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ArgumentInthisargumenttheauthorconcludesthat conclusionisnotpersuasive,becausetheauthorreliesonanunreliablestudy/survey/report(s)andsomefaultyassumptionstodrawthisconclusion.對調查樣本沒有作任何說明:(用于沒有數(shù)量信息,沒有傾向性可能)28…arecentstudyfoundacorrelationbetweenhighlevelsofironinthedietandincreasedriskofheartdiseasesFirst,theauthorprovidesnoevidencethatthestudyisstatisticallyreliable.Perhapsthestudy’ssampleisnotsufficientinsizeorrepresentativeoftheoverallpopulationofheart-diseasevictims.Forthatmatter,thisstudyisnotstrongenoughtoestablishacorrelation/causationbetweendietaryironandheartdisease.Asaresult,withouttheevidencethatthesurvey/studyisstatisticallyreliabletheauthorcannotjustifiablydrawanyconclusionbyrelyingonthisstudy.28+11arecentstudy,breakfastwasmadeavailableatschoolfor100schoolchildren,lesslikelytobeabsentorlateforschoolFirst,theauthorprovideslittleevidencethatthesurvey’srespondents/peopleparticipatedinthestudyarerepresentativeoftheoverallgroupofpeoplewho perhapsthenumberofparticipants/respondents(100participants)onlyformandeficientlysmallsampletodrawanyreliableconclusionabout .Comparedtothesampleof100participants,thelargertheoverallgroupis,thelessreliablethestudy’sresultsare.Also,itisentirelypossiblethatpeoplewhoseldombeabsentorlateforschoolweremorewillingtorespondtothesurvey/participateinthestudythanotherpeoplewere.Asaresult,withouttheevidencethatthesurvey/studyisstatisticallyreliabletheauthorcannotjustifiablydrawanyconclusionbyrelyingonthisstudy.★報告可靠性(用于一個地區(qū)總數(shù)的統(tǒng)計thethepastyear,whilesalesofexistinghomesincreasedby16First,theauthorprovidesnoevidencethatthereport’sisreliableandworthofreferringto.Perhaps,thereportisstatisticallyunreliable.Evenifthisreportisstatisticallyreliable,thetrendinlastyearmightbeanaberrationthat’sdifferentfromtrendsinalltheotheryears.Asaresult,perhapsthenationwidetrendswillsoonreverseanddon’tfollowthereport’sresultanymore.Withoutrulingoutthesepossibilities,it’sunfairtoconcludethatthisreportisreliableandcanbereferredto.Hasten以小推大=以大推小=EvenassumingthatA研究調查結論正確(寫具體內容),itunjusttoinferthatBwouldsimilarly.ItisentirelypossiblethatB theevidencethatthenationwidestatistics/thestudy’sresult/globaltrendsappliesequallyto theconclusion isunreliable.Evenassumingthatthissurveyisstatisticallyreliabletheauthorprovidesnoinformationaboutwherethissurveywasconducted.Perhaps…+以小推大…thecorrelationbetween /coincidencethat doesnotnecessarilyprovethattheformercausesthelatter★→Sincetheauthorprovidesnoevidencethat isindeedthereason ,itisequallypossiblethatotherfactorsinsteadcausetheresult.★Withoutrulingoutthesepossibilities,itisunfairtoestablishcause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenwarmingtrendsanddecreaseofdeerpopulationEvenif It’sunreasonabletoinferthat thefact FalseEvenif...,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupportthe/anotherassumptionFalseLackingevidencethatconditionsonthetwoplaces(alltheplaces)aresimilar,theauthor’sclaimthatthissuccesscanberepeatedelsewhere/in…isunconvincing.★Bysimplycomparingthesaleof…,theauthorunjustifiablyinferthat…..However,theauthoroverlooksthepossibilitythat★1ReliabilityoftheTheauthorprovidesnoevidencethatthereportisHowever,withoutrulingoutthesepossibilities,theauthorcannotbaseonthisunreliablereporttodrawanyconclusion.2現(xiàn)在(過去)Perhapsthetrendsin…willsoonreverseitselfPeoplein…donot…anylonger.3勝任A不一定勝任BEvenifMr.Liisquiteoutstandingasateacher,theauthorprovidesnoevidencethattheskillsthatMr.Lipossessesasateacherarethesameskillsrequiredforbeingapresident.4Becausetheauthorprovidesnoevidencethat ,theauthor’sbroadassertionthat isentirelyunconvincing.★ .Also .Withoutoutallsuchpossibilitiesitisunfairtoconcludethat .★結論的Sufficiencyand19Finally,whenconcludingthatAmusthireSBinorderto….theargumentassumesthatSBisbothnecessaryandsufficientforthispurpose.However,theargumentlacksanyevidencetoproveeitherassumption.PerhapssomeotherSBwouldbeequallyormoreeffective,sinceSBneverhasprovennecessary.EvenifSBisnecessary,however,perhapssomefactorscontributingtoC’ssuccessdonotexistA.Inotherwords,itispossiblethatSBwouldnotsufficetoensuresimilarsuccesselsewhere.Withoutenoughevidence,thesufficiencyandnecessityarequestionable.★sideeffect/negative10Finally,whenconcludingthatAmusthireSBinorderto….theargumentassumesthattohireSBistheoptimalchoiceforthispurpose.However,theargumentlacksanyevidencetoprovethisassumption.Perhapstheauthoroverlooksthenegativeeffectsbroughtby )./Forexample,Evenifthere’snotnegativeeffects,perhapssomeotherSBwouldbeequallyormoreeffective,sinceSBneverhasprovennecessary.Forthatmatter,theauthorcannotprovethat istheoptimalchoice.★19Finally,evenassumingthatBresidentsarestronglyfascinatedbyAproducts,theAstore(restaurant…)wouldnotnecessarilybeprofitableasaresult.Ononehand,perhapsmanycompetitivestoresmayemergetocompeteforthesamemarketandovershadowAstorewiththeirhigher-qualityproductsorbetterservice.Onetheotherhand,profitabilityisafunctionofbothexpenseandrevenue.Forthatmatter,itisentirelypossiblethatAstorespendtoomuchexpenditureon(rent,rawmaterials,high-qualityingredient,advertisingorimportantthings)andfinallyearnlittleprofitdespiteitspopularity.Anyofthescenarios,ift
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