柴油機(jī)的維修保養(yǎng)方法與節(jié)油技巧

柴油機(jī)修理保養(yǎng)的技巧與方法Dieselenginerepairandmaintenancemethodsandtechniquesof一、保養(yǎng)技巧One,maintenanceskills1“飛車”現(xiàn)象及應(yīng)急措施“飛車”或超速是發(fā)動機(jī)特有的一種現(xiàn)象?！帮w車”時(shí)柴油機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速失去掌握，而且越來越快，以至超過允許的最高轉(zhuǎn)速并伴隨有巨大聲響，嚴(yán)峻時(shí)導(dǎo)致機(jī)件損壞報(bào)廢。引起“飛車”主要緣由有兩方面：一是噴柴油或機(jī)油進(jìn)入燃燒室燃燒。發(fā)生“飛車”現(xiàn)象應(yīng)實(shí)行緊急措施，發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速高到肯定程度時(shí)會發(fā)生故障。制止超速的緊急措施有：In1,dieselengine“flyingcar“phenomenonanditsemergencymeasures“coaster“orspeedingisapeculiarphenomenonofengine.“Runaway“dieselenginespeedisoutofcontrol,butalsomoreandmorequickly,andexceedthemaximumallowedspeedandwithagreatnoise,leadingtoseveredamagetopartsscrapped.“Runaway“duetotwomainreasons:oneisthefaultoffuelinjectionpumpgovernoritself,thatthelossofthenormaladjustmentcharacteristics;ontheotherhand,isadieselenginespeedregulationcharacteristicchanges,itscharacteristicistheinjectionpumpgovernoritselfhasnofault,andthedieselengineduringtheoperationprocesswithadditionaldieseloilorengineoilfromenteringthecombustionchambercombustion.“Runaway“phenomenonshouldtakeemergencymeasures,athighenginespeedstoacertainextentwillmalfunction.Tostopspeedingemergencymeasures:快速將加速踏板收回到停車位置。rapidlyacceleratingpedalbackintheparkingposition.有減速裝置的，快速將減壓手柄拉到停油位置〔或減壓位置〕。adecelerationdevice,rapiddecompressionhandleispulledtostopoilposition(orreducingposition).準(zhǔn)時(shí)掛入高速擋，踏下制動踏板，緩抬離合器，使發(fā)動機(jī)熄火。tohangintohighgear,depressthebrakepedal,slowlyreleasetheclutch,theengineflameout.快速斷開高壓油管，停頓供油。quicklydisconnectthehighpressureoilpipe,oilsupplystop.快速用衣服包緊空氣濾清器，使發(fā)動機(jī)斷氣熄火。quicklywithaclothesbagairfilter,sothattheengineexpirationblowout.“減速、減壓、制動、斷氣”。Thefivestepsabovereferredtoasthe“reduction,decompression,brake,die“.2、柴油機(jī)各缸工作狀況檢查方法In2,thecylindersofdieselengineworkingconditioninspectionmethod聽音法：用聽診器或借助金屬棒，靠近噴油器體的部位，傾聽各缸爆發(fā)的聲音，正常的聲音類似金屬敲擊“當(dāng)當(dāng)”的聲響。假設(shè)只有“嗬嗬”連續(xù)不干脆的響聲噴油時(shí)間過早。listenandact:stethoscopeorwiththeaidofametalbar,neartheinjectorbodyparts,listentoeachcylinderexplosionsound,normalmetalpercussionsoundssimilarto“should“.Ifonlythe“Ho“continuousnotjustnoise,thenthecylinderoilsupplytoolittleornotimelyignition,suchaspercussionsoundisverybig,thecylinderoilsupplyamountistoolargeorinjectiontimeofpremature.觀色法：柴油機(jī)工作正常時(shí)，排出的廢氣顏色為淡灰色，負(fù)荷大時(shí)略深。的煙色，說明個(gè)別缸工作不正常。viewcolormethod:dieselengineworkingnormally,exhaustgascolourispalegray,whentheloadislargeslightlydeep.Iftherowofblackgas,illustratethecombustiblegasincompletecombustion.Rowsofbluesmoke,showthatthelubricatingoilintothecylindercombustion.Rowsofwhitesmoke,thedieselenginewithwater,combustiblegascombustionexhaustwhitesmokeornot.Exhaustpipecontinuousdischargeabnormalcolor,descriptionofindividualcylindernotworkingproperly.感溫法：在柴油機(jī)啟動后的最初階段〔工作一段時(shí)間后排氣管溫度很高，不噴油、或噴油后沒完全燃燒或不燃燒。:temperaturesensingmethodindieselenginestartingaftertheinitialphase(afteraperiodoftimeworkingwiththeexhaustpipetemperatureisveryhigh,touchthescald)touchthecylinderexhaustpipetemperature,differentialcylinderworkingcondition.Ifthecylinderexhaustpipetemperaturethantheothercylinder,thecylinderoilhigh;ifthetemperatureislow,thecylinderoilless,orinjection,orinjectionaftercompletecombustionorburning.脈沖法：用手捏緊高壓油管，感覺噴油時(shí)的脈動狀況，脈動小，爆發(fā)聲音為供油量偏大。爆發(fā)聲音弱和溫度低為噴油器孔或針閥卡死。pulsemethod:handclenchedhigh-pressuretubing,feelwhenfuelinjectionpulse,smallpulsation,soundweak,lowtemperatureofthesmallcylinderoil.Soundisnotnormalandhightemperatureforfuelinjectorfuelinjectionpressuredrop,atomizationadverse,ornottimelyignitionandcombustion.Thepulsatingsound,strong,hightemperatureofthecylinderoilsupplyamountistoolarge.Soundweakandlowtemperatureforfuelinjectorholeorpinvalvejammed.斷油法：為了準(zhǔn)確推斷哪缸有故障，可逐缸切斷高壓油管至噴油器油路，斷某缸的油路后，故障現(xiàn)象消逝，則說明故障在該缸。oilmethod:toaccuratelydeterminewhichcylinderhasfault,eachcylindercutoffhighpressuretubingtothefuelinjectorcircuit,stopsworking,toobservethechangesinoperatingconditionsofdieselengine.Whencuttingacylinderoilline,iftheenginespeedandsoundornochangeisnotbig,thecylinderworknormal.Suchasintermittentknock,arowofblacksmoke,whencuttingacylinderoil,faultdisappears,thenthefaultinthecylinder.3、柴油機(jī)節(jié)油五法In3,fivefordieselengine5%左右。theuseofsmokereducingdevice.Willsmokereducingdeviceisverticallyfixedonthefrontendoffuelinjectionpumpoilcircuit,connectedtoaDCpowersupply.Indieselengines,exhaustsmokereductionsignificantly.Boththereductionofenvironmentalpollution,butalsocanbesavedabout5%.15%3%～5%。mountedinertiasupercharger.Inadieselengineisinstalledusinginertiasupercharger,thegeneralcanimprovethepowerandfuelconsumptiondecreased15%,3%～5%.2～3層吸附性強(qiáng)的衛(wèi)生紙，能提高油料清潔度，降低油耗。ofthefilterelementwoundtoiletpaper.Inthedieseloilfilterondressing2~3layerofstrongadsorptionoftoiletpaper,canimproveoilcleanliness,reducingfuelconsumption.加裝泡沫塑料空氣濾芯?？諝鉃V清器兩層濾網(wǎng)中，增加一層透氣性能良好8～20mm厚的泡沫塑料，可提高濾清效果，保住油料正常燃燒，降低油耗。equippedwithfoamairfilter.Airfiltertwofilterlayer,addalayerofbreathablegoodperformanceof8～20mmthickfoam,canimprovethefilteringeffect,savefuelcombustion,reducingfuelconsumption.保證正常燃燒，節(jié)油效果格外顯著。thereturnpipediversion.Thedieselengineoilreturnpipeaccessahigh-pressureoilpipe,theoilreturnintothelowpressureoilpassage,canensurenormalcombustion,oilsavingeffectisobvious.二、修理技巧Two,repairtechniques1、“三漏”關(guān)。修理柴油機(jī)，防治并解決“三漏”問題，可實(shí)行“五字”準(zhǔn)則，即嚴(yán)、潔、抹、磨、緊。1,“threeleakage“.Repairofdieselengines,preventandsolve“threeleakage“problem,canadopt“fivewords“criterion,namelyYan,clean,wipe,grinding,tight.時(shí)，要按挨次并分幾次緊固，不要無挨次亂擰，以防零件變形。Justice:thepartsremovingandinstallingtothestrictrequirements,compliancewiththerules,forbiddenchaosdisruptknock.Suchasscrewbolts,accordingtotheorderofandseveraltimeswithoutfastening,orderofrandoms,inordertopreventthedeformationofthepart.混入微小的雜物，不僅會漏油，還直接影響發(fā)動機(jī)的工作。Jie:partsbeforeassemblymustbeclean,topreventtheincorporationofimpurities.Astheoiloutletvalveandvalveseatcontactzoneandenterthesmalldebris,notonlywillspill,alsodirectlyaffecttheenginework.不要太厚，也不要把墊的整個(gè)面都抹上，只需涂抹漏油的局部。With:inasbestospad,padofpaper,allkindsofplugsandoilpaintstone.Stonecottontowipethinanduniform,nottoothick,nottopadthewholefacewith,onlyapplythelocaloilspill.或墊片研磨后能保持密封，不漏油。Grinding:grindingorcuttingpartsofthesurface,itsroleistorestorethesurfacesmoothnessandprecision,sothatthepipejointorgasketaftergrindingcanremainsealed,nooilleakage.母等，必需保持適宜的緊度。Tight:sealtightnesstofit,nottootightortooloose.Suchasdieselvariouscontactsurfacesandthesealingnut,mustmaintainpropertightness.2、氣缸壓力關(guān)。為了保證有足夠的氣缸壓力，活塞與缸套的協(xié)作間隙，活塞環(huán)氣缸墊要好，且厚度符合要求。In2,thecylinderpressure.Inordertoensurethereisenoughpressureinthecylinder,pistonandcylinderclearance,pistonringendgap,edgemustconformtotherequirements,thevalveandvalveseatsealing,thefrontendoftheinjectorcylindergasketsealingbetter,better,andthicknesstomeettherequirements.3、燃燒室容積關(guān)。柴油機(jī)修理后往往會使燃燒室容積發(fā)生變化，轉(zhuǎn)變原有的壓等。在修理時(shí)，應(yīng)對這些狀況加以留意。In3,thevolumeofthecombustionchamber.Dieselenginerepairafteroftencausesthevolumeofthecombustionchamberischanged,changetheoriginalcompressionratio,directlyaffectsthenormaloperationofdieselengine.Combustionchambervolumechangefactorsare:thepositionofthepistonisreversed,thethicknessofcylinderheadgasketproperly,acrankconnectingrodmechanicalwearorbending,swirlchamberinsertmismatch,thelargevalvesinkage.Duringrepairs,torespondtothesesituationsofattention.4、正時(shí)關(guān)。正時(shí)關(guān)包括供油正時(shí)和配氣正時(shí)，假設(shè)供油不正時(shí)，S195、X195型柴0.1mm厚的墊片，相當(dāng)6.3mm0.1mm3°，相當(dāng)于飛輪弧長11.1mm，調(diào)整時(shí)應(yīng)留意活塞壓縮到上止點(diǎn)時(shí)，進(jìn)、排氣門間隙〔冷車狀態(tài)〕不0.2mm，以防機(jī)件受熱膨脹，氣門關(guān)閉不嚴(yán)，或氣門頭撞擊活塞。In4,itclosedwhen.Timingclosingincludingfuelinjectiontimingandvalvetiming,iftheoilsupplyisnotpositive,S195,X195dieselenginewithfuelinjectionpumpandthegearchambercoverbetweentheshimadjustment,eachchange0.1mmthickshim,equivalenttotheflywheelarclength6.3mm.Ifthegasisinsufficient,shouldfirstcheckandcorrecttiminggearinstalledontheerror,andthenadjustthevalveclearance,clearanceofvalvechangeseach0.1mm,variationofcrankangle3°,equivalenttotheflywheelarclength11.1mM,adjustmentshouldbepaidattentiontowhenpistoncompressiontotheTDC,inlet,exhaustvalveclearance(coldstate)cannotbelessthan0.2mm,topreventmechanicalthermalexpansionvalveclosed,lax,orthevalveheadimpactpiston.5、“三濾”關(guān)?？諝鉃V清器技術(shù)狀態(tài)不好，會使灰塵進(jìn)入氣缸，加速活塞環(huán)、氣軸與軸瓦磨損，嚴(yán)峻者會造成柴油機(jī)早期報(bào)廢。5,“filter“.Airfiltertechnicalstatusisnotgood,leaddustintothecylinder,pistonrings,cylinderspeed,valveandvalveseatofearlywear,startupdifficultiescausedbythedeclineofpower.Diesel,oilfiltertechnicalstatusisnotgood,willmaketheimpuritiesintotherelevantparts,resultinginthreeprecisioncouplingofearlywearandtear,accelerationofthecrankshaftandbearingwear,seriouspersoncancauseearlyrejectiondieselengine.6、柴油霧化關(guān)。柱塞副、出油閥副及噴油器針閥副的技術(shù)狀態(tài)不好，會造成油耗增加，因此，對燃油系，特別是周密偶件要認(rèn)真進(jìn)展檢查。In6,dieselfuelsprayoff.Plungervice,anoiloutletvalvesideandinjectorneedleDeputytechnicalstatusisnotgood,willcausetheatomizationofthefuelinjectorofdieselenginestartingisdifficult,bad,incompletecombustion,cokeincreased,resultinginreductionofenginepower,fuelconsumptionincrease,therefore,thefuelsystem,especiallytheprecisioncouplingofcarefulcheck.7〔1〕通孔關(guān)：現(xiàn)以S195型柴油機(jī)為例，軸承、襯套的5處通孔在安裝時(shí)要對正。In7,thethroughholeandtheholeclearance.(1)thethroughholeclearance:nowtakeS195dieselengineasanexample,bearing,bushing5throughholesinthemountingtoit.A、主軸承。每對主軸承油槽上都鉆有油孔，分別與氣缸體、主軸頸上的油孔相孔對準(zhǔn)，使?jié)櫥吐窌惩o阻，避開燒壞。A,mainbearing.Eachofthemainbearingoilgrooveondrilloilhole,respectively,andthecylinderbody,theshaftneckholecommunicatedwiththeoil,wheninstalled,aslongasthemainbearingflangenotchonthequasi-steadypin,canpreventthemainbearingrotation,ensuringtheoilholealignment,sothatthelubricatingoilpathsmoothoperator,toavoiddamage.B、搖臂襯套。向搖臂內(nèi)壓入襯套時(shí)，如孔不對準(zhǔn)，搖臂軸及襯套就會因缺乏潤滑干摩擦而燒損，使氣門間隙變大，產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)峻的敲擊聲。B,rockerarmbushing.TotherockerarmispressedintotheBush,suchasholesarenotaligned,rockershaftandbushingcanbeduetolackoflubricationfrictionandloss,sothatthevalvegapbecomeslarge,resultinginseriouspercussionsound.C、連桿襯套。連桿小頭鉆有集油孔，和連桿襯套的油孔相通，向連桿小頭內(nèi)套銅套時(shí)，假設(shè)兩個(gè)油孔不對準(zhǔn)，銅套和活塞銷發(fā)生“當(dāng)當(dāng)”的敲擊聲，甚至咬死。C,connectingrodbushing.Connectingroddrillsetoilhole,andtheconnectingrodbushingholecommunicatedwiththeoiltotheconnectingrodsleeve,coppersets,iftwooilholesarenotaligned,acoppersleeveandapistonpin“should“percussionsound,andevenkilled.D、起動軸襯套。安裝起動軸襯套時(shí)，兩襯套油孔要分別與機(jī)體和齒輪蓋上相對變化，導(dǎo)致柴油機(jī)功率下降。D,startingshaftbushing.Installationandstartingshaftbushing,twobushingoilholerespectively,andthebodyandthegearcovercorrespondingtotheoilcollectinggrooveiscommunicated,orstartingshaftandbushingwillacceleratewear,causingthefeedangleandgasdistributionphasechanges,causingdieselenginepowerdecrease.〔2〕4個(gè)小孔。(2)holeclearance:mainlyhasthefollowing4holes.A、油箱蓋通氣孔。該孔堵塞后，油箱不再與大氣相通，油箱上部因油面下降會關(guān)處漏油，因此，此孔不能堵。A,thetankcoverhole.Theholeplug,thetankisnolongerwiththeatmosphere,theupperpartofthetankforoildropwillappearnegative,resultingininterruptionoffuelsupply,heatofevaporation,pressureoftheoiltankisincreased,willcausethefueltankswitchtoleaktheoil,therefore,theholecannotbeblocked.B會使機(jī)油滲漏，高溫廢氣混入機(jī)油，還會加快機(jī)油變質(zhì)，加速機(jī)件磨損，因此，在修理時(shí)肯定要疏通此孔。B,crankshaftboxforholes.Airclogging,thecrankshaftinsidethegasaccumulatesmoremore,thecrankshaftinsidethepressuretorise,willmakeoilleakage,hightemperatureexhaustgasmixedwithoil,butalsoacceleratestheoildeterioration,acceleratedwearofmachinepa