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3.2.3TheRybczynskiTheorem羅伯津斯基定理:要素積累與國際貿(mào)易3.2H-OtheoryTradepatternDevelopednationsspecializeinmanufacturedgoodsandcapturethemostpartoftradebenefit.Developingnationsspecializeinprimarycommoditiesandaredependent,poorandundeveloped.Developingnationsarelookingthewaysofimprovingitstradepattern./20160608/n453589065.shtmlTheDutchdiseaseoriginallyaccountsforproductivityspilloversbetweentheboomingenergysectorandnon-oilsectors.
ABritish-PolisheconomistRybczynskidevelopedatheoremtoanalyzefactorriseandeconomicgrowth
inhisworks‘FactorEndowmentsandRelativeCommodityPrices’TheRybczynskiTheorem:factorrisewithproductionItstatesthatatconstantrelativegoodsprices,ariseintheendowmentofonefactorwillleadtoaproportionaloramorethanproportionalexpansionoftheoutputinthesectorwhichusesthatfactorintensively,andanabsolutedeclineoftheoutputoftheothergood.how?ResourceswillbefullyutilizedXisacapital-intensivecommodityYisalabor-intensivecommodity.Ifendowmentofcapitalrises……CapitalwillflowtosectorX.why?BecauseifcapitalflowtosectorY,thelaborwillbereleasedformsectorxwithcapital,thereforetherewillbemorecapitalredundant.Anincreaseintheendowmentofcapitalincreasestheproductionofcapitalintensivegoodanddecreasestheproductionoftheothergood(laborintensivegood).Viceversa.Thismeansthat,ingeneral,anincreaseinacountry’sendowmentofafactorwillcauseanincreaseinoutputofthegoodthatusesthatfactorintensivelyandadecreaseintheoutputoftheothergood.Thetheoremisusefulinanalyzingtheeffectsofcapitalinvestment,immigration,andemigrationwithinthecontextofanH-Omodel.EndowmentsincreaseandPPFBalancedgrowth:proportionalThePPCshiftsoutproportionallysothatitsrelativeshapeisthesameBiasedgrowth:morethanproportionalSupposeXisalabor-intensivegood,andthereisanincreaseinthelaborendowment.Thiswillcauseanoutwardparallelshiftinthelaborconstraint.ThePPFandthusproductionwillshifttopoint
Q、.Iftheendowmentofcapitalrose,thecapitalconstraintwouldshiftout,causinganincreaseincapital-intensiveproductionandadecreaseinlabor-intensiveproduction.ConnectQandQ`,andthenwegetalinecalledRybczynskiline,whichdepictsdirectionofthegrowth.Theendowmentrises,theproductionwillexpandcorrespondingly,whichmeanseconomicgrowth.Factorendowmentandcommodityrelativeprice:alargenationIfanincreaseinacountry’sendowmentofafactorwillcauseanincreaseinoutputofthegood,whichisthecountry’sexportablegoods,itiscalledexport-biasedgrowth.Ifanincreaseinacountry’sendowmentofafactorwillcauseanincreaseinoutputofthegood,whichisthecountry’simportablegoods,itiscalledimport-biasedgrowth.AsmallnationandalargenationIfthegrowingcountryissmall,theincreaseofexportsanddecreaseofimports
doesnotaffecttheinternationalpriceratio.Wethenexaminethecaseofalargecountry,onewhosetradecanhaveanimpactontherelativeinternationalpriceratio.Theincreaseofexports
willlowertherelativecommoditypriceofexportingcommodityanddecreaseofimportswillputpressureonthepriceofimportingcommodity.Export-biasedgrowthandImmiserisinggrowthInalargenation……Ifgrowthisheavily
export
biaseditmightleadtoafallinthe
termsoftrade
oftheexportingcountry.
Inrarecircumstances,thisfallinthetermsoftrademaybesolargeastooutweighthegainsfromgrowth.Ifso,thissituationwouldcauseacountrytobeworseoffaftergrowththanbefore,whichisimmiserisinggrowth.Immiserizinggrowth
anIndian-bornAmericaneconomistJagdishBhagwatiExample:OECPcrudeoilproductionwillsignificantlyeffecttheoilprice.
Economicgrowthandcomparativeadvantage
Inshort,traditionaltradetheorymaymaximizewelfareatonepointintimebutnotovertime.Withfactoraccumulation,theeconomywillexpanditsproductioncapacitybutworsenitstermsoftradepossibly.Soanationshouldguidethedirectionoffactormovement.Ifadevelopingnationaccumulatescapitalandimprovesitstechnology,itscomparativeadvantageshiftsawayfromprimaryproductstosimplemanufacturedgoodsfirstandthentomoresophisticatedones.Tosomeextent,thishasalreadyoccurredinU.S.,Brazil,Korea,Taiwan,Mexicoandsomeotherdevelopingnations.KoreaTextileandgarmentsManufacturedproductsAu
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