高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解攻略 【核心考點(diǎn)知識(shí)精講】 主旨大意課件

主旨大意題解題小攻略StrategiesforQuestionsofMainIdeas題型特點(diǎn)01PART主旨大意

考查學(xué)生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段或某一語(yǔ)篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。這類(lèi)題目考查的范圍是基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。1大意類(lèi)2標(biāo)題類(lèi)3目的類(lèi)主旨大意題包括：設(shè)問(wèn)方式02PART1.Themainideaofthepassageisthat________.2.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?3.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsumupthepassage?4.Whichofthefollowingcansummarisethemainideaofthepassage?5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?6.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.7.WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph1?大意類(lèi)設(shè)問(wèn)方式：1.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe________.2.Whichofthefollowingcanbetheheadlineforthepassage?3.Thepassagecanbeentitiled__________.標(biāo)題類(lèi)設(shè)問(wèn)方式：知識(shí)梳理+例題分析03PART1)主旨大意題

解題方法

主題句定位法Howtofindthetopicsentences?Features：1).相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括性；

2).主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；3).段落中其他句子必定是用來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展相互題句所表達(dá)的思想的。Sample1Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrisingsoquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.(1)主題句在文首

開(kāi)頭主題+論證性細(xì)節(jié)。

應(yīng)用文書(shū)信

說(shuō)明文科技文獻(xiàn)新聞報(bào)道Sample2Somepeoplelikereading,andsomepeoplelikeswimming.Ihavemanyhobbies,suchasreading,skating,andtraveling.Infact,differentpeoplehavedifferenthobbies.MyfriendAnnstudiesveryhard.Soherhobbyisreadingallkindsofbooks.Tonylovesworkingwithhishands,andhishobbyisgardening.

（2）主題句在文中例子/問(wèn)題（鋪墊）---主題提出---

進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明

說(shuō)明文科技文獻(xiàn)研究報(bào)告提示詞1)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞----后but,

yet,

however,

in

fact,actually,

indeed,...

2)

總結(jié)性，結(jié)論性的詞

----后in

brief,inshort,

afterall,all

in

all,tosumup,in

conclusion,

inaword,so,therefore...

3)

表研究成果的詞----內(nèi)容show,indicate,suggest,accordingto...4）舉例子的詞----前forexample,forinstance,take...asanexample,..5)對(duì)疑問(wèn)句的回答很可能就是文章大意。

提示詞1)

主旨大意題主題句定位法主題句在文首主題句在文中

解題方法Sample3

Whenyouarepoor,youcanalsosayyouareveryhappy,becauseyouhavesomethingelsethatcan'tbeboughtwithmoney.Whenyoumeetwithdifficulties,youcansayloudlyyouareveryhappy,becauseyouhavemorechancestochallengeyourself.Soyoushouldalwayssayyouarehappy.（3）主題句在文末事實(shí)依據(jù)----層層推理----得出結(jié)論(主題)

廣告類(lèi)哲理性故事Sample4Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller，cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?（4）主題句在首尾主題---進(jìn)一步引申----主題議論文1)主旨大意題主題句定位法主題句在文首主題句在文中主題句在文末主題句在首尾

解題方法

(5)高頻詞圍繞某個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的---反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞

Sample5

Everyone

can

experience

anger

sometimes.

But

not

everyone

can

control

itproperly.To

some

people,

controlling

anger

seems

like

the

hardest

thing

in

the

world

to

do.

Control

these

bytalking

to

yourself

in

your

own

mind,when

you

experience

unwanted

feeling.

By

talking

it

over

in

your

ownhead

you

can

work

out

how

you

will

best

deal

with

the

situation.Anger

control

can

also

be

achieved

bycommunicatingwithotherswith

honesty.You

can

effectively

train

yourself

to

respond

to

situations

without

getting

annoyed

about

things.

It

is

important

to

rememberitispossibleforeveryonetogetangry

and

therefore,controlingitistherealchallenge.1)主旨大意題主題句定位法主題句在文首主題句在文中主題句在文末主題句在首尾無(wú)明顯主題句高頻詞

解題方法

文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定：第一，要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮這句話或短語(yǔ)與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系；第二，再看它對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何；第三，要注意題目是過(guò)大還是過(guò)??；第四，要避免下列三種錯(cuò)誤：一是概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分代替整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小)；二是過(guò)度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍)；三是以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象概括的大意。

解題方法2)標(biāo)題式

反向推斷法有時(shí)候即高效又好用練習(xí)1Intheanimalkingdom，weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme，pourcreamintomycoffee，orhelpmetoputonmycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.Frommywheelchairexperience，Iseethebestinpeople，butsometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily...Lastmonth，whenIwasdrivinghomeonabusyhighway，Ibegantofeelunwellanddrovemoreslowlythanusual.PeoplebehindmebegantogetimpatientIputonthecarflashlightsanddroveonatareallylowspeed.Nomoreangryshoutsandnomorehorns!WhenIputonmyflashlights，...Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry，theywaited，knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedon'tfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften，itwouldbebetterifwedon'tpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．AWheelchairExperienceB．WeaknessandKindnessC．WeaknessandStrengthD．ADrivingExperience【解析】B由第一段中的ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople可知正確答案為B主旨推斷法文體推斷法

解題方法3)目的類(lèi)

3)目的類(lèi)文體推斷法

解題方法1.記敘文----tellastoryorlesson;entertainreaders;shareanexperience;showsomething2.說(shuō)明文、新聞----inform;introduce3.議論文----argue;persuade;4.應(yīng)用文----providesomeinformationoradvice5.廣告----advertise;attractreaders課堂小結(jié)04PART遵循四字原則:準(zhǔn)全新用精煉的語(yǔ)言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的內(nèi)涵和外延,把作者的觀點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái).要排除掉那些片面的選項(xiàng),選取包含文章的主要內(nèi)容及作者觀點(diǎn)的選項(xiàng),范圍不宜過(guò)大或過(guò)小.所選擇的標(biāo)題要新穎,對(duì)讀者有吸引力,能激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣.精回顧總結(jié)課堂練習(xí)鞏固05PART一、段落大意類(lèi)1.NooneiscertainwhatiscausingbutterfliesinCaliforniatodisappear,butresearchershavepointedseverallikelyfactors.Theyincludethegenerallossofopenspaces,whichmeansfewerflowersandleavesforfood,aswellaschangingagriculturalpracticesthathavereducedthenumberofbutterfly-friendlyplantsalongtheedgeofcropfields.Theclimatechangeplaysarole,whichproduceshighertemperaturesthatcandryplantsoutandmakethemuneatable.Whichcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisparagraph?A.OpenspacesinCaliforniadecreasegreatly.B.Changesonagricultureaffectedbutterflies.C.Lackoffoodmakesbutterfliesdisappear.D.Climatechangedrivesbutterfliesaway.2.Thomas’srecord-breakingjourneybeganjustpastmidnightonSunday,September15,2019,whenshedoveintothewatersofftheshoreofDover,England.Thoughtheswimwasinitiallymeanttobeabout80miles,strongcurrentsforcedtheathletetochangecourseseveraltimes,lengtheningthetotaldistancebyabout50miles.Bythetimesheappearedfromthewaterat6:30a.m.localtimeonTuesday,September17,2019,shehadbeeninthewaterfor54hoursand13minutesandswumatotalof133miles!Evenmoreimpressive,Thomasachievedtheastonishingfeatinaregularswimsuit.Heronlyaidswereswimgoggles,onecap,anoseclip,andearplugs.Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlyfocuson?A.Thelongdistanceshecovered.B.Theordinaryequipmentshepossessed.C.Therecord-breakingtimeshestayedinwater.D.Theimpressivedeterminationshedisplayed.二、文章大意1.（2018全國(guó)I卷C篇）Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.2.Twofriendshaveanargumentthatbreaksuptheirfriendshipforever,eventhoughneitheronecanrememberhowthewholethinggotstarted.Suchsadeventshappenoverandoverinhighschoolsacrossthecountry.Infact,accordingtoanofficialreportonyouthviolence,"Inourcountrytoday,thegreatestthreattothelivesofchildrenandadolescentsisnotdiseaseorstarvationorabandonment,buttheterriblerealityofviolence".Giventhatthisisthecase,whyaren'tstudentstaughttomanageconflictthewaytheyaretaughttosolvemathproblems,drivecars,orstayphysicallyfit?Firstofall,studentsneedtorealizethatconflictisunavoidable.Areportonviolenceamongmiddleschoolandhighschoolstudentsindicatesthatmostviolentincidentsbetweenstudentsbeginwitharelativelyminorinsult(侮辱).Forexample,afightcouldstartoverthefactthatonestudenteatsapeanutbuttersandwicheachlunchtime.Laughteroverthesandwichcanleadtoinsults,whichinturncanleadtoviolence.Theproblemisn'tinthesandwich,butinthewaystudentsdealwiththeconflict.

Oncestudentsrecognizethatconflictisunavoidable,theycanpracticethegoldenruleofconflictresolution(解決):staycalm.Oncethestudentfeelscalmer,heorsheshouldchoosewordsthatwillcalmtheotherpersondownaswellRudewords,name-calling,andaccusationsonlyaddfueltotheemotionalfire.Ontheotherhand,softwordsspokenatanormalsoundlevelcanputoutthefirebeforeitexplodesoutofcontrol.Afterbothsideshavecalmeddown,theycanuseanotherkeystrategy(策略)forconflictresolution:listening.Listeningallowsthetwosidestounderstandeachother.Onepersonshoulddescribehisorherside,andtheotherpersonshouldlistenwithoutinterrupting.Afterward,thelistenercanasknon-threateningquestionstoclarifythespeaker'sposition.Thenthetwopeopleshouldchangeroles.Finally,studentsneedtoconsiderwhattheyarehearing.Thisdoesn'tmeantryingtofigureoutwhat'swrongwiththeotherperson.Itmeansunderstandingwhattherealissueisandwhatbothsidesaretryingtoaccomplish.Forexample,ashoutingmatchoverapeanutbuttersandwichmighthappenbecauseonepersonthinkstheotherpersonisunwillingtotrynewthings.Studentsneedtoaskthemselvesquestionssuchasthese:Howdidthisstart?WhatdoIreallywant?WhatamIafraidof?Astheissuebecomesclearer,theconflictoftensimplybecomessmaller.Evenifitdoesn't,carefulthoughthelpsbothsidesfigureoutamutualsolution.

Therewillalwaysbeconflictinschools,butthatdoesn'tmeanthereneedstobeviolence.AfterstudentsinAtlantastartedaconflictresolutionprogram,accordingtoEducatorsforSocialResponsibility,"64percentoftheteachersreportedlessphysicalviolenceintheclassroom;75percentoftheteachersreportedanincreaseinstudentco-operation;and92percentofthestudentsfeltbetteraboutthemselves'.Learningtoresolveconflictscanhelpstudentsdealwithfriends,teachers,parents,bosses,andcoworkers.Inthatway,conflictresolutionisabasiclifeskillthatshouldbetaughtinschoolsacrossthecountry.Thearticleismainlyabout___________.A.Thelivesofthechildren B.Thecauseofargumentsinschools.C.Howtoanalyzeyouthviolence D.Howtodealwithschoolconflicts.3.LeftoverAgain?Hurray

Hereisthedeal:You’reashungryasahorseandyouwantadeliciousmealfromafinerestaurant,butyou’realittlelowonfunds.Sowhatdoyoudo?IfyouhappentoliveinEurope,theanswerisaseasyaspie:Youpulloutyoursmartphoneortablet,andtapTooGoodToGo,Europe’smostpopularapp.Approximately23,000restaurantsandfoodsellersposttheirleftoverofferingsontheappforhalftheirusualcost.Whyallthisincrediblegenerosity?Unbelievably,one-thirdoftheworld’sfoodisthrownaway,andnearlyonebillionpeopledon’thaveenoughtoeat.Besides,burningwastedfoodreleasesharmfulcarbondioxideemissionsintotheatmosphere,whichcontributestoclimatechange.That’swhyenvironment-mindedcompaniesaroundtheworldarecreatingappsforphones,tablets,andothersmartdevicesthatconnectuneatenfoodwithpeoplewhowantorneedit.

Afteralongdayatwork,Anne,a34-year-oldstudent,pullsouthersmartphoneandchoosesanoodledish－pastawithmushrooms.ThensheheadstoarestaurantonthebanksoftheSpreeRiver,wheretheownerpacksherdinnerandalsooffersherascoopoffreeicecream,whichisarewardforbringingherowncontainer.Indeed,therearemanyprogramsservingthesamemissionaroundtheworld.InAmerica,peopleareusinganappcalledFoodForAll.Onehourbeforearestaurantcloses,itsstaffcanpostleftovermealstotheappforupto80percentoffmenuprices.Theappalsoallowscustomerstodonateleftovermealstoothers.IntheNetherlands,77,000peoplehavedownloadedanappcalledNoFoodWasted.Thisprogramallowsgrocerystoreworkerstoshareproductsthatareapproachingtheirexpirationdateswithcustomerswhomightneedthem.Somecountriesaretakingtheircommitmenttoreducingfoodwasteastepfurther.FranceandCzechRepublic,forexample,havelawsthatprohibitrestaurantsandgrocerystoresfromthrowingawayfood.Instead,workersarerequiredtodonatethatfoodtocharity.Sothinkaboutiftheremightbeabetteruseofyouruneatenvegetables.Theplanetwillthankyou.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A.RestaurantscanpostleftovermealsontheappFoodforAll.B.Appsaredesignedconnectingleftoverfoodwithpeopleinneed.C.Storessharefoodapproachingtheirexpirationdateswithcustomer.D.It’spopularforpeopletobuyfoodthatmightotherwisebethrownaway.三、文章標(biāo)題

AFromnowon,neverspendyourprecioustimethinkingofreasonsforyourfailuresandshortcomings.Instead,realizethattheseedsofsuccesswereplantedwithinyouwhenyouwereborn.Onlyyouhavethepowertomakethoseseedsgrow.Theseeds,andthepowertogrowthem,

arecontainedinthemostawesomemachineevercreated：thehumanmind.Successisachoiceandnotachance.Youwerebornawinner.Youwerebornrich.Youcanbeasuccessifonlyyoumaketherightchoice.Youcannotbesuccessfulwithoutfirstdevelopingyourself-esteem.Yourlevelofself-esteemisalwaysbasedonthedegreeofcontrolthatyouareabletoexerciseoveryourself,andthusoveryourlife.Peoplewithlowself-esteemarepeoplewhodonotbelievethattheyhaveanypower,orresponsibilityfortheirlives.Theyaretheperennial(長(zhǎng)期的)victimsandmartyrs.Theyareleavestossed(搖擺)bythewindsofchanceblownaboutwithanysuddenchangeintheweather.

Youcanexercisecontroloveryourlifeonlytothedegreethatyoubelievethatyouareresponsibleforeverythingthathappensinyourlife.Failuresthinkthateverythinghappensbyaccidentandchance.Successfulpeoplerealizethattheyareresponsible.Everythinghappensasaresultofsomething.Ifwecanidentifythecause,wecancontroltheeffect.Weareresponsibleforwhatwechoosetothinkandbelieve.Onegenerallyrisestothelevelthatoneexpects.Weareresponsibleforsettingourexpectations.Oursuccessisdependentuponourlevelofconfidence.Ifyouassociatewithpositive-thinkingpeople,youaredefinitelygoingtoachievesuccess.Onthecontrary,theoppositehappens.Weareresponsibleforfinding,planting,andnurturingtheseedsthatcontainfuturevictory,bornfromsetbacks.Inshort,inallareasofyourlife,whethertheybefinancial,physical,emotional,orspiritual,youareresponsible.Onceyourecognizethis,acceptit,andfirmlybelieveit,youareontheroadtosuccess.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Successisachoice. B.Thesecretsofsuccess C.Developourconfidence D.Howtoachievesuccess.B

MywifeandIwereatacrowdedgrocerystorenotlongago.Itwasaweekdayevening,coldandwetandtense.Peoplewerecarelesslyblockingaisles,complainingandcuttingoneanotheroffwiththeircarts.Atonepoint,twowomenquarreledforseveralminutesaftercollidinginthefreezersection.Thingsgotworseatthecheckoutline.Thecashierscannedaman’sdiscountcard,buthemisreadthesavingsonherscreenasanadditionalcharge.Hedecidedshewasactingintentionallyandbegantoargue.Othercustomerslookedawayasthecashiertriedtoreasonwithhim.Shecalledamanager,whotookhimtocustomerservice.Shaken,shemovedtothenextcustomerinline.We’veallwitnesseduncomfortablesceneslikethisinpublicplaces.MyreactionwhenIseethemisbothpersonalandprofessional.Iamadataanalystandsociologistwhostudieshowandwhypeopleinteractwithoneanother--orwhytheychoosenotto.Tome,thegroceryscenewasanotherexampleofhowourtrustinothershasfaded.Butitwasalsoateachablemomentonhowwecanrebuildourfaith—startingwithjustoneperson.Therefore,mywifeandIreachedthedisturbedcashier.Igrabbedabottleofwaterfromanearbycoolerandhandedittoher.WelearnedhernamewasBeth.“Wefeltbadabouthowthatmantreatedyouandwantedtobuythisforyou.”Isaid.Beth’sfacelitup,andwetalkedasshescannedouritems.Shetoldusshehadbeenworkingthateveningthroughseverefootpainandwouldbehavingsurgerylaterthatweek.Wewishedherwellinherrecovery,andshethankedusasweleft.Thatisthebalancingact,themomentofrespondingsocialandemotionalpainwithhealing,thatwilladduptorestoretrustacrosstheUnitedStates.Youcanstartthatpatterninsomeoneelse’slife,eveninaplaceasordinaryastheneighborhoodgrocerystore.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AMiserableCashier. B.AHelpingHand.C.LearningtoTrustAgain. D.Startinganewlife.C

HenryStanleyisperhapsbestknownforhisexpeditionintoAfricatofindDr.DavidLivingstone,butthat’snottheonlyrescuemissionheundertook.InDecember1886,StanleysetoffintoAfricaonwhatwouldbehislastjourney:anattempttofindandbringhomeaGermanzoologistnamedEduardSchnitzer.Schnitzerhadtakenthename“EminPasha,”inanattempttobebetterreceivedbythosehewaslivingamong.Pashawascatalogingahostofrecently-discoveredplantandanimallifeformswhenfightingbrokeoutintheSudan.PashawithdrewtoEquatoria,ataboutthesametimetheEminPashaReliefCommitteewasformed.InadditiontothechiefgoalofbringingPashahome,StanleywasalsounderordersfromtheKingofBelgiumtoopenupsomenewtraderoutesinthearea.

TheroundaboutroutetheCommitteeendeduptakingmeantthatbythetimetheyfinallyfoundPashamanymembersoftheexpeditionweredead.Thosethatdidsurvivewereworn,ill,andstarvingbythetimetheyfoundPashawho,incomparison,waswell-dressed,clean,and—bysomeaccounts—smokingathree-year-oldcigarwhentheyfinallyfoundhim.Hewasinneedofsomesupportandsupplies,buthehadneitherintentnordesiretoleavethearea.Argumentsarose,causingafirmhatredbetweenStanleyandPasha.Stanleyf