動詞不定式講解與練習

動詞不定式講與練動詞不定式在句中可充當主語、表語、賓語、賓補、定語和狀語等.一、作主語動詞不定式作主語可位于句首。例如：Tolearnaskillisveryimportantforeveryoneintoday'ssociety.也可使用it作形式主語，而將其置于句末。例如：Itisnecessaryforyoungstudentstolearnaforeignlanguage.動詞不定式作主語的常用句型有：Itis+adj./n.(+forsb./sth.)+todosth。用于此句型的形容詞有：easy,hard,difficult,possible, important,impossible,necessary,good,bad,exciting,interesting,surprising等。例如：Itisinterestingtoplaythisgame。Itisnecessaryforyoutochangeyourjob。Itwasimpossibleforthemtocompletethetaskinsuchashorttime.考例1：Ispossibletoflytothemooninaspaceship?A.nowB.manC。thatD。it用于此句型的名詞有：pity,shame,pleasure,one,sduty,one's ；job,fun,joy,goodmanners,badmanners等.例如：Whatapityitisforyoutohavemissedsuchawonderfulfilm.Itisgoodmannersfortheyoungtogivetheirseatstotheold.Itis+adj.+ofsb°+todosth。該句型中只能使用描述某人的品德、特征的形容詞，如： ；kind,nice,wise,silly,polite,impolite,friendly,foolish, clever等。例如:Howrudeitwasoftheboytojumpthequeue!Itisfriendlyofthefamilytotrytomakemefeelathomeintheirhouse.Howsillyitwasofyoutogiveupsuchagoodchance!3。Ittakessb.+sometime+todosth.該句型意為“做某事花費某人多長時間”.例如：Ittookushalfanhourtoridetothetownbybike。二、作表語動詞不定式作表語常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu):Mywish/job/aim/goalis…及Thenextstep/measureis...等。例如：Yourjobistotypethepapersintheoffice.Thenextmeasureistostoptheriverfrombeingpolluted。三、作賓語常見的只能使用動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有:agree,choose,decide,hope,fail,wish,refuse,expect,manage,plan,intend,pretend,promise,offer,afford,demand,arrange等.例如:Theydecidedtobuildahighwaybetweenthesetwocities.SheofferedtohelpmewhenIwasintrouble.believe, think,consider,feel,make等動詞可用于“動詞+it+adj./n+todosth."句型，其中使用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語動詞不定式置于句末。例如:【thinkitnecessaryforustohaveagoodrestafterthelongwork.Shefeltitherdutytohelptheoldwoman.四、作賓補可后接動詞不定式作賓補的動詞有：advise,allow,ask,hear,order,see,tell,want,wish,watch等。例如：Thedoctoradvisedhernotoeattoomuchsugar。Iwishyoutogotothemeetingwithme。believe,consider,count,declare,deny,feel,find,guess,imagine,judge,know,prove,realize,suppose,think等動詞后可接tobe型不定式作賓補。例如：Hedeclaredhimselftobeacollegestudent。他自稱是名大學生.Thepoliceprovedhimtobeathief。警察局證實他是小偷。hope,demand,suggest等動詞不能后接動詞不定式作賓補。例如：【誤】Ihopemysontobebacksoon?！菊縄hopemysonwillbebacksoon?！菊`】Shesuggestsustohaveadiscussionaboutit.【正】Sheadvisesustohaveadiscussionaboutit.【正】Shesuggeststhatwe（should）haveadiscussionaboutit。在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中，下列動詞后作賓補的動詞不定式應省略to:“五看”（see,watch, notice,observe,lookat）“三使”（make,let,have）"兩聽”（hear,listento）“一感覺"（feel）.例如：Whomadehimworkallnightlong?但是，改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)后,應補出省略的to。例如：Hewasseentobreakthewindow.五、作定語動詞不定式作定語，應位于所修飾詞語之后，即:作后置定語.例如：Haveyougotanythingtoeat？ （toeat修飾anything,位于其后）下列名詞后常接動詞不定式作定語：ability,attempt,chance,courage,decision,effort,failure,promise,way,wish等.例如：Butshegaveupthechancetogoabroad.由only,first,last,next以及序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞后，也常接不定式作定語。例如：Whowasthelastonetoleavetheclassroomlastnight？六、作狀語動詞不定式作狀語，可表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。例如:Wewenttheretoseeourgrandparentso（目的）Iamverysorrytohearthat。（原因）Shehurriedhomeonlytofindherfatherdead.（結(jié)果）Tolookatthepicture,youwouldlikei。（條件）作目的狀語，還可以使用inorderto或soasto。例如：Theboyworkedsohardinordertomakeupforthelosttimeo結(jié)果狀語還可以使用enoughto, too...to...,so...asto,such...asto等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Hegotuptoolatetomisstheearlybus.Shewasinsuchahurryasnottonoticeme。她如此匆忙,以致沒有注意到我.動詞不定式的用法1o不定式的構(gòu)成不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略.不定式一般有時式和語態(tài)的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以do為例）：一般式todo被動式tobedone完成式tohavedone完成被動式tohavebeendone進行式tobedoing完成進行式tohavebeendoing其否定形式是由not加不定式構(gòu)成。如：Hisworksaresaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages。據(jù)說他的作品被譯成了多種文字.Hepretendedtobereadingwhenhismothercamein。當他母親進來時，他假裝在看書。Hissistertoldhimnottoreadinthesun.他的姐姐讓他不要在陽光下看書。Mothermadehimgetupearlyyesterday.昨天母親讓他起得很早。2.不定式各種形式的用法動詞不定式的一般式表示要做的事，當主語或被修飾詞是不定式的動詞的動作承受者時，不定式常用被動式;如果其動作發(fā)生的時間早于謂語動詞所發(fā)生的時間，這時不定式就常用完成式；這時，如果主語或被修飾詞是不定式動詞所表示動作的承受者，則不定式用完成被動式;如果不定式表示一個正在發(fā)生的動作，則用進行式.如：Heseemstobewritinganarticle.ButIdon,tknowwhatitisabout.他似乎在寫一篇文章。但是我不知道是關(guān)于什么的。Hisworksaresaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages。據(jù)說他的作品被譯成了多種文字。3。不定式的主動與被動形式一般說來，如果不定式的修飾成分是其動作的發(fā)出者，動詞不定式用主動形式，如果是其動作的承受者，則用被動式。但是有些情況下要注意：在havesomethingtodo中如果主語是動詞不定式的動作發(fā)出者，則用主動式如果主語不是動詞不定式的動作發(fā)出者，則不定式用被動式havesomethingtobedone。例如:1。Ihaveaquestiontoask。我有個問題要問。IamgoingtoBeijingtomorrow.Doyouhaveanythingtobetaken?我明天要去北京，你有東西要帶嗎？（2）在不定式作定語時，如果句中有其動作發(fā)出者用主動形式，在therebe句型中也常用不定式的主動形式但是如果強調(diào)動作本身，用被動式也可以.例如：Givemesomethingtoeat，please。請給我點東西吃.Therearemanyplanstomake/tobemade。Thereisnothingtodo/tobedone.但是：Thereisnothingtospeakof,不要用tobespokenofThereisplentytoeat。不要用tobeeaten.4。疑問詞跟不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)動詞不定式可以和疑問詞搭配構(gòu)成不定式短語，在句子中可做主語賓語，表語。例如：Howtosolvetheproblemisabigproblem。（做主語）Idon,tknowwhattodonextstep。（做賓語）Whatmademeconfusedwashowtodotheworkwell。（做表語）5。不定式的語法作用不定式在其內(nèi)部具有動詞特點所以它可以帶有自己的修飾語，同時它還具有名詞，形容詞，副詞的性質(zhì)，所以在句子中可以充當主語，賓語，定語狀語，表語，補足語,插入語。（1）不定式做主語不定式做主語常指比較具體的要做的事情。但總的說來和動名詞區(qū)別不大。例如:Toloveandtobelovedisthegreatesthappinessonecanseek.愛與被愛是一個人所能尋找的最大幸福。Foronetoknoweverythingisdifficult。Howtogetridofratsandfliesisabigproblem。動詞不定式在做主語時常用it替代,而把動詞不定式放到表語或賓語的后面.例如：Itisnotalwayseasytotellalie.Itrequiresalotofmoneytobuildahouse.Itisimpossibleforonetoknoweverything。Itisunknowntouswhattodoandwheretogo。在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中一般用不定式做主語：Itisimportant/essential/necessarytodosth。。而在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中常用動名詞做主語:Itisnogood/nouse/nohelpdoingsth.例如：ItisimportantforusstudentstolearnEnglishwell。Itisnecessarytotellhimaboutthat。Itisnogooddoingevileventowardevilpeople。(2)不定式做賓語動詞不定式一般可做及物動詞的賓語,動名詞也可以做賓語，介詞后面常踉動名詞做賓語，除了but，except，besides等少數(shù)的介詞之外.動名詞也可以做賓語他們之間的區(qū)別在于：不定式表具體，動名詞表一般.試比較：Idon,tliketoplaybasketballtoday。Idon,tlikeplayingbasketball。但是有些及物動詞只能是艮動詞不定式做賓語，這些動詞如下：wish,hope，expect,manage,pretend，plan,decide,determine,fail,intend,promise,long,afford,arrange等等。例如:Johndecidedtomarryher。Icannotaffordtogetsick。Theywishedtohaveorganizedaparty。Hefailedtopasstheexamthoughhetriedhisbest。但是，下列動詞則要求必須踉動名詞做賓語：advise,suggest,forbid,permit,enjoy,mind,finish,excuse,admit,miss,dislike,can't卜?巾(禁不住)，can,tstand,practice,imagine,resist,resolve等。例如：Hehadfinisheddoinghishomeworkbeforehismothercameback.Icouldn,thelplaughingathiswords.IfyouwanttolearnEnglishwell, youmustpracticespeakingitasoftenaspossible.有些動詞踉不定式和踉動名詞表示的時間不一樣，如regret,remember, forget.踉不定式表示沒有做過的事情；而踉動名詞則表示做過的事情.例如：Iregrettotellyouthatyouaredismissed.Iremembermeetinghimsomewherebefore。Don'tforgettotakeyourumbrellaincaseitrains。有些動詞踉不定式和動名詞表示的意思不同。如stop,mean,try等。例如：Afteralongwalk,hestoppedtohavearest。Theystoppedtalkingassoonastheteachercamein。Ididn,tmeantohurtyou.Theheavyrainmeansourstayingonemoredayhere.Whynottrytakingaboattogiveyourselfachange。Itriedtopersuadehimbutfailed。另外,在動詞want, need,require的后面一般踉不定式做賓語，踉單個的動名詞則是主動表被動，如果帶有的修飾成分較長也可以用不定式的被動式。例如:Hewantstoseeyouandtellyousomethingimportant.Thewatchneedsmendingsinceitcan'tworkproperly。動詞不定式一般不做介詞賓語，但是在but,except,besides, than,insteadof,about,save后面可以做介詞賓語。例如：Heisabouttoleavethecity。Wesawnoalternativebut/except/savetofight.Nothingremainsbuttowaitandsee。(3)不定式做狀語動詞不定式做狀語時，一般表示目的，有時表示出乎意料的結(jié)果.在形容詞的后面時有時表示原因，形容詞一般是glad, sorry,proud,angry,ashamed, excited,disappointed,interested等表示感情的詞.例如:I’msorrytohearthato表原因HeisamazedforMarytoreceivethatletterfromastranger.表原因Heishappyforhisdaughtertomarryarichman。表目的Inorderforhissontostudyabroad,hehasbeenverythriftyfortenyear&表目的Hetriedtokillhimselfonlytobesavedo表結(jié)果做狀語的不定式，可做評注性狀語，對整個句子加以評述.例如下面的短語就常做這類狀語:Tobehonest,tospeakfrankly,tospeakgenerallytocutalongstoryshort等等(4)不定式做表語不定式做表語，一般都是回答主語(表示物或事情)是什么，有的書上解釋成做主語補足語;動名詞也有類此的用法，它們之間的區(qū)別在于：不定式一般比較具體，帶有更多的修飾成分；動名詞較抽象，一般帶有的修飾成分少。分詞做表語多是說明主語所處的狀態(tài)，特點，性質(zhì),等等。例如：Mypurposeistohelphim。Hisplanwastosetupabigcompany。Hishopeisforeverystudenttoworkeighthoursaday。Whatimpressedhimmostwastoseethegreatchangesthathadhappenedthere.給他印象最深的是看到那里所發(fā)生的巨大變化。不定式做表語Themountainiscoveredwithsnowallaroundtheyear.山上終年覆蓋著雪。過去分詞做表語比較:Theglassisbroken,那個玻璃杯壞了。Theglasswasbrokenbyhim.那個玻璃杯是他打壞的。Toseeistobelieve.Seeingisbelieving.眼見為實。不定式或動名詞做表語.Myadviceisforyoutoapologizetoher。我的建議是你向他道歉。不定式做表語。Thestoryhetoldusisveryinteresting。他給我們講的故事很有趣。在seem,appear,prove等系動詞的后面表示狀態(tài)。例如：Heseemstoknowit。Heappearstobejobless.Themethodprovedtobeeffective。betodo可表示將來計劃好安排好的事情，可表示上級對下級的吩咐，要求，命令，也可以表示命中注定要發(fā)生的事情。例如：Youaretodieateighty—two。 （上天安排。）Oneistostruggleforone,sliving.（自然安排）Youaretobebackbyteno,clock.（吩咐）Nobodyistosaysuchathing.（禁令）IfyouaretostudyinEurope,youmustlearnaboutaforeignlanguage.（5）不定式做補足語不定式做補足語常表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生，反復發(fā)生的動作，也可以表示瞬間完成的動作；現(xiàn)在分詞做補足語表示正在發(fā)生的事情，或表示一個過程；過去分詞表示被動,多數(shù)表示完成，但有些沒有完成意思。例如：Hesawhimcomein.我看見他進來了.比較：Isawhimcomingin.我看見他正走進來。Ioftenseehimplayontheplayground.Ijustsawhimplayingontheplayground。Theyhadthelightburningallthenight。他們讓燈整夜的亮著。Shewillhaveherhaircutthisafternoon。她今天下午去理發(fā)。動詞want,order的后面有踉動詞不定式的被動式表示被動，表示要做事情.例如：Theydon,twantthelandtobebuilt.他們不想讓土地用于建筑。Theemperororderedallthewallstobejoinedup。皇帝命令把所有的城墻都連接起來。在下列動詞的后面不定式做賓補時，需要省略to：feel，hear,listento,let,have，make，lookat,see,watch,notice,observe，help等,但是變成被動語態(tài)時，省略的to必須加上.例如:【willhavehimdoitforme。Hewatchedthepainterpaintthedoor。Ifeltthehouseshake。Lethimcomeatseven.Iwasmadetogetupearlyyesterday.Thehousewasfelttoshake.（6）不定式做定語不定式做定語時，放在被修飾詞的后面，常表示要做的事情，帶有很強的目的性，如果句中有其動作的發(fā)出者常用主動式，強調(diào)要做也可以用被動式，如果沒有其動作的發(fā)出者，則常用被動式。例如：Hehasalotofthingstodo.Themanagertoldthesecretaryhehadareporttobetyped （從句中）AnattempttoclimbthemountainwillbemadiTheorderforthearmytostartwasgiven.Heneedslovetostrengthhisbrokenheart.Thereisnoneedtosetupatonce.有關(guān)不定式的練習題：Heissaidtotohiscountrybecauseanewpresidentcomesintopower.A.beallowedtoreturnB。allowtoreturnC.allowreturningD。beallowedreturningHespokeinsuchahighvoiceatthefurtherendoftheroom.A.astobeheardB。tobeheard C.astohearD.tohearWhywastheofficialmeetingcalled？ newofficers.A.SelectB.SelectingC.ToselectD.TohaveselectInAustralia， hemadealotoffriendsapracticalknowledgeoftheEnglishlanguagiA.togetB.getC。gettingD。gotToplayfairisasimportantas.A。toplaywellB。playwellC。weplaywellD。playingwellWeagreedherebutsofarshehasn,tturnedupye。A.havingmetB。eatingC.tomeetD.tohavemetRatherthanonacrowdedbus,healwaysprefersabicycliA.ride,rideB.riding,rideC.ride，torideD.toride,ridingTheboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim。A。nottoB。nottodo C。notdoitD。donottoDoyouworkinthelabeveryafternoon？ No,butsometimes,IwishI。A.hadtimetoB.hadtimetodoC。havetimetoD。havetimeI'lldowhateverIcanmyEnglish。AoimproveB。toimproveC.improvingD。toimprovingCouldyoutellmethewayyou,vethoughtof?AotodoitB.doingitC。doitD.hastodoit12oHewasoftenlistenedinthenextroom.AosingBosungC.totosingD.tosingingWouldyoubeshutthewindow?A.enoughkindtoB.kindenoughnottoC.kindenoughtoD。 sokindenoughasto14oDon'ttakethemedicine,itcan,thelpridofyourcold.AogettingB.togetC.togettingD。gets15oMygrandmotherseemstohavealot。A.worryaboutB.toworryCotobeworriedD.toworryaboutEveryminuteismadefullofourlessons.A.touse,study B.use,studying C。useful,tostudyD.use,tostudyIwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.AotogoBotohavegoneCogoingD.havinggoneYoushouldn,tallowgamesneartheclassroom,forit,stoonoisy.A.studentplayingBoplayCostudentstoplayD.toplayThewaiterwasmadetotheguestoA.apologizeB。apologizingC。toapologizeD.tobeapologizingWhomwouldyouratherthework?AotohavetodoB。tohavedoC.havetodoD.havedoIhadmeantonyou,butIwassobusy.A.callBotocallC。callingD.becalling22o---Doyouoftenhavesomeoneyourclothes? Yes,Ioftenhavethem<Aowash,towashB.towash,washedC.washed,washD。wash,washed23oSheactuallyheardaboutit,buthepretended。AotohearnotB.nothearingC.tonothearD.notto24oPiecesofbambooorwoodbooksbetween2ndand5thcenturyAD。AousedtoformedB。usedtoformC。wereusedtoformD。usedtobeforming25. Whydidyoumovethetableoverthere? thenewsofa?AoShareroomwithB。TomakeroomforC。GivenroomforD.Savingroomfor26oAmiddle-agedwomancametothebusstoponlythebushadgoneoAotorun,findingB.running,tofindC.andran,foundD。running,find.ToknowwhatisgoodandaretwodifferentthingsAoknowingwhatiswrongB.dowhatisrightCotodowhatisrightD.doingwhatisrightoSmithappearsalongtime。HeisimpatientformyarrivaloA.towaitB.tobewaitingC.tohavewaitedD。tohavebeenwaitingoOurprofessorhasjustcomebackfromaboard.Heseemshistripverymuch.A.toenjoyB。tohaveenjoyedC。tobeenjoyingD.tohavebeenenjoying. WhyhasJacknotcomeyetnow?Anythingwrongwithhim? Hedidn'tpassthetestbuthestill.A.hopessoBohopesthatC。hopestoD。hopesit31oThehousesarefortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoon。A.builtB.tobebuiltC。tobuildD。beingbuiltWhydidyoucomealongwayround? IwasafraidnearthefiercedogbecauseIwasafraid。A.ofwalking,tobebittenB.towalk,ofbeingbittenC。 towalk,tobebitten D。ofwalking,ofbeingbittenHeissaidinthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.A.tohavebeenbadlytreatedB.treatingbadlyC。beingbadlytreated D。tobetreatedbadly34。Somekidswishpeoplewouldn'tkeeponhow,yearsagochildrenweremadefarmorerespecttotheirelders。A.pointout,showB.pointingout,showingC。pointingout,toshow D.topointing,toshowThelastpersonthesinkingshipwasthecaptain.A。leftB.leaveC。toleaveD。tobeleavingWhywashefined? Hehappenedtoseveralflowersinthepark。A.beseenpickB.beseenpickingC.becaughttopickD.catchpickingDoyouhaveanythingmore,sir? No,youcanhavearestordosomethingelse.A。typingB。tobetypedC。typedD.totypeDon,tyouthinkthequestiontomorrowisofgreatimportance?A.beingdiscussedB。discussedC。tobediscussedD.todiscussI,mterriblysorry,butIseemaholeintherug。 Oh,that,sallrightoA.burnB。toburnC。tohaveburntD.tobeturningItisimpossibleforanyonethesephotographsbefore,becauseMr.Newmanhadthemdevelopedtoday.A.havingseenB.tohaveseenC.toseeD。 seeingIftheworkbytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined。AoiscompletedB。tobecompletedC。hasbeencompletedD.beingcompletedIwouldlovetothecinemalastnight,butIhadtolookaftermysicksisterathome。AotogoB.tohavegoneC。goingD.havinggoneDidyouseenTom?Hesaidhewouldcomebackforsupperatsixo'clock。 HeseemswithBobinthelake.AotoswimB.tobeswimmingC.tohaveswimD.swimmingReadingEnglishinthemorningseemstobearule.A.toneverbreakB.nevertobebreakingC。nevertobebrokenD。nevertobreakTheboytheteachersconsideredfailedinthefinalexam,surprisedthemverymuch。Aotobethebeststudent,whichB。asthebeststudent,thatC.tohavebeenstudyingwell,thatD.suchasagoodstudent,whichoFornearlythreehourswewaitedforthedecision,onlytocomeagainthenextday.AotellingB。tobetoldC.toldd。beingtoldo Whysoserious,dear?---NothingoI,mjustthinkingabouttheproblemtomorrow。AodiscussedB。willbediscussedC.tobediscussedD.beingdiscussedTheboyneedsallaboutit.AotoknowB.tobeknownC。knowD.knowingoHeusedtouplate,butnowheisusedtoupearly.A.get,getBoget,gettingC.getting,getD。getting,getting50otheirservice,theworkersofthehotelareactiveinlearningEnglish.AoImprovingB。 ToimproveC.ImproveD.Havingimproved51o I,dlikeMarytotypethereporto Don,ttroubleher。Shehavenotimeitbeforesheleaves。Aomust,tofinishB.must,finishingC.would,tofinishD。would,finishingThebadlywoundedsoldierslowlyopenedhislipsasifsomething。AotosayBosaidC.hehadsaidD.wassayingThetheoryofrelativityishard.AotounderstandB.understoodC.understandingD.beingunderstood54oIblamedhimsoangrilyforhismistakes,butIitlikethat.AowouldrathernotdoB。wouldn,tratherdoC.wouldrathernothavedoneD。wouldn,tratherhavedone55oThedriverkeptabouttheaccidentlosehisjob。A.still,inordertonotB.quiet,notsoastoC.silent, soasnotto D。calm,inordernotto56oNoonethatbuildingwithoutthepermissionofthepolice。AoisleavingB.istoleaveC。hasleftD。willbeleaving57oTheOlympicGamesinBeijingin2008willbeexciting。AoholdBoheldC.holdingD.tobeheld58oWhichdoyouenjoyyourweekends,fishingorwatchingTV?A.spendingB.tospendC.beingspendD.spendAkindgentlemanofferedmybag&A.hishelpcarriedB.carryingCometocarryDo tohelpmetocarry60oHefirmlyaskedachancetotryhisluck,whichatonceencouraged。Aotogive,theother,fourB.tobegiven,theotherfourC.begiven,fourtheotherC.giving,thefourothersIcoulddonothingbutthatIdidn'tknow.AotopretendB。pretendC。pretendedD.pretendingoWhomhadyoubetterit?AotoletdoBolettodoC.letdoD。tolettodoTheThreeGorgesDamnowonChangjiangRiverissoonA.tobeputup,completedB。puttingup,beingcompl