叫亨利福特的美國人萌發(fā)了裝配線的主意。-Aseriesofvolcaniceruptionsdevelopedalongthefault.一系列的火山爆發(fā)正在斷層帶醞釀。此外，develop一詞有時可不必譯出。如amotorthatdevelops100h.p.一臺100馬力的發(fā)動機。PackageInsertTheinformationinapackageinsertfollowsastandardformatforeverymedication.AftersomeidentifyinginformationsuchastheBrandNameandGenericNameoftheproduct,thefollowingsectionsappearsectionsDescription性狀ClinicalPharmacology藥理作用IndicationsandUsage適應(yīng)癥Contraindications禁忌癥Warning注意事項?Precautions注意事項AdverseReactions不良反應(yīng)Overdosage藥物過量DosageandAdministration用法用量HowSupplied外觀、包裝、及貯藏PackageinsertsforsomemedicinesalsoincludesectionssuchasDrugInteractions,DrugAbuseandDependence.IfmattersonDrugAbuseandDependencearepotentialproblems,andsomebeginwith"BoxWarnings,"whichhighlightespeciallyserious(oftenlife-threatening)adversereactionsthathavebeenreported.DrugNameBrandName商品名=TradeName(namewithregisteredtrademark)GenericName非專利名稱,通用名翻譯方法:音譯:Atropine阿托品諧音譯:Reserpine利血平意譯:TabletTribromidi三溴片?意音結(jié)合:NeostigmineBromide溴化新斯的明?中文譯名的轉(zhuǎn)化:Penicillin盤尼西林f青霉素DescriptionchemicalnameandstructureDosageformandadministrationtabletform,capsule,liquid,etc.given-bymouth(oraladministration),byinjection,byaddingittoasolutionbeinggivenviaanintravenous(IV)line(parenteraladministration),andsoforth.?inactiveingredients?filler,artificialcolor,orflavoringClinicalPharmacologyHowthemedicineworksinthebody:absorption,elimination,andeffectsatvariousconcentrations.Studiesindifferentgroupsofpeople:children,elderlypeople,women,orpeopleofdifferentraces.(Sometimes)Theresultsofstudiesfordifferentpurposes藥理作用的常見相關(guān)標題ClinicalPharmacologyClinicalDataClinicalUseClinicalEffectModeofMechanismofActionPharmacologicalActionsTherapeuticalActionToxicologyIndicationsandUsageUses(indications)approvedbyregulatoryagencies相關(guān)詞匯:indication適應(yīng)癥actionanduse作用與用途usage用途treatment主治DosageandAdministration常見給藥途徑:orally口服intramuscularly肌注intravenously靜注subcutaneously皮下locally局部給藥劑量單位:mg,ml,IU(InternationalUnit)性別male,female年齡adult,children,infant,newbornchildrenunder18yearsoldchildrenunder12yearsofagechildrenaged6-10yearsover10yearsofage服藥時間和次數(shù):everyday,aday,perday,dailyeveryotherday,two-dailyeveryeighthours,eight-hourlyonce/twice/threetimesadayperkiloofbodyweightmg/kg/day劑量和服法oncedailyfor10-15daysor0.5-1.0mg/kg/dayOnecapsuledaily,beforebreakfastor10-14hoursbeforeretiring.-oradheretotheinstructionsofthephysician遵醫(yī)囑Warnings,Precautions?Warnings:serioussideeffects?BoxWarning:especiallysevereorlife-threateningproblems?Precautions:adviseshowtousethemedicationmostsafelyandeffectivelyLaboratorytestsbeforetakenorduringinuseActivitiesrequiredspecialcautionInformationonpregnancy/nursingmothers/children/olderpeopleDrug/foodInteractions常用標題:causions,precausions,warning,note,notice,attentionAdverseReactionsallthesideeffectsreportedEverythingthathappenedtopeople(andsometimesalsoanimals)regardlessofwhetheritactuallyhadanyconnectiontothemed