論中西飲食文化差異畢業(yè)論文

外國語學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文OnDifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures論中西飲食文化差異院系外國語學(xué)院專業(yè)英語班級2009級本科（7）班學(xué)號11023012027學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師2013年4月AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoextendmysinceregratitudetoallthosewhohaveeverhelpedandencouragedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis;otherwisemyworkwouldnothavebeensosmoothlyfulfilled.MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoMrsGuo,mysupervisor,forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.Second,IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessorWangXueling.Thankyouforleadingmeintothedoorofinterculturalcommunicationwhichhasreallybroadenedmyhorizonsandenrichedmylife.Thankyouforbeingsopatient,sosupportiveandIamexceedinglyproudofbeingyourstudent.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheForeignLanguageDepartmentofXinxiangUniversitywhohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.Lastbutnotleast,myheartfeltappreciationandeverlastingaffectiongotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandboundlessconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.MotherandFatherthankyouforbringingmeintothisworldandalwaysgivingmethestrengthtostriveformygoals.Theirselflessloveconstantlyshinesonme,andlightsupmyworld.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmetoworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.IAbstractDifferenceindietarycultureisoneoftheproblemsthatweshouldpaymoreattention.Chinaisacountrywithalonghistoryandboastsavarietyofcuisines.Chinesedietaryculturehasbeenalwaysintheleadingpositionoftheworldfromthepasttonow,anditisalsotheveryimportantpartoftheChineseculture.TheWesterndietaryculturehasitstypicalfeatures,beingfast,hygienic,nutritiousandscientific.Chinesedietaryculturepursuesthesyntheticbeautysuchascolor,smell,taste,flavor,sound,andtheenvironment.ThecomparativestudyattemptedbytheauthorintendstopromotethemutualunderstandingandcommunicationbetweenChinaandtheWestern.Itisimportantfornationstounderstandeachother.Inthecooperation,nationsgainmorebenefitsfrommutualhelpandmakeeverybodyenjoyahappylife.Thefindingsinthisthesiswillhelpnationstodrawoneachother’smeritsandmakemutualprogress.Keywords:diet;cultural;differenceII摘 要飲食文化的差異就是值得我們關(guān)注的話題之一。中國有著悠久的歷史與引以為傲的各種各樣的烹飪技術(shù)。直到今天中國的飲食文化一直處于世界的領(lǐng)先位置，它已經(jīng)成為中國文化中的重要的一部分。西方飲食文化講究快捷方便、衛(wèi)生、營養(yǎng)、科學(xué)。中國的飲食文化追求色、香、味、行、意和環(huán)境。希望通過中西飲食文化的比較，增進(jìn)兩種文化間的理解和交流，進(jìn)而互相學(xué)習(xí)，取長補短，和諧共處，共同發(fā)展。國與國之間需要了解彼此。在合作中，幫助彼此得到更多的利益而是每一個人享受快樂生活。這就是理想，只要大家去做，世界會變得美好。關(guān)鍵詞:飲食；文化；不同IIIContentsAcknowledgements IAbstract II摘要 IIIⅠ.Introduction 11.1Background 11.2Purpose 11.3TheHistoryandPositionofFoodCultureinChinaandWest 11.4FoodCulture 11.4.1CharacteristicsofChineseFoodCulture 21.4.2CharacteristicsofWesternFoodCulture 2Ⅱ.AnalysisofCulturalDifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternDietary 32.1.DifferencesinConcepts 32.2DifferencesinTargets 42.3DifferencesintheDietaryPatterns 62.4DifferencesintheNature 72.5DifferencesintheEtiquette 82.6DifferencesinDietaryHabits 82.6.1DifferencesinTableware 82.6.2DifferencesinCookingMethods 92.6.3DifferencesinDailyDiet 10Ⅲ.Conclusion 103.1MajorFindings 113.2Implication 113.3Limitation 11Bibliography 12IV.Introduction1.1BackgroundFoodisonlyoneaspectofculturaltraditions,yetitisprobablyoneofthemostpersistent.Thereisnoculturalgroupandnoindividualforwhomatleastonespecificfood.Foodplaysaninextricableroleinourdailylives.Withoutfoodwecannotsurvive.Butfoodismuchmorethanatoolofsurvival.Foodisasourceofpleasure,comfortandsecurity.Foodisalsoasymbolofhospitality,socialstatus,andreligioussignificance.Whatweselecttoeat,howweprepareit,serveit,andevenhowweeatitareallfactorsprofoundlytouchedbyourindividualculturalinheritance.1.2PurposeThecontentaimstounderstandthedifferencebetweenChineseandwesterncuisineculture.CulturaldifferencesinthehabitsofdietsbetweenChineseandtheWesternreflectthedifferentconceptsaboutthedietarystatus,eatingfoodanddietaryhabits.ThroughtheanalysisofdietarydifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternfoodculture,wegettoknowtheculturaltraditionsofbothChinaandtheWest.Itletussetupaninvinciblepositioninthecompetition.AtthesametimeitcanimproveandinnovatefortheChineseculture.Thesenationsshouldmutualhelpandstudyeachothersothatwecanmakeourworldmoreharmoniousthanbefore.1.3TheHistoryandPositionofFoodCultureinChinaandWestChinaenjoysthefameofFoodKingdomforthousandsyear,sopeoplelivingherefocussomuchontasteasatradition.Aftercenturiesofevolutiononcooking,Chinesecuisinesharesagreatmarketininternationalfoodtable.Chinesechiefpaytheirattentiononthreeparts:varietychoiceofmaterials,complexityofcookingstyle,widerangeoftaste.Asanothereconomicandculturalcenter,theWesternWorld,italsoproducesanimportantFoodculturesystem.Inthissystem,France,BritainandtheUnitedStatesarethethreemajorbranches.Theyaffecttheworldfortheiruniqueculturalconnotations.Asthetwomajorfoodcultures,theirmutualinfluenceandfusionwillimproveculturaldiversityoftheworld.ThisisthesignificanceofChineseandWesternfoodculturepreciselystudies.1.4FoodCultureFoodculturereferstothetechnical,scientificandartisticaspectsintheprocessofthefood1productionandfoodconsumption,thedevelopmentandutilizationoffoodingredientsinspecificsocialgroups,aswellasthediet-basedcustoms,traditions,ideologyandphilosophy,inaword,thesumofallthefoodthingsofacombinationoftheway,process,functionoffoodproductionandconsumption.Thestudyonfoodcultureisextremelyrichincontent.1.4.1CharacteristicsofChineseFoodCultureThedietisactuallythecontentofourdailylife,butwhydowesaythatitcontainsspecificculture?ThisisbecausethediethasaspecialstatusintheChineseculture.AnditisalsodifferentbetweenChinaandWest.Chinesepeople’sdietstartsasearlyasintheQinDynasty.Atthattime,thetypicaldietprimarilyconsistsofthemiscellaneousgrains,inadditiontosomesupplementaryfoodsuchasvegetablesandmeat.CertainlythiskindofdietrelatestoourChinesefirstreligiousBuddhismalotwhichadvocatesvegetariandiet.Andthericeisthestaplefood,butthevegetableistogetfooddown.Thericeisnotdelicious,sopeoplemusteatthevegetablewhichismoredeliciousthanricetogetthericedown.AndthisurgesChinesecookingtomaketheunsavoryfoodtobecomethedeliciousfood,whichgraduallybecomesthemostimportantgoalofcooking.MoreoverthetechnologyofdietprocessinginChinesecookingisfirst-class,thusmanifestingthecharacteristicsofChineseculture.TheChinesecooking’sdietprocesstechnologyisfirst-classintheworld,thusithasmanifestedtheChineseculturecharacteristic.AlltheseenabletheChinesedietculturetohavethefollowingcharacteristics.First,theChinesecookingtechnologyhasdevelopedalotandmanythingswhichdonotlooklikeeatablefoodintheWesterner’seyescanbecomethefoodrichintheappearance,thefragranceandtasteundertheChinesechef’scarefulcooking.Second,Chineserecipesarewidespread,andeverythingthatcanbeeatenwillbefullused.TheWestbotaniststhinktheChineseeatmorethansixtimestypesofvegetablesthantheWesterners.Third,fortheChinesepeople,thepursuitofeatingisjusttopursuebesthappinessoflife,foodbecomingthefirstrequirement.1.4.2CharacteristicsofWesternFoodCultureIntheWesterndiet,meatalwayshasahighproportionbecausethedietwasinitiallybasedmainlyonanimalhusbandry.Inthemoderntimes,althoughtheproportionofcropcultivationhasbeenincreasing,theproportionofmeatinthedietisstillmuchhigherthanthatofChina.Asthenaturaldelicioustasteofmeat,fortheWesternersthereisnoneedoftoomuchdecorationforfood,limitingthedevelopmentofcooking.Europeansmostlyusetoolstoshowtheiraffluence,for2instance,thenumberofkindsandluxurybecomethecontenttocareabout.Moreover,theywillnotmakethepursuitofeatingwhichiseasytosatisfytobethepursuitofthebesthappiness.WetakeEuropeandAmericanasarepresentativefortheWest,foritsculturesimilarlyhasawell-establishedandlonghistory.Tothemiddleages,theEuropeanculturehadgrownup,andduringthattimetheoldWest’sdietculturehadalreadyformed.Itsmainfeaturewas:thebreadflourwasthestaplefood,rawmaterialwasalsoveryrich.ThemanufacturingmethodwassimplethanthatofChina,buttheyalsopaidgreatattentiontothetaste..AnalysisofCulturalDifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternDietaryTherearedistinctivefoodculturesindifferentnationsandcountries,withstrongnationalcharacteranddiversityoffeatures.Foodproduct,duetothegeographicalfeatures,theclimateoftheenvironmentandthecustomsandsoon,willappeargreatdifferenceintherawmaterials,taste,cookingmethodsandeatinghabits.ThecomparisonofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodculturewillbefromthefollowingeightareas:differencesinconcepts,differencesintargets,differencesinthedietarypatterns,differencesinthenature,differencesintheetiquette,differencesinthecookingmethods,differencesinthetableware,differencesinthedailydiet.2.1.DifferencesinConceptsFirst,theChineseandwesterndiethasthedifferencesthatcannotbeignoredinconcepts.NobodywilldenythattheWesterndietisarationalconcept,regardlessofthecoloroffood,incense,flavorandshape,butnutritionmustbeassured.Itcaresabouttheintakeofcalories,vitamins,proteinandsoonduringaday.ComparingwiththeChinesediet,westerndiettastesstereotyped,assimpleaschewingthecandle,butthesensetellsthem:Wemusteatthemallbecauseofthenutrition.Andthentheyputitbluntly,justlikerefuelingmachine.TheconceptofWesterndietiscompatiblewiththeentireWesternphilosophy.MetaphysicsisthemainfeatureofWesternphilosophy.SuchkindofphilosophybringsvitalitytoWesternculture,sothenaturalsciences,psychologyandmethodologyachievearapiddevelopment.Insomeotheraspects,suchphilosophypropositionisasignificantlyobstacle,suchasthedietaryculture,whichistheinevitablethingtodropbehind,andjustthemetaphysicsofmethodologymarkseverywhere.Incelebration,itstressestableware,stressesthestaple,stressestheservings,andstressesthecolorandshapemixofrawmaterials.Butnomatterhowluxuriousthegradeis;fromLosAngelestoNew3York,onlyonetasteofsteak,itisnoarttospeakof.Andasdishes,thechickenischicken;steakissteak,eveningroups,whicharealsoconductedinashallowdish.Inadishof“FrenchMuttonchops”,onesideispotatomud,andmuttonchopssitsnexttoit,anothersideisallocationofcookingbeans,andplusafewtabletsoftomato.Colorisonclear,butthetastesofthevariousmaterialsareseparated,nottoreconcile,andtheentireflavorislikewisesimpleandclear.TheChinesedietisasenseofbeautydiet.Whenpeoplesampledishes,theyoftensaythisdishis“delicious”,orthatdishis“notdelicious.”Butifyouaskwhatismeantby“delicious”,why"tasty"andwhataretheaspectsof“delicious”,Iamafraidthatitwillbedifficulttoanswer.ThisshowsthatwhichChinesepeoplehankeronadietisjustthe“mood”thatisdifficultforonanything.Evenusingthecolor,flavor,shapeandimplementwhichpeopleoftensaidtomaketherealmreification,Iamafraiditisstilldifficulttocrownall.ThebeautypursuitofChinesecuisineisdistinctlyoverridingtherationalpursuit.ThisconceptofdietisalsocoincidingwiththetraditionalChinesephilosophy.ChinesephilosophyisarepresentativeofOrientalphilosophy.Itsdistinguishingfeaturesarethemacro,visual,vagueandevasive.Chinesecookingmethodistoreconcile,andtheultimategoalistoreconcileoutofapleasingtaste.Themainstressismeasuredandtheoverallco-ordination.ItcontainsawealthofdialecticsofChinesephilosophy,andallthesedependonthedegreeofthewonderfulflavorandharmonyofdish.Theever-changingwithindegreesdecidesthechangeableofChinesefood,anditalsodecidesthecharacteristicsofChinesefoodaswellasthecharacteristicsoneachofthechefs.2.2DifferencesinTargetsAlldietcannotbedonewithoutvegetables.Theword“dish”isforthesoundinChina,anditalwayshassomethingtodowiththeplants.Accordingtoasurveyofwesternplantsscholar,thereare600varietiesofvegetables,sixtimesmorethanintheWest.Infact,vegetabledishisusualfood.Meatdishentersthenormaldietonlyonholidaysorhigherlivingstandards,sosinceancienttimes,andtherewasasayingof“freshvegetables”.Mandarinlanguage:“Commonpeopleeatfreshvegetables,fishonlyofferedintheworship.”Itissaidthatfreshvegetablesaremainlytothecivilianingeneral,onlybeingabletoeatmeatonlyinworship.Vegetariandiettakesthedominantpositioninthenormalstructure.Chinesepeopleconsiderthevegetablesasthemaindish;ithasinextricablylinkedwiththeadvocacyofBuddhists.Theydeemanimalsas“people”andplantshave“nosoul.”So,theyadvocatevegetarianism.4Westernersdonotseemtohavesuchagoodhabit.Theyupholdaculturaloriginofnomadic,seafaringnation.Livingmainlybyfishingandhunting,collectionandplantingarejustthecomplement.Therearemoremeatdishesintheirlives.Feeding,clothing,andusingaretakenfromtheanimals,andevenWesternmedicineisderivedfromanimals.Whenthewesternersintroducethedietcharacteristicsoftheircountries,theyalwaysfeelthattheirdietismorereasonableonthemixofnutritionthanChina.Thefoodindustryismoredeveloped,suchascans,fastfood,althoughthetasteismonotonous,butitsavestime,anditalsohasgoodnutrition.Therefore,intheircountries:peoplearegenerallyhealthierandtallerthanChinese,andthepeoplehavestrongshouldersanddevelopedmuscles;butChinesepeoplelookshort,theirshouldersnarrowandlegsthin,theirskinyellowandtheirbodyweak.ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodforWesternerstojudgethemeritsofthetwodietisnotjustified.Mr.Sunhadprofoundstudyofthecultureoffoodandincisiveexposition.InhiscomposingTheSchemeforNationalReconstruction,detailingthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterndietphenomenon,heconcludes:"Chineseordinarypeopledrinkgreentea,andeatsimplefoodsuchasvegetablesandtofuformeal.Suchkindsoffoodarethemosthealthyandbeneficialaccordingtotheresearchofhygienist.Therefore,theremotepeopleinchina,whosedietarefarfrommeatandwine,alwayslivealonglife.AlsoChinahasabigpopulation,andChinesepeoplehaveenormouspowertoresistdisease,buttheynevertrythenon-diet.“Headded:The”Chinesevegetariansalleattofu.Tofuisexpectedastherealmeatinplants,asithasthenutritionthatmeathas.Itisthemeatwithouttoxicmaterials.SotheChinesearevegetarianusedtobeacustomwithoutthepromotionofscholars.ItisalsoacustomthattheEuropeanandAmericandrinkthickWine,eatmeatandfish.Sotherewassciencepromotionbeforeandaseverelawlater,suchastheUnitedStatesProhibition.Andthetransferwillnotcarryoutinashorttime.Mr.Sun’swordstelloutthescientificbenefitsofChinesedietanddisadvantagesofWesterndiet.AccordingtothecharacteristicsofthesignificantdifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterndiettargets,theChinesecharacteriscalledtheplantcharacter,whiletheWesterners’isanimalcharacter.Inresponsetotheculturalbehaviors,Westernersloveadventure,exploration,conflict;buttheChinesepeopleonlyliketolivebanally.AccordingtoAmericanexpertonfolkloreRuthopinionsonthe"culturalpattern"theory,ChinesecultureisquitesimilartotheclassicalworldApollo-typecharacterandWesterners’issimilartothemodernworldFaust-type.Indeed,theWesternerssuchasAmericansinthedevelopmentofthewest,theyputthewholefamilyonthe5truck,andgooutofthecityinamidrumblingwiththesupplies.TheChinesepeoplearealwaysthinkingabout“home”and“roots”,despitethepromotionthatyoungpeopleshouldtaketheworldashome.Butafterafewdecades,theoverseasChinesewillcomebacktothemainlandwithcrutchtoseektheirroots.Thisconceptofreturnandsuchhumanspiritthatcanonlybesaidtocooperatewiththeaccumulationinthediet.ThenitbringscohesivenesstotheChinesenationandthenmakesthehumanfolkfullofenergy.2.3DifferencesintheDietaryPatternsTheChineseandWesterndietarypatternscanbeverydifferent,andthesedifferencesaffectthenationalcharacter.InChina,acelebration,nomatterwhat,therewillbeonlyoneform,assittingtogether,sharingonefeast.Banquetusesroundtable,whichhascreatedaunityofform,whichiscourtesy,comityatmosphere.Cateareinthecenterofthetable.Itistheobjectsforpeopletoappreciateandtaste,anditisalsoanintermediateofcommunication.Peopletoasteachotherandsharethevegetables,whichreflectthemutualrespectbetweenpeopleinthefaceofthegoodthings,alsoshowthevirtuesofcomity.Althoughfromthehealthpointofview,thisapproachhasobviousdeficiencies,butitisinournational"happy"mentality,itreflectstheclassicalChinesephilosophyareaof"and"impactforfuturegenerations.Itishelpfultofacilitatethecollectiveemotionalexchangesandconsequentlydifficulttoreform.Thewestern-stylebanquets,althoughthefoodandwineareveryimportant,butinfacttheyarejustfoil.ThecoreofBanquetisfriendship,bytheconversationwiththeguestswhosittingnexttoachievethepurposeofrecreation.Ifmakingananalogouscomparebetweentherecreationofthebanquetsanddancing,itmaybesaidthattheChinesebanquetislikegroupdance,andthewesternbanquetislikemenandwomendancing.ThisshowsthatcommunicationpurposeofChinesebanquetandwesternbanquetareveryobvious.OnlytheChinesebanquetismorepopularinthecommunion,butwesternbanquetshowsguestsreflectedinthefriendshipbetweenneighbors.ThemoreobviousdifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterndietarypatternsisbuffetdinnerwhichispopularintheWest.Thismethodistodisplayallfood,andeverybodyispickingnotfixedinhisorherplacestoeat.Theywalkfreely.Thisapproachwouldprovidetheemotionalinteractionbetweenindividuals;theyneverneedtoputeverywordonthetable.Thisalsoshowsawesternpersonalityandself-respect.However,alltheeatingwithoutjamminglackstherealaffectivetoneliketheChinesepeople.SomepeoplewanttoputthebuffetintheChinesefood,butIthinkitisnotfeasible.ZhangQijuninthePrinciplesofCookingtellsusthemainreason:First,buffetisnotlike6drinkingtea.Drinkingteaisjustthethingtoyoubeforeyouchoose,anddisplayedinthecafeteriathereisalargenumberoffoodtoeat,sowhenyouwanttohaveit,itiscoldyet.Chinesecuisinewillservehot,ifcold,nothingtoeat.Secondly,buffetdishesonlycandoharddishesandbeneficialdishes.Thenyoucanaccessforlargeplots.AndthosemostrepresentativeoftheChineseculinaryarts,suchasthetenderandlighterdishes,arenotinthisshow.Third,thebuffetcandostewingpot;itmeansabigpotintermsoffood.Anysophisticatedcookingofadishcanonlybecookedinapotattwomost,anditisnotabletocookthedishfordozensofpeople.Soitwillnotbedelicious,nevertalkingofthetaste.Undersuchcircumstances,itisclearthattheuseofbuffetdinnerwilldenyChineseculinaryarts.TheChinesepeoplearedrinkingaroundthetabletoshowharmonyandunity,butthebuffethasbrokensuchpattern.Itraisesthepersonalindependenceandself-mentionedatthefirstplace.ThisistheoppositeofthescaleofthegreatunityofallChinesetraditionalculture.2.4DifferencesintheNatureDifferencesinthenatureoftheChineseandwesterndietareinosculatedwiththerespectivelifestyleandthepaceoflife.Inthewest,peopledotheduplicationofpipelineoperations,andimplementpiece-wagesystem,sothepacesoftheirlivesaresofast.Peoplefallunderthemechanicalmethodeitherintentionallyorunintentionally,andbelievethat“Workiswork,andgameisgame.”Mechanicallivesledtoonenessofdietorasingleblindaboutdiet,andeatbeefsteakandpotatoeseveryday.Monotonousdietisthesameaswork,forwhichthepurposesistofulfillthe“incident”,naturallywithnointerests,andallthesehavenowordintermsoftaste.ButChinaisnot,“Thegameiswork,andtheworkisofagame”.nnerSuchislifealsomaemergedindiet.Abakersellsbreadinthestreet,helikesusingtherollingpoletobeatthechoppingboardrhythmicallywhentheykneadflour.Whenthecooksfryadish,evenbeatingscoop,theyalsocarethesenseofrhythmduringcooking.Thesewouldnotworkforanyconveniences,butitincreasestheinterestsofworkers.Onlyinsuchanatmosphereworkwillbemeaningful,anditwillhavemorecreativityandartistryofChinesecuisine.TherestillexistvariousdifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterndietarycultures.ButwiththedevelopmentofculturalcommunicationbetweenChinaandthewest,alongwiththestrengtheningofcommunicationbetweenChinaandthewest,Chinahasimportedvariouskindsofwesternfood,knownasthe“KFC”“DICOS”,“McDonald”.Thismarksanewwesterndietarycultureexchangesandinfiltration.Webelievethatwiththedevelopmentofsociety,theculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterndietarywillnolongerbethedifference.72.5DifferencesintheEtiquetteInChina,anybanquet,nomatterwhatpurpose,therewillbeonlyaform,thatis,wearesittinground,sharingoneseat;feastusetheroundtable,whichcreatesaunityinform,courtesyoftheatmosphereofinterest.Althoughfromthehealthpointview,thisdiethasobviousshortcomings,butitisconsistentwithournation,“happy,”thegeneralstateofmind.Westernerspursuediningsystem.Thefirstisthepointofthedish,whattoeatsomething,whichalsoshowsthewesternrespectforindividuality.Upafterthemeal,peopleeateachoneoftheirown,feelfreetoaddtheirownspices,asecondcoursedisheatenbeforeeating,beforeandafterthetwonevermixedvegetablestoeat.MostofChina’sbanquetwillbeseniority,respectfortheelderlyastherowsofseatsstandards.Chinesediningetiquettereflectsa“l(fā)et”thespirit.Thebanquet,allthepeoplewillwaitfortheowner,andonlywhentheownerpleasehismouthcanyoustarttopleaseyourmouth.Whenanewfoodup,theownergenerallypleasestheguestofhonorandshowsrespectforolderpeoplefirst.Westrowseatisstandard,priorityforwomen.Intheseatingarrangement,ifthecommonmenandwomentoparticipateinthebanquet,co-chairedbythehostandhostess,menandwomenmustbefittedtotwoseparateguestlists,seatingarrangementsintheformusuallyis:thehostandthehostessareopposite,thehost’sleftandrightisbothsidesofthefemaleguests,thehostfacesthedoorsothathecanknowwhoiscomingandthenarrangeintime.Butifbothmenandwomenrushtodinnertogether,openthedoorandletwomenfirst.Inservingwithmeals,youshouldknowsomerules.First,youcanservefromtherighttothefemaleguestofhonor,andthendistributethentootherwomeninorder,andfinallytothehostess;thenpressthesameordertothemenserving.Whenthehostessandotherwomenpickupthenapkin,knife,andforktostarteatingafterthemanbegan.Afterthemeal,thehostessgetsuptoleave,andotherpersonscanleave,andwomenaregiventhepriority.2.6DifferencesinDietaryHabits2.6.1DifferencesinTablewareChopsticks,knifeandforkarethemostrepresentativetablewareinChinaandtheWest.TheirlifestylesrepresenttwodifferentkindsoflivesinChinaandtheWest.Someprofessorssaythatpeopleintheeastandthewestusedifferenttablewaretoeatduetothedifferentenvironment.Chopsticksarerelatedtobamboo.ThereisalotofbambooinChina,soancestorsobtainmaterialsfromlocalsources.Bamboobecomesthemostprimitivematerialof8chopsticks.TheNobelPricewinnerDr.TsungDaoLee,afamousChineseAmericanphysicist,said”Suchasimplepairofsticksshowsamarvelousutilizationoftheleverprinciple.Chopsticksareextensionsofthefingers,whichareabletodoanythingfingersdo.Theycanuseinheatandfreezingcold.Theyarewonderful”.Theemergenceofknifeandforkismuchlaterthanchopsticks.Accordingtothestudyofaprofessor,theoriginationofknifeandforkisrelatedtotheancientnomadichabitsinEurope.Peoplecarriedknivesatanytimes.Theycookedthemeatandatethemeatwhichcutintopieceswithknife.About15thcenturies,peoplesettleddownincity.Theyneednotcarryknifeandforkallthetime.Inordertoimprovethewayofeating,Europeansusedthetablewaretoeat.Chopsticks,knifeandforknotonlybringaboutdifferencesineatinghabits,butalsoaffecttheChinesepeopleandtheWesternpeople’sconceptsinlife.Knifeandforkwillinevitablebringaboutindividualeatingsystem,butchopsticksarerelatedtosharingameatwithfamilymemberswhoaresittingaroundthetable.Becauseoftheindividualeatingsystem,westernerspayattentiontotheindependenceverymuch.Theythinkthatchildrenwhohavegrownupcanstruggleforthewonderfullifebythemselves.DifferentfromtheWest,peopleintheChinalikeeatingtogether.Theythinkthatsittingaroundthetableisahappything.Moreover,itembodiesthestrongfamilyvaluesofChinesepeople.Suchrulesshouldbefollowedwhenpeopleu