美國文學(xué)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)

Requirements:ClassAttendancePreparatoryworkandafter-classreadingPartIV

TheLiteratureofRealism美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)(1860-1914)HistoricalIntroductionLiteraryMovementsbetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWarTheEstablishmentofAmericanPoetryRiseoftheAmericanNovelLiteratureontheBlackHistoricalOverviewTheCivilWarthedevelopmentofrailroadsthespreadofindustrialismthefrontierThegildedage鍍金時(shí)代:seeminglyprosperoussociety;anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyaddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope美國資本主義大工業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展,迫使原住民離鄉(xiāng)背井,

這幅圖畫展示的就是“鍍金時(shí)代”的景象1.AmericanRealism2.AmericanNaturalism3.LocalColorismIILiteraryMovements

betweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWarRealism:amodeofwritingthatgivestheimpressionofrecordingor“reflecting”faithfullyanactualwayoflife.Moderncriticismfrequentlyinsiststhatrealismisnotadirectorsimplereproductionofrealitybutasystemofconventionsproducingalifelikeillusionofsome“real”worldoutsidethetext,byprocessesofselection,exclusion,description,andmannersofaddressingthereader.(OxfordConciseDictionaryofLiteraryTerms)Emphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realistsseektruththatisverifiablebyexperienceandhavepracticalconsequences.Theyexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.Realismisembeddedinamimetictheoryofart.Realistsbelievethatliteratureimitatesreality.FeaturesofRealismRepresentativesofAmericanRealismMarkTwain馬克·吐溫WilliamDeanHowells威廉·迪恩·豪威爾斯HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯

1.AmericanRealism2.AmericanNaturalismNaturalismisamoredeliberatekindofrealisminnovels,storiesandplays,usuallyinvolvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.FeaturesofAmericanNaturalismApost-Darwinianmovement(thesurvivalofthefittest)ofthelate19thcenturyNaturalismappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminationtofiction.Theworldisamoral;Menandwomenhavenofreewill;theirlivesarecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironmentReligious“truths”areillusoryThedestinyofhumanityismiseryinlifeandoblivionin

death.(pessimismanddeterministicideas)2.AmericanNaturalism2.1ThemajorwritersofAmericanNaturalismStephenCrane斯蒂芬·克萊恩

FrankNorris弗蘭克·諾里斯JackLondon杰克·倫敦HenryAdams亨利·亞當(dāng)斯TheodoreDreiser西奧多·德萊塞2.AmericanNaturalismLocalColorismLocalcolorismisdependentuponaspecificgeographicallocation.Localcoloristsgiveemphasistothelocaldetailsbytappingintoitsfolklore,history,mannerism,custom,beliefsandspeech.Dialectspeculiaritiesarethedefiningcharacteristicoflocalcolorwritings.Theytendtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.MarkTwainWaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonIIITheEstablishment

ofAmericanPoetryI.ReputationOneofthemostoriginalandinspiringAmericanpoets“AnAmericanbardatlast!Oneoftheroughs,large,proud,affectionate,eating,drinking,andbreeding,hiscostumemanlyandfree,hisfacesunburntandbearded,hisposturesstronganderect”(from“LeavesofGrass”1stedition)WaltWhitman

沃爾特.惠特曼(1819-1892)II.LifeStory

BornonLongIsland(長島),NewYork(hisparentswerepoorandsemiliterate)Beganworkingasanofficeboyinalawfirm,thenforadoctor(hehadonlyfiveorsixyearsofformalschooling,butthroughprivatereadinghebecamewelleducated)1836-1841Workedasanelementaryschoolteacher1842BecameeditorofTheNewYorkAuroraMakeasojournintheSouthII.LifeStoryself-publishedthefirsteditionofLeavesofGrassDuringtheCivilWaracorrespondentforTheNewYorkTimesandavolunteernurseinarmyhospitalsWiththemoneyfromthe6theditionhewasabletobuyhisownhouse1892diedatCamden(AcityofwesternNewJersey)Hewaspoorallhislifeandnevermarried.III.HisMajorContribution1.Centeredonideasofdemocracy,equality,andbrotherhood.

Why?Whitman’slifetimesawtheCivilWarandwitnessedboththeapex(頂點(diǎn))andtheabolitionofslavery.2.DevelopatypeofpoetrythatwasuniquelyAmerican,thatbothsurpassedandbrokethemoldofitspredecessors.(freeverse)Why?InresponsetotheriseoftheUnitedStatesasacommercialandpoliticalpowerintheworld.

Freeverseisrhymedorunrhymedpoetryfreefromconventionalrulesofmeter;instead,itusesthecadences(抑揚(yáng)頓挫)ofnaturalspeech.Whitmancreatedarhythmthatcorrespondstothevibrancyandflowofhisemotionsandsensoryperceptions.

Whitmanpioneered“freeverse”andmadeitacceptableinAmericanpoetry.

Poetsfamousfortheirworkscomposedinfreeverse

includeWaltWhitman,EzraPound,T.S.Eliot,AmyLowellandCarlSandburg.FreeVerse自由詩LeavesofGrass

《草葉集》（firstin1855）apoetwhoisaferventadvocateforequalityanddemocracy,apoetcelebratingthepeopleinvillageandcitiesofAmerica,apoetinlovewithaNatureembodyingtheOver-soulandapoetwhoexpressedthepleasuresofsexandthesensualityofthebody.Whitmanopenlycelebratesthe“bodyelectric”,thesexualorgans,andtheactofsex.Hewastheoneofthefirstpoetstowriteabutthemasturbation,femaleeroticism,homosexualityandtheanguishofsexualdesirebeingrepressed.自己之歌1我贊美自己，我歌唱自己，凡我接受者，你也將接受，因?yàn)閷儆谖业拿總€(gè)原子，也屬于你。我邀請(qǐng)靈魂一道逍遙，我逍遙自在地俯身下視，觀察一片夏天的青草。我的舌頭，我血液中的每個(gè)原子，都來自這些泥土、這些空氣，我在這里為父母所生，我的父母也在這里為父母所生，他們的父母也是如此，我現(xiàn)在37歲，身體健壯，開始起步了，但愿永不停止，一直到死。V.SpecialFeaturesofhisPoems1.Topics:songsforhimself,forthelabourofthecommonAmericanpeople,fornaturalcreation,fortheindependenceofthecountry,forloveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.2.Poeticstructures:2.1Lines:oftenlong2.5Composedlikemosaics

V.SpecialFeaturesofhisPoems4.LanguageParallelismorarhythmofthoughtPhoneticrecurrenceStrongtendencytouseoralEnglish:Slangwords,foreignwords,technicalwords,sexualwords,andlearnedwords3.CataloguetechniqueTypicalpoemsbyWhitmanmakelong,longlistsofimages,ofsights,sounds,smells,tasteandtouchVI.

LeavesofGrassGrass:section6“Achildsaidwhatisthegrass?”“Iguessitmustbetheflagofmydisposition,outofhopefulgreenstuffwoven”idealandhope“Sproutingalikeinbroadzonesandnarrowzones”equality“goesonwardandoutward,nothingcollapses”developmentVI.

LeavesofGrass1.America’sfirstgenuineepicpoem.2.Thetitleimpliesrebirth,renewalorgreenlife3.Nineeditionswithmorethan400poemsallwritteninfreeverseformfreeflowing,simpleandsometimesrathercrude,conversationalandcasual4.extolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracywithoutrankandhierarchy.eg.Hemovesfromhimselfto“you”andtoothers,toallhumanityenmasseabouthim;singofthe“enmasse”andselfaswell5.Showsconcernforscientificachievements.(atom,dynamo,oil…)6.Describessexuallove.Thefamous“twenty-ninthbather”

canbefoundintheeleventhsectionof“SongofMyself”.Inthissectionawomanwatchestwenty-eightyoungmenbathingintheocean.Shefantasizesaboutjoiningthemunseen,anddescribestheirsemi-nudebodiesinsomedetail.(likeEmerson’s“transparenteyeball”)Thelavisheroticism(色情)reinforcesthisidea:sexualcontactallowstwopeopletobecomeoneyetnotone-itoffersamomentoftranscendence.LeavesofGrassEmilyDickinson

艾米莉.迪金森(1830-1886)I.ReputationApoetofgenuinelyphilosophicalandtragicdimensions.AromanticpoetArecluseSharesthesamereputationwithPoeandWhitmanasAmerica’smostinnovativepoetII.LifeStory

BorninAmherst,Massachusetts(awell-to-dofamily)WenttoWashingtonD.C.forashorttimeWenttoPhiladelphiaforavisit,enamoredwithamarriedclergyman,CharlesWadsworthDiedofBright’sdisease(布賴特氏病，腎小球腎炎)atAmherst.didnottravelmuchanddidnotmarrybeacquaintedwiththeworksofEmerson,ThoreauandHawthornestudiedtheBibleShewrote1775poems,butshehadonlysevenpoemspublishedduringherlifetime.“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─”“因?yàn)槲也荒芡Ｏ聛淼却郎瘛薄癆BirdcamedowntheWalk─”“一只小鳥沿小徑走來”“IdiedforBeauty─butwasscarce”“我為美而死-但幾乎不”“IheardaFlybuzz─whenIdied─”“我聽到了蒼蠅的嗡嗡聲-在我死時(shí)”III.HerMajorWorksIV.HerTheoryofPoetry1.Sheregardedthepoetasaseer(先知，預(yù)言家）.2.Poetryhadanimpactonone’slife.3.Shestressedindirection.Herpoemsareobscure,cryptic(隱密的）,indirectandparadoxical.4.Herpoemsdemonstrateinconsistency.V.SubjectsofHerPoems1.“Hersubjectswerelove,death,nature,religion,immortality,pain,beauty.”(McMichael)Death:aninevitableconclusionoflife

personifiedasamonarch,alord,orakindbutirresistibleloverBeauty:perceivedinthewholenessandharmoniousrelationshipsofnature2.Therangeofherpoetrysuggeststhepowerofhercreativityandimagination.VI.HerPoeticStyle1.InfluenceofChristiantradition1.1theBiblicallanguageandallusions1.2illuminatedhiddenrecessesinthehumansoul1.3usedthemeterofhymnsfour-linestanzas,ABCBrhymeschemesalternationsiniambicmeterbetweentetrameter(fourfeet)andtrimeter(threefeet)placeherownlong,rhythmicdashesdesignedtointerruptthemeterandindicateshortpausesVI.HerPoeticStyle2.NewEnglandperspective:2.1Puritanintrospection(intothehiddenareasofthesoul)2.2Brevityandintensity4.Wit4.1UseofthePersona“I”

4.2UseofParadoxandIrony5.UnorthodoxsyntaxandpunctuationNotinflectthethirdpersonsingularformoftheverbCapitalizationanddashesoftenusedwillfully1.alyric2.richestpersonifications3.Death:agentleman,acourtlysuitor,afraudulentseducerastatementofDickinson’sownambivalentreactionstodeathandimmortalityIsdeathareleasefromalifetimeofworkandsuffering?Isdeaththegatewaytoalastingpeaceinparadise?Isdeathsimplyacold,mindlessannihilation?4.theme:deathBecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─Stanza1:Line1:alady,thepersonaofthepoetistoobusyandtoocontentedtostopforthegentleman’scallLine2:Throughhiskindnessandconsideration,sheiscompelledatlasttogowithhim.Line3:ThesceneissetinthecarriageMood:intimacyLine4:asatruegentleman,hehasachaperone“Immortality”BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─Stanza2:Mood:peacefulnessLine1:indicatesthepeacefulnessandpleasantnesssurroundinganappointmentwithaboyfriendLine2-3:SheiscompletelycaptivatedbyhimSheneedsneitherlabornorleisure.Line4:Inhis“Civility”hehastakencareofeverything.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─Stanza3:Theyareneartheedgeofthetown.Threeimages:Children:“strove”;youthGazingGrain:maturitySettingSun:adyingladyissetting;ageThethreeimagesarefusedintoone:amortalexperience:thethreestatesofyouth,maturityandage,thecycleofdayfrommorningtoevening,asuggestionofseasonalprogressionfromspringthroughripeningtodecline.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─Stanza4:theladyisgettingclosertodeathTheDews:“quiveringandchill”thetraditionalassociationsofthecoldnessofdeathGossamer（輕而軟的精細(xì)材料):associatedwithspiritsTippet:somethingmightbeseenaroundtheshouldersofadeceasedwoman.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─Stanza5:theyhavearrivedatacountrycemetery.Thehouse:thehouseofdeath,afreshgraveStanza6:Theladyisalonenow;Shehad,therefore,apparentlybeentricked,seduced,andthenabandoned.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath─TheNoveloftheWest:MarkTwainAmericanRealists:HenryJamesAmericanNaturalists:JackLondon

TheodoreDreiserIVRiseoftheAmericanNovelLocalcolorismI.Background1)Westwardexpansionwasstillgoingon.TheUnitedStateshadnotsolidifieditselfintoacohesiveculturalwhole.Markeddifferencesexistedbetweendifferentpartsofthecountry.Theytriedtoasserttheiruniqueidentityandunderstandingandrecognitionbyshowingtheirlocalcharacter.2)Thefrontierhumoristshadpreparedtheliterarygroundforlocalcolorism.(talltales)3)Magazinesappearedtoletwriterspublishtheirworks.LocalcolorismTalltalesThetalltaleisafundamentalelementofAmericanfolkliterature.Thetalltale'soriginsareseeninthebraggingconteststhatoftenoccurredwhentheroughmenoftheAmericanfrontiergathered.Inthosedays,peopledidn’thaveTV,computersorelectriclightstoreadby,sotheytoldstoriesforentertainment.ElementsoftalltalesThemaincharacterisbiggerthanlifeandhassuper-humanabilitiesThestoryhasmanyexaggerationsinit.Themaincharacterhasaproblemorproblemstosolve.Thestoryincludeslotsofaction.Theplotofthestoryisfunnyandimpossible.Intheend,themaincharactersolvesaproblem,overcomesanobstacleand/ordefeatsthe“badguy”.Localcolorism2.DefinitionLocalcolorismisauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmallregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanarea,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Tasksoflocalcolorists:towriteorpresentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.Localcolorism3.DevelopmentLocalcolorismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventies.FrancisBretBarte’s(弗朗西斯·布萊特·哈特)TheLuckofRoaringCamp(《咆哮營的幸運(yùn)兒》)in1868markedasignificantdevelopmentinthehistoryoflocalcolorfiction.Theperiodfromthe1880stothe1890swasaspectaculargrowthofregionalliterature.Localcolorism3)Attheturnofthe20thcentury,localcolorismceasedtobeadominatefashion.MarkTwain(1835-1910)Fullname:SamuelLanghorneClemens塞繆爾.郎荷恩.克萊門斯Pseudonym“MarkTwain”:thewayofaboatmantakingsoundings,meaning“twofathoms”(12feet)or“safewater”TheNoveloftheWest:

MarkTwain(1835-1910)I.ReputationAhumorouspublicspeakerEssentiallyanaffirmativewriter(inhislateryears,fromanoptimistandhumoristtoadeterminist)Alocalcolorist“TheLincolnofourliterature”(W.D.Howells)MarkTwainwasborninthemid-WestinMissouriandtraveledtotheFarWest.Hebroughtinformation,lifestyle,andlanguagefromdifferentregionstoanationalaudience.II.LifeStory

borninthevillageofFlorida,MissouriMovedtoHannibal(漢尼拔),bytheMississippiRiverwhenhewastwelve,afterhisfather’sdeath,heleftschoolandbecameapprenticedtoaprinterWorkedasajourneymanprinter1857-1861apilotontheMississippiRiverenlistedintheConfederatemilitia(同盟軍)1862-1865workedasatrampprinter,asilverminer,anewspaperreporterandalecturerinNevada（內(nèi)華達(dá)州）andinSanFranciscoII.LifeStory

WenteastandmovedbacktoNewYorkCityMarriedOliviaLangdonafter1894aseriesofcalamitouseventshishealthwasbrokenhisspeculativeinvestmentsbankruptedhimhiswifediedin1894;hisoldestdaughter,Sucy,diedofmeningitis(腦膜炎）in1896;hisyoungestdaughter,Jean,anepileptic(先天性癲癇患者)diedin1906;1910:diedTheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty

《卡拉維拉斯縣馳名的跳蛙》(1867)

(acollectionofshortstoriestakenfromoraltales,talltalesthatheheardintheWest)InnocentsAbroad

《傻子國外旅行記》(1869)(ahumorousreportofwhatagroupofNewEnglandreligiouspeopleencounteredwhenvisitingtheHolyLandinEurope)

RoughingIt

《艱難歲月》(1872)(ahumorousaccountofhistripin1861toNevada)III.HisMajorWorksIII.HisMajorWorksTheGildedAge.ATaleofToday

《鍍金時(shí)代》(1873)

(asatireagainstcorruptioninWashingtonD.C.duringtheadministrationofUlyssesS.Grant(1822-1885))TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)(acompellingmyth(虛構(gòu)的人事）oftheendlesssummerofchildhoodpleasuresmixedwithterror)LifeontheMississippi

《密西西比河上》(1883)TheAdventuresofHuckberryFinn

(1884)（lostboyhood)III.HisMajorWorksTheTragedyofPudd’nheadWilson

《傻瓜威爾遜》(1894)

TheManthatCorruptedHadleyburg

《敗壞了哈德萊堡的人》(1900)

(misanthropic:討厭人的）WhatisMan?

《人是什么?》(1906)（misanthropic)TheMysteriousStranger

《神秘的陌生人》(1916)(averydarkstoryabouthowtheevilcomesbackintotheworld,causingalotoftrouble)IVStyleofhisWorks1.VernacularlanguageDirectnessofthelanguageHoaxandtalltale2.Localcolor3.Satire4.HumorTheAdventureofTomSawyer1.Genre:

Picaresquenovel(流浪漢小說）2.Narrator:anadultwhoviewstheadultworldcriticallyandlooksbackonthesentimentsandpastimesofchildhoodinasomewhatidealizedmanner.3.PointofView:ThenarratorsnarratesinthethirdpersonTheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventuresofTomSawyer4.

Settingtime:notspecified,butprobablyaround1845place:thefictionaltownofSt.Petersburg,Missouri(whichresemblesTwain’shometownofHannibal)5.CharactersTom:protagonistmischievous,imaginative,good-hearted,responsibleAuntPolly:Tom’sauntandguardiansimple,kindhearted,affectionateHuck:thesonofthetowndrunkanoutcast,free,superstitious,adventurousBecky:JudgeThatcher’sdaughterpretty,na?ve(atfirst)Sid:Tom’shalf-brothergoody-goody(偽善的),mean-spiritedJoeHarper:Tom’sbosomfriend“twosoulswithbutasinglethought”weak(homesick)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer

TheAdventuresofTomSawyerMary:Tom’scousinsweet,almostsaintly,well-behaved,sincereMr.Dobbins:theschoolmasteraheavydrinker,thebuttofschoolboypranksInjunJoe:halfnativeAmericanandhalfCaucasianviolent,villainousMuffPotter:friendofInjunJoeadrunk,kind,grateful,naiveAmyLawrence:Tom’sformerlovesimple,naiveTheAdventuresofTomSawyer6.Theme6.1MoralandsocialmaturationTakeBecky’spunishmentTestifyatInjunJoe’strial6.2Society’shypocrisy(thediscordbetweenitsvaluesanditsbehavior)SocialinstitutionssuchasschoolandchurchSubvertauthorityandescapefromconventionalsocietyQuestionsfor

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer1.WhatdoesTomSawyerdoonhissummervacation?2.Whatdothestudentsdoonexaminationday?3.WhatdoesMarkTwainthinkofthegirls’essaysinTomSawyer?4.WhoisPolly?WhoisSid?5.WhatdoesTomdotowinaBibleinSundaySchool?6.HowdoesTomtrickhisfriendsintohelpinghimwhite-washthefence?O.Henry(1862-1910)WilliamSydneyPorteroneofthemostprolificwritersinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureLifeStory

bornonSeptember11,1862,inNorthCarolina;father,aphysician;motherdiedwhenhewasthree;anavidreaderAttheageof15,heleftschoolIn1882,traveledtoTexas;in1884traveledtoAustinOnJuly1,1887,PortermarriedwithAtholEstes

In1898heenteredapenitentiaryatColumbus,Ohio.WhileinprisonO.Henrystartedtowriteshortstories.O.HenrymovedtoNewYorkCityin1902DiedonJune5,1910,inNewYork.O.Henry’sStoriesO.Henry'sshortstoriesareknownfortheirwit,wordplay,warmcharacterizationandclevertwistendings.MostofO.Henry'sstoriesaresetinhisowntime,theearly20thcentury.ManytakeplaceinNewYorkCityanddealforthemostpartwithordinarypeople:clerks,policemen,waitresses,etc.2.AmericanRealists:

HenryJames(1843-1916)Left:HenryJamesRight:WilliamJames2.1Lifestory1843:BorninNewYorkCityReceivedthemajorpartoftheeducationathome1915:naturalizedasaBritishcitizentoprotestAmerica’sfailuretoenterWorldWarI.Nevermarriedandopenlyclaimedtopracticecelibacy.1916:(Feb,28)died.2.AmericanRealists:

HenryJames(1843-1916)2.2HisworksThefirstperiod(1865-1883):TheinternationalnovelandinternationalthemeofthetraditionlessAmericanconfrontingthecomplexityofEuropeanlifeTheAmerican《美國人》(1877)DaisyMiller《戴西.米勒》

(1878)ThePortraitofaLady《貴婦人的畫像》(1881)TheSecondPeriod(1884-1896):WritingforstageTheBostonians

《波士頓人》(1886)TheThirdPeriod(1897-1916):ShortstoriesandnovelsTheWingsoftheDove《鴿翼》(1902)TheAmbassadors

《使節(jié)》(1903)TheGoldenBowl《金碗》(1904)InternationalThemeThemeetingofAmericaandEuropeAmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceThemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.Frominexperiencetoexperience,forminnocencetoknowledgeandmaturity<<戴茜?米勒》是亨利?詹姆斯早期創(chuàng)作的一部優(yōu)秀中篇小說。小說的同名主人公——年輕漂亮的美國姑娘戴茜?米勒成為了詹姆斯筆下最生動(dòng)的悲劇人物之一。戴茜?米勒與一位久居歐洲的美國紳士的友誼以及她隨后與一位英俊多情卻貧窮的意大利男子的愛戀充分體現(xiàn)了著名的詹姆斯式的主題思想：無知Vs經(jīng)驗(yàn)，表面Vs現(xiàn)實(shí)，自然Vs做作，這就是后人俗稱的“國際主題”思想——移居海外的美國人在與歐洲人交往過程中新舊大陸兩種思想文化的沖突，即崇尚自由的美國精神與遵循禮儀的歐洲文化教養(yǎng)之間的矛盾對(duì)立關(guān)系。展現(xiàn)這一主題的作品被稱為“國際題材”作品。這種具有特定文化內(nèi)涵的“國際題材”文學(xué)產(chǎn)生于19世紀(jì)末、20世紀(jì)初?！洞鬈?米勒》就是展現(xiàn)上述主題的一篇力作。

DaisyMiller正如伊麗莎白?哈蒂維克在《戴茜?米勒》的前言中寫道：“戴茜?米勒并非只是文學(xué)作品中的人物，她的名字已經(jīng)被載入了歷史?！贝鬈?米勒是那個(gè)時(shí)代美國女孩的代表。了解了戴茜和她的故事也就了解了那個(gè)時(shí)代特殊卻又普遍存在的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象——人們崇尚歐洲的歷史與文化,卻不贊同其世故、虛偽與傲慢；人們不喜歡美國人的粗俗和缺乏教養(yǎng),但卻欣賞他們的平等待人、淳樸與善良。這種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象看似矛盾，卻在書中隨處可見。正是由于這種看似矛盾的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，即新舊兩種文化的對(duì)峙與碰撞，最終導(dǎo)致了戴茜?米勒的不幸遭遇。DaisyMillerThePortraitofaLadyFirstwritteninthe1880sIsabelArcherRalphTouchettLordWarburtoncousinneighborCasparGoodwoodGilbertOsmondMadameMerlePansyloversDiscussion:WhatfactorsleadtoIsabel’stragedy?ThePortraitofAladyFirstwritteninthe1880sandextensivelyrevisedin1908.Consideredtobehisgreatestachievement.Heexploredmanyofhismostcharacteristicthemes,includingtheconflictbetweenAmericanindividualismandEuropeansocialcustomandthesituationofAmericansinEurope.Itincludesmanyofhismostmemorablecharacters.ThePortraitofAladyKeyFacts:TypeofWork:NovelGenre:psychologicalrealismTheme:explorestheconflictbetweentheindividualandsocietybyexaminingthelifeofIsabelArcher,ayoungAmericanwomanwhomustchoosebetweenherindependentspiritandthedemandsofsocialconvention.Characters:IsabelArcher:theladyofthetitle,protagonist