國(guó)際商法 Part 3 Contract Law 合同法

SectionIII

ContractlawfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsMajorIssuestoBeCoveredDefinitionandFormofContractValidityandFormationofContractContentsofaContractBreachofContractandRemediesPartIFormationandValidityofContractsIDefinitionandFormofContract1.DefinitionofContract合同/協(xié)議A)AmericanLaw:“Apromiseorasetofpromises,forbreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,ortheperformanceofwhichthelawinsomewayrecognizesasaduty.”B)China’sContractLaw:“Acontractisanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizations.”本法所稱合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議。2.FormofContract合同形式A)UKLaw:Intheearlyperiod,itwasrequiredthatcontractbeinwriting.1906revisedSalesofGoodsActrepealedthein-writingrequirement.B)CISG:“Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementsastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.”C)UNIDROIDPICC:almostthesamewithCISGD)China’sContractLaw(Article10):“Thepartiesmay,whenmakingacontract,usewrittenform,verbalformoranyotherform.”當(dāng)事人訂立合同，有書(shū)面形式、口頭形式和其他形式?！癟hewrittenformshallbeadoptediflawsoradministrativeregulationssorequire.Thewrittenformshallbeadoptedifthepartiessoagree.”法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定采用書(shū)面形式的，應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書(shū)面形式。當(dāng)事人約定采用書(shū)面形式的，應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書(shū)面形式。II.ValidityandFormationofContract1.Essentialelementsofavalidcontracta)anagreementbetweenparties(offerandacceptance).協(xié)議=要約+承諾b)legallysufficientconsideration（對(duì)價(jià)）c)legalcapacity締約能力d)notforillegalpurpose/contrarytopublicpolicy.e)intentiontocreatelegalrelations2.Offer要約1)theconceptofofferAnofferisaproposalbyonepersontoanotherindicatinganintentiontoenterintoacontractunderspecifiedterms.TheSecondRestatementofContracts:“Anofferisamanifestationofwillingnesstoenterintoabargain,somadeastojustifyanotherpersoninunderstandingthathisassenttothatbargainisinvitedandwillconcludeit.”2)RequirementsofOffera)Anoffermustbeaddressedtooneormorespecificpersons.b)anoffermustbesufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobebound.(Definiteness:descriptionofgoods,expresslyorimplicitlyspecifiesthequantityandpriceetc.)3)LapseofOffer要約的失效a)Onthedeatheitheroftheofferorortheoffereebeforeacceptance.b)Bynon-acceptancewithinthetimeprescribedforacceptance.c)Whennotimeforacceptanceisprescribed,bynon-acceptancewithinareasonabletime.(Howtodecidereasonabletime?)d)Expressrejection.明確拒絕e)Counteroffer.反要約f)Revocationbytheofferor.撤銷/撤回要約4)Revocationofoffer要約的撤銷a)Definition:Theofferornotifiestheoffereeoftheinvalidityoftheoffersoastobefreefromitbeforeacceptanceoftheofferee.b)Englishlaw:Anoffermayberevokedatanytimebeforeacceptance.c)CISG:Anoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance;Anoffercan’tberevoked(a)ifitindicatesthatitisirrevocableor(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.3.Acceptance承諾Article

25

A

contract

is

established

when

the

acceptance

becomes

effective.

承諾生效時(shí)合同成立。Article26Anacceptancebecomeseffectivewhenitsnoticereachestheofferor.Ifnoticeofacceptanceisnotrequired,theacceptanceshallbecomeeffectivewhenanactofacceptanceisperformedinaccordancewithtransactionpracticesorasrequiredintheoffer.承諾通知到達(dá)要約人時(shí)生效。承諾不需要通知的，根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣或者要約的要求作出承諾的行為時(shí)生效。1)DefinitionOfferee’smanifestationoftheintentiontobeboundtothetermsoftheoffer.Acontractisn’tformeduntiltheofferisacceptedbytheofferee.Theoffereemayacceptatanytimebeforetheofferisinvalid.Anacceptancemaytaketheformofastatementoranyotherconductthatindicatestheofferee’sintentiontobeboundtothecontract.2)RequirementsofAcceptancea)mustbemadebytheofferee.b)Mustbemadewithintheperiodofvalidity.c)Mustmatchthetermsoftheofferexactlyandunequivocally.與要約內(nèi)容一致Question:Whatisthenatureofan“acceptance”thatdoesnotmatchthetermsoftheofferexactly?ReceiptTheory:Undermostcivillaw,acontractisformedwhentheacceptanceisreceivedbytheofferor.CISG,UNIDROITPICCandChinaContractLawalladoptthereceipttheory.3)ValidTimeofAcceptancePinnel’scase[1602]

ColeowedPinnelasumofmoney(￡810s)butatPinnel’srequestpaidapartofthisamount(￡52s6d).Pinneldecidedtoacceptthisamountandsaidhewouldnotclaimtherest.Butlater,Pinnelregretted,demandingthepaymentoftherest.ColeclaimedthattherewasanagreementbyPinnelthatthepart-paymentwoulddischargethefulldebt.Question:Whichpartydoyoustandby?6.ConsiderationinCommonLaw對(duì)價(jià)1)DefinitionConsiderationissomebenefitreceivedbyapartywhogivesapromiseorperformsanact,orsomedetrimentsufferedbyapartywhoreceivesapromise.(thepriceyoupaytobuyanotherperson’spromise)Undercommonlaw,itisoneofthethreeelementsofcontractformation.2)GeneralRulesonConsiderationa)musthavesufficientvaluebutneednotbeadequate.b)mustbepresentorfutureandcannotbepast.c)mustbepossibletoperform.d)mustbelegale)mustmovefromthepromiseef)mustnotbetoovagueArticle54Apartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople’scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokethefollowingcontracts:下列合同，當(dāng)事人一方有權(quán)請(qǐng)求人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)變更或者撤銷(1)thoseconcludedasaresultofsignificantmisconception;因重大誤解訂立的(2)thosethatareobviouslyunfairatthetimewhenconcludingthecontract.在訂立合同時(shí)顯失公平的。Ifacontractisconcludedbyonepartyagainsttheotherparty'strueintentionsthroughtheuseoffraud,coercion,orexploitationoftheotherparty’sunfavorableposition,theinjuredpartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople’scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokeit.一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危，使對(duì)方在違背真實(shí)意思的情況下訂立的合同，受損害方有權(quán)請(qǐng)求人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)變更或者撤銷。Whereapartyrequestsformodification,thepeople’scourtorthearbitrationinstitutionmaynotrevokethecontract.當(dāng)事人請(qǐng)求變更的，人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)不得撤銷?！蹲罡呷嗣穹ㄔ宏P(guān)于貫徹執(zhí)行<中華人民共和國(guó)民法通則>若干問(wèn)題的意見(jiàn)(試行)》第七十一條規(guī)定：“行為人因?qū)π袨榈男再|(zhì)、對(duì)方當(dāng)事人、標(biāo)的物的品種、質(zhì)量、規(guī)格和數(shù)量等的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)，使行為的后果與自己的意思相悖，并造成較大損失的，可以認(rèn)定為重大誤解。”PartIIContentsofContracts:SalesContractasanExample1.ExpressandImpliedterms明示/默示

(1)Anexpresstermisoneagreedbypartiesbetweenthemduringformationofacontract．(2)Impliedtermsaretermsnotagreeduponbyparties,butareincorporatedintothecontractinoneofthefollowingways(equallybinding):ImpliedbystatuteImpliedbycustomImpliedbythecourts2.Conditions,WarrantiesandInnominateTerms(1)Condition核心條款:Amajorterm.Ifonepartybreachesacondition,injuredpartymay:terminatethecontractandrefusetocarryouthisobligationsunderthecontract,orcontinuewiththeagreementandsueforbreachofcontract(fordamages).(2)Warranty從屬條款:Aminortermofacontract.Ifonepartyisinbreachofawarranty,injuredpartydoesNOThaverighttoterminateagreement.Hemustcompletehispartoftheagreementandsuetheotherpartyfordamagesforbreach.（僅一個(gè)選擇）(3)Innominateterms無(wú)名條款:Withaninnominateterm,therightsoftheinjuredpartyintheeventofabreachdependontheactualcircumstancesorconsequencesofthebreach.

3.ObligationsoftheSeller

(1)deliveryofthegoods(2)turningoverofdocuments(3)Seller’sassuranceofthequalityofgoodsSaleofGoodsActSalebydescription:Satisfactoryquality+fitnessforaparticularpurposeSalebysample:UCC:ExpresswarrantyImpliedwarranty:merchantabilityandfitnessforaparticularpurposeChineseLawArticle153Thesellershalldeliverthesubjectmatterincompliancewiththeagreedqualityrequirements.Wherethesellergivesthequalityspecificationsforthesubjectmatter,thesubjectmatterdeliveredshallcomplywiththequalityrequirementssetforththerein.出賣人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定的質(zhì)量要求交付標(biāo)的物。出賣人提供有關(guān)標(biāo)的物質(zhì)量說(shuō)明的，交付的標(biāo)的物應(yīng)當(dāng)符合該說(shuō)明的質(zhì)量要求。Article168Inasalebysample,thepartiesshallplacethesampleunderseal,andmayspecifythequalityofthesample.Thesubjectmatterdeliveredbythesellershallcomplywiththesampleaswellasthequalityspecifications.憑樣品買賣的當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)封存樣品，并可以對(duì)樣品質(zhì)量予以說(shuō)明。出賣人交付的標(biāo)的物應(yīng)當(dāng)與樣品及其說(shuō)明的質(zhì)量相同。(China’sContractLaw)經(jīng)營(yíng)者應(yīng)當(dāng)保證在正常使用商品或者接受服務(wù)的情況下其提供的商品或者服務(wù)應(yīng)當(dāng)具有的質(zhì)量、性能、用途和有效期限；但消費(fèi)者在購(gòu)買該商品或者接受該服務(wù)前已經(jīng)知道其存在瑕疵，且存在該瑕疵不違反法律強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定的除外。經(jīng)營(yíng)者以廣告、產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明、實(shí)物樣品或者其他方式表明商品或者服務(wù)的質(zhì)量狀況的，應(yīng)當(dāng)保證其提供的商品或者服務(wù)的實(shí)際質(zhì)量與表明的質(zhì)量狀況相符。第33條,《消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法》

(4)assuranceofownershipofthegoods(CISG)Sellermustdeliverthegoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdparty,unlessthebuyeragreedtotakedeliverysubjecttothatrightorclaim.4)Buyer’sObligations(1)paymentoftheprice(2)takingdelivery(CISG)doingalltheactswhichcouldreasonablybeexpectedhiminordertoenablethesellertomakedelivery;takingoverthegoods.11.PassingofRisk11.1CommonLaw1)Englishlaw:thepartywhobearstheriskoflossisthepartywhoownsthematthatmoment.2)ChinaContractlawContractedtimeofpassingofrisk;Bysellerbeforedelivery,bybuyerafterdelivery;Wheregoodsneedscarriage,bybuyerafterthesellerhasdeliveredthegoodstothefirstcarrier.Forgoodsonrouteofcarriage,bybuyerasofthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.Ifgoodsnotsatisfiedthequality,buyermayrefusetoacceptorrescindthecontract,thesellershallbeartherisk;Non-deliveryduetocausesofthebuyer,thebuyershallbeartherisk;Ifsellerputgoodsattheplaceofdelivery,butthebuyerfailstotakedelivery,theriskshallbebornebythebuyerasofthedateofbreach;13.ExcusesforNon-Performance13.1Commonlaw1)impossibilityofperformance履行不能deathofoneparty;destructionofthespecificsubjectmatter;performanceofthecontracthasbeenrenderillegalormadeimpossibleduetothefaultoftheotherparty.2)supervening（隨后產(chǎn)生/意外產(chǎn)生）illegalityExcusablewhenperformancebecomeillegalaftertheconclusionofthecontract.3)frustrationofpurpose(rare)情勢(shì)變更Aparty’sperformancecouldbeexcusedifsomeunforeseeneventoccurredthatfrustratedthepurposeofthecontract.Theeventmusthavetheeffecttodestroytotallythevalueofthecontracttothepartyrelyontheexcuse.4)commercialimpracticability商業(yè)上不能實(shí)現(xiàn)Apartytoacontractwhoispreventedfromperformingmayattempttobeexcusedunderthedoctrineofcommercialimpracticability.Athingisimpracticablewhenitcanbedoneonlyatanexcessiveandunreasonablecost.13.2ForceMajeureClausesForcemajeureclausesgenerallydonotexcuseaparty’snonperformanceentirely,butonlysuspenditforthedurationoftheforcemajeure.Noticeandcertificateattestingforcemajeureeventsmustbegivenatafixedtimeorreasonabletime.NeitherpartyshallbeheldresponsibleforfailureordelaytoperformalloranypartofthisContractduetoflood,fire,earthquake,snowstorm,hailstorm,hurricane,war,governmentprohibitionoranyothereventsthatareunforeseeableatthetimeoftheexecutionofthisContractandcouldnotbecontrolled,avoidedorovercomebysuchparty.任何一方如果由于洪水、火災(zāi)、地震、雪暴、雹暴、颶風(fēng)、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、政策禁令或其他在合同執(zhí)行時(shí)無(wú)法預(yù)見(jiàn)并不能控制、不可避免或無(wú)法克服的事件致使不能或遲延履行合同的全部或一部分時(shí)，該方不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。PartIIIBreachandRemedies1.DischargeofcontractDischargeisthewaythatacontractcomestoanend.Waysofdischarge:MutualagreementFrustration(byfactorssuchasawarornaturaldisaster)Performance(Mostcontractsdischargedthisway)BreachWhenacontractisnotdischargedbyperformanceoragreementbetweentheparties(orendedbyfactorsoutsidethecontroloftheparties),thereisabreachofcontract.2.RemediesforBreachofContract2.1ConceptofbreachofcontractApartywithoutlawfulexcusefailsorrefusestoperformwhatisduefromhimunderthecontract,orperformsdefectivelyorincapacitateshimselffromperforming.Theobjectiveofremedies:toputtheinjuredpersoninthesamepositionasifthecontracthasbeenperformed.2.2GeneralprinciplesofRemediesa)Thedoctrineofcompensation補(bǔ)償原則Doctrineofexpectationinterest（期待利益）:theinjuredpartyisentitledtohisexpectationinterestlostbythepartyinbreach.(tobeinasgoodpositionasthatpartywouldhavebeeninhadthecontractbeenperformed)Doctrineofreli