法律英語-侵權法教案資料

法律英語-侵權法IntroducedmyselftoMomagaintoday.今天我又一次向媽媽介紹了自己。（阿茲海默癥）。Strangers,friends,bestfriends,lovers,strangers.陌生人，朋友，好朋友，愛人，陌生人。2023/2/7法律英語22023/2/7法律英語3LessonTenTortLawDelict/Tort

Whatisatort?侵權行為是民事主體違反民事義務，侵害他人合法權益，依法應當承擔民事責任的行為。WhatisTortiousLiability?侵權責任是指民事主體因實施侵權行為而應承擔的民事法律后果。2023/2/7法律英語4WhatarecomponentsofTortLiability?(a)illegalbehavior(b)damages(c)causality(d)fault2023/2/7法律英語5Whataremethodsofbearingtortliability?(a)

cessation

of

infringement(b)removal

of

obstruction(c)elimination

of

danger(d)

return

of

property(e)restoration

to

the

original

status2023/2/7法律英語6(f)compensation

for

losses(g)apology(h)elimination

of

consequences

and

restoration

of

reputation2023/2/7法律英語7doctrineofliabilityfixationA.DoctrineofLiabilityforWrongsArticle6,Para1----TortLaw“行為人因過錯侵害他人民事權益，應當承擔侵權責任”BurdenofProof?Plantiff----原告（受害人）負舉證責任證明被告（加害人）主觀上有過錯.2023/2/7法律英語8doctrineofliabilityfixationB.DoctrineofpresumptionArticle38教育機構的~Article58醫(yī)療機構的~【conditional】Article75高度危險物非法占有管理的~Article81動物園的過錯推定責任Article85墜落懸掛物的所管使人~Article88堆放物2023/2/7法律英語9doctrineofliabilityfixationArticle90折斷林木的所管人的~Article91窨井管理人的~Burdenofproof?Defendant----被告（加害人）負舉證責任證明自己主觀上無過錯2023/2/7法律英語10doctrineofliabilityfixationC.DoctrineofStrictLiablity

Article41產品生產者銷售者的~Article65環(huán)境污染者的~Article69高度危險經占使者的~Article78動物的飼養(yǎng)管理者的~BurdenofProof？Defendant——加害人證明行為與損害無因果關系2023/2/7法律英語112023/2/7法律英語12Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求賠償mostcivilsuits

大多數(shù)民事訴訟tortlaw

侵權法1.Automobileaccidents2023/2/7法律英語13ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事訴訟的原告通常會向陪審團提出索賠主張，這主要是出于人道的考慮而不是法律的考慮。兒童受傷2023/2/7法律英語14ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

補償費和損害賠償金Actualloss實際損害Intangibledamage無形損害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪審團的人性反應2023/2/7法律英語15Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美國允許律師分享原告所獲得的賠償金（勝訴酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金達到法院判付金額的25-33%。2023/2/7法律英語16Atortaction侵權訴訟Alengthyproceeding訴訟程序時間長Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代價大（專家證人的酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）判決金額非常大（10萬美元以上）2023/2/7法律英語172.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有財產Personalinjury

人身傷害Impliedcontract默示合同Personalinjury人身傷害Breachofwarranty

違背保證諾言Recoveryofintangibledamage2023/2/7法律英語183.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每個人都要對其侵權行為負責，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,在有限的情況下兒童亦然（但是，父母僅當其作為該兒童的代理人或未能按照其監(jiān)護義務行事時才負此責），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但國家不在此列，除非法律明文規(guī)定取消了國家的豁免權。2023/2/7法律英語19TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA

）2023/2/7法律英語204.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每個人包括胎兒都受保護，免遭侵權行為的傷害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator

(wrongfuldeathaction)繼承人或近親屬可以對他們親屬或立遺囑人因故意或疏忽侵權造成的死亡（非正常死亡之訴）提出損害賠償要求。2023/2/7法律英語21“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令Apartyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasor

hasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作為侵權行為人醉酒之結果而受到傷害的當事人有權向造成該侵權行為人醉酒的人提出索賠請求。2023/2/7法律英語22“dram-shopacts”DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving2023/2/7法律英語23Part2:IntentionalTorts故意侵權行為Battery毆打Assault侵犯他人身體Conversionofproperty非法侵占財產Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占動產、不動產Defamation誹謗Invasionofprivacy侵犯隱私權Productsliability產品質量責任2023/2/7法律英語24Part3:LiabilityforNegligence過失侵權的責任NegligentactInjuryCausality2023/2/7法律英語25Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.如果一個人沒有盡到“照看義務”，沒有象“一個理性且謹慎的人”那樣行事。過失2023/2/7法律英語26要考慮到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵權者的特別專業(yè)資質ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker2023/2/7法律英語27DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必須對特定的原告負有照看義務Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是對廣大公眾負有照看義務（某人）對侵犯財產者的照看義務比對被邀請客人的照看義務小2023/2/7法律英語28Gueststatutes賓客法規(guī)Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.

汽車司機對于他免費搭載的乘客不負照看責任。2023/2/7法律英語29Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.2023/2/7法律英語30Noclaimforcompensation不能要求賠償Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同過失hasassumedtherisk

預計到有危險2023/2/7法律英語31Contributorynegligence共同過失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident./2023/2/7法律英語32Comparativenegligence比較過失共同過失辯護的嚴格性……已經因為一些州采用了“比較過失”原則而得到減弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.

要求確定當事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此確定補償金。2023/2/7法律英語33ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident./2023/2/7法律英語34ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery./ThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“l(fā)astclearchance”topreventthedamage.有共同過失的原告如果能證明被告“有最后明顯機會”避免傷害，那么該原告就可以獲得賠償。2023/2/7法律英語35Lastclearchance最后明顯機會Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.2023/2/7法律英語36Theextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligence2023/2/7法律英語37TodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

嚴格責任Nofault

無過錯責任InconsistentPart4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability

嚴格責任Strictliability

isalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,

regardlessofany"fault"

ontheirpart.2023/2/7法律英語38ForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals飼養(yǎng)危險的動物Defamation誹謗Arebuttablepresumption可反駁的推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明原則2023/2/7法律英語39StrictliabilityDeduced

faultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.從事情或行為本身的特性可以推斷出存在過錯或過失2023/2/7法律英語40Defectiveconstruction

有缺陷的設計Negligentuse

過失使用productliabilityDangerousproducts危險的產品Theproductionitself產品本身、Itspackage包裝InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.對使用者或消費者及其財產造成過度危險2023/2/7法律英語41“defective”Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.

“缺陷”是指產品未達到一般消費者關于該產品安全性能的合理期望標準。2023/2/7法律英語42b.“No-fault”Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一個改革努力試圖尋求對過失侵權普通索賠要求的更公正的解決方案。2023/2/7法律英語43automobileaccidentsProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyO'ConnellSeektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw試圖消除侵權法中的過錯原則；Toawardcompensation

withoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保險原則，在不要過錯證明的情況下給予賠償。2023/2/7法律英語44No-faultTrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpractice2023/2/7法律英語45GrantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffaultForactualloss,notforintangibledamageNo-fault的優(yōu)點Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商的責任有限Requirearelativelylesserin