新教材2025版高中英語語法精講2不定式作定語和結(jié)果狀語學(xué)案牛津譯林版必修第三冊

語法精講②不定式作定語和結(jié)果狀語1．不定式作定語動詞不定式作定語，修飾前面的名詞或代詞(也叫中心詞)。動詞不定式跟中心詞有邏輯關(guān)系，大致分為主謂關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系和狀語關(guān)系等。(1)主謂關(guān)系不定式的動作是不定式所修飾的中心詞來執(zhí)行的?？梢愿某啥ㄕZ從句。①不定式可用來修飾人。Heisamantofinishhistaskbest.他是任務(wù)完成得最好的人?！鶫eisamanwhohasfinishedhistaskbest.Hewasabravemantoadmitwhathehaddone.他是個敢做敢當?shù)挠⒂轮??！鶫ewasabravemanwhocouldadmitwhathehaddone.②不定式可用來修飾物，表示某物要做某事。ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.下一列到站的火車是從紐約開來的。→ThenexttrainwhichwouldarrivewasfromNewYork.TheworldmathematicsconferencetotakeplaceinBeijingnextmonthisboundtobeagreatsuccess.下個月將在北京召開的世界數(shù)學(xué)大會肯定會取得圓滿勝利。→TheworldmathematicsconferencewhichisgoingtotakeplaceinBeijingnextmonthisboundtobeagreatsuccess.(2)動賓關(guān)系不定式與所修飾的中心詞有動賓關(guān)系，可改成定語從句。跟主謂關(guān)系一樣，不定式修飾的既可以是人，也可以是物。不定式動作的執(zhí)行者可能是句子的主語，也有可能是句子的賓語；有時不定式動作的執(zhí)行者暗含在上下文中；有時用forsb./sth.指出動作的執(zhí)行者；有時根本不知道是誰。①及物動詞不定式：動詞不定式干脆放在所修飾的中心詞之后。Doyouhaveanythingtosay(thatyouwillhavetosay)?你有什么要說的嗎？Thisisadeliciouscakeforyoutoeat(whichyoucaneat).這是一個給你吃的美味蛋糕。②不及物動詞不定式：由于不定式跟中心詞有動賓關(guān)系，因此不及物動詞或短語之后應(yīng)當運用相應(yīng)的介詞。Shehasaroomtolivein.她有一個房間住。Hehasachildtotakecareof.他有一個孩子要照看。③有些名詞接不定式作定語，可以省略介詞，它們是place,reason,time,way等。Isthisthewaytodoit(inwhich/thatitcanbedone)?這是做這件事情的方法嗎？Youneedaplacetosleep(where/inwhichyoucansleep).你須要一個睡覺的地方。Itistimetogotobed(atwhich/when/thatwewenttobed).到了上床睡覺的時候了。④不定式所修飾的名詞，可以是及物動詞的賓語、雙賓語動詞的賓語，也可以是及物短語動詞的賓語。Hefoundnogoodmusictoenjoy．他發(fā)覺沒有好音樂可觀賞。(music是及物動詞found的賓語)Theybroughthersomeclothestowash．他們帶給她一些要洗的衣服。(clothes是雙賓語動詞brought的干脆賓語)Shelookedforsomeinterestingnovelstoread．她找了一些好玩的小說來閱讀。(novels是短語動詞lookedfor的賓語)(3)同位關(guān)系不定式跟中心詞有同位關(guān)系。這類名詞一般都只能用不定式作定語。①某些由同源動詞轉(zhuǎn)變而來的名詞，同源動詞以不定式作賓語，同源名詞則以不定式作定語，不定式跟中心詞是同位關(guān)系。這樣只能以不定式作定語的名詞有：attempt,decision,desire,failure,freedom,inclination(傾向),obligation(義務(wù)),offer,permission,plan,promise,refusal,temptation,tendency,willingness,wish等。Ihavenowishtoquarrel(＝don'twishtoquarrel)withyou.我并不希望跟你吵架。Theirdecisiontoleave(＝Thattheydecidedtoleave)wasveryannoying.他們離開的確定叫人心煩。②某些以不定式作狀語的形容詞，派生轉(zhuǎn)化為同源名詞后，也可以用不定式作定語。不定式與這個名詞中心詞也是同位關(guān)系。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能用分詞形式。Heranxietytosucceedledhertoworkhard.她迫切想勝利，這促使她努力工作。Hisabilitytogetonwellwithpeopleishischiefadvantage.他能和人友好相處是他的主要優(yōu)勢。(4)狀語關(guān)系被修飾的名詞事實上表示動詞不定式動作的緣由、方式、時間等。這些名詞是抽象名詞。①修飾某些抽象名詞的不定式，也可以運用介詞接動名詞的方式。這類名詞通常表示抽象概念，后面用動詞不定式作定語，說明中心詞的內(nèi)容。這樣的名詞有ambition,campaign,chance,honor,mood,need,necessity,plan,opportunity,reason,right,time,way等。Givemeyourreasonstogo/forgoingthere.告知我你去那兒的理由。That'sthewaytodoit.那樣做才對。Ihavenotimetovisitmyfriends.我沒有時間去探望摯友。②不及物動詞加介詞的不定式作定語，可以改成“介詞＋whom/which＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)。Pleasegivemeaseattositon/onwhichtosit.請給我一個凳子坐坐。He'slookingforaplacetolivein/inwhichtolive.他在找住的地方。2．不定式作結(jié)果狀語(1)不定式作結(jié)果狀語往往表示其動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之后，并且總是在句末，而不能置于句首。如：HeturnedroundtoseethatMarywascrying.他轉(zhuǎn)過身來看到瑪麗在哭。Mygrandmotherlivedtobeninety.我祖母活到九十歲。Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老，學(xué)到老。(2)不定式表示結(jié)果常用下列固定句型：①too＋adj./adv.＋不定式這種不定式所表示的是不能實現(xiàn)的結(jié)果，可以譯成“太……而不能……”。Theyalsomeanallthethingstoofarawaytosee.它們也指全部遠得看不見的東西。Mylittlebrotheristooyoungtogotoschool.我的弟弟太小了，不能上學(xué)。Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.他的視力太差，看不清這么小的字母。留意：有時，too后為for加名詞或代詞，這時可把for短語看成是不定式的邏輯主語，句子含否定意義。如：Thecoatistoosmallformetowear.這件上衣太小了，我不能穿。Thispassageistoodifficultforhimtoread.這段話太難了，他讀不懂。②adj./adv.＋enough＋不定式Nobodyknewwhattodo,becausetherewasnothingbigenoughtoweighit.沒有人知道該怎么辦，因為沒有什么東西大到足以稱它的重量。Theirbonesarenotstrongenoughtoholduptheirbodyonland.它們的骨頭不夠牢固，在陸地上支撐不住它們的身體。Heisstrongenoughtocarrythebox.他很強壯，能搬動這個箱子。Thehallisnotlargeenoughforthemtoholdameetingin.這個大廳不夠大，他們不能在里面開會。③such(...)as＋不定式Hisillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.他的病還不足以令人焦慮。Heissuchafoolastothinkthathisidlechattercaninfluenceothers.他是個蠢貨，以為他喋喋不休的廢話會影響別人。Thepainwassuchastoallowhimnosleep.難受那么猛烈使他不能入睡。④so＋adj./adv.＋as＋不定式Thedeerissotallastoreachleavesinthetree.鹿很高，能夠到樹上的葉子。Wouldyoubesokindastohelpme？你能好心幫我一下嗎？Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourdictionary?你能好心把詞典借給我嗎？⑤不定式有時前面帶only，在下列句子中也表示結(jié)果，通常表示一個未曾預(yù)料到的、不開心的結(jié)果，可以換成“and(but)＋動詞”。Heopenedhiseyesonlytofind(＝andfound)himselflyinginbedinahospital.他睜開眼睛卻發(fā)覺自己躺在醫(yī)院的病床上?！猈hathashedonetomakeyousoangry?他做了什么事讓你這么生氣？—Heliftedarockonlytodrop(anddropped)itonhisownfeet.他搬起石頭砸了自己的腳。⑥justtodo只表示結(jié)果，可以譯為“只，僅，特地”。Ihavecomeherejusttoseeyou.我是專程來看你的。單句語法填空1．ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniqueposition____________(help)theiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.2．Despitetheirmanydifferences,allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics,suchaslargebrainsandtheability____________(walk)uprightontwolegs.3．Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetime____________(visit)collegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.4．Doyouwantaroomthat'sfulloflife?Professional?Orareyoujustlookingforaplace____________(relax)afteralongday?5．Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isroadtestinganewway__________(keep)winterroadsice-free—byspreadingonthemcheesebrine,thesaltyliquidusedtomakesoftcheeses,likemozzarella.6．Acommitteeofteacherswillevaluatematerialsandgiveopinions.Studentsthenhaveanopportunity____________(improve)theirproducts.7．Itooknotesduringthemeeting,butIhaven'thadachance____________(write)themintoareportsofar.8．Afterthat,feelingtheneed____________(explore)further,IdecidedtodropinononeofASLclub'smeetings.9．Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtime____________(encourage)youngchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.10．Theplumtreesarethefirst____________(flower)evenasthesnowismelting.11．Cyclistsjumponandoffpavements(whicharemeantforpedestrians),rideatspeedalongthepavements,andthinktheyhaveaspecialright____________(go)throughtrafficlightswhentheyareonred.12．Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award,proudIrenedeclaredshehadnoplans____________(retire)fromher36-year-oldbusiness.13．Whatisthebestwayyoucanimagine____________(reduce)theoveruseofwaterinourschool?14．InmanyhomesintheUK,thefirstperson____________(wake)uphastomaketeaforthefamily.15．Wehadbetterputoffinterviewingtheathlete,forheisbusypreparingforaninternationalcontest____________(hold)inShanghainextmonth.16．In2012,SunYangbecamethefirstChineseman__________(win)anOlympicgoldmedalinswimming.17．Inthe“moongarden”onboardtheChang'e4,theshootsofcottonmarkedthefirstlivematterever____________(grow)onthemoon.18．Nooffence,butIwanttosaythatthedriverisnottheone____________(blame)fortheaccident.19．Itwasofficiallyreportedthatthefirstmammal__________(clone)successfullyfromanadultcellwasDollytheSheep.20．Thelecture____________(follow)willincludetheradicalchangesbroughtaboutbytheFrenchRevolution.21．Meyerandhisteamwerethefirstpeople____________(show)howthediseasespreadsfromanimalstohuman.22．Herushedtotheairport,only____________(tell)thatth