英語語法之動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)

學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載英語語法專題講解——動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)動詞的時態(tài) 英語中不同時間或方式發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)要用謂語動詞的不同形式來表示，這種表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時間或方式的動詞形式稱作動詞時態(tài)。時間主要有四個主要部分，即現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來。動作方式也有四種，即一般、完成、進行和完成進行。中學(xué)課本中需掌握的時態(tài)主要有九種：時態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表：按時間分按方式分現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般IdoIdidIshalldoIshoulddo進行IamdoingIwasdoingIshallbedoingIshouldbedoing完成IhavedoneIhaddoneIshallhavedoneIshouldhavedone完成進行IhavebeendoingIhadbeendoingIshallhavebeendoingIshouldhavebeendoing一、一般現(xiàn)在時(do/does)主要用來表示人、事物的現(xiàn)在狀況和特點；表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動作，句子中常有often,always,fromtimetotime等時間狀語；表示客觀規(guī)律、永恒真理、名言警句等。Heusuallygoestoworkat7o’clockeverymorning.ShehasabrotherwholivesinNewYork.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.Practicemakesperfect.注意事項：1.表示永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：IlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool.2.在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時。如：Ifheacceptsthejob,hewillgetmoremoneysoon.WhenIhaveenoughmoney,Ishalltravelaroundtheworld.3.在makesure(certain),mind,care,matter＋賓語從句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。Solongasheworkshard,Idon’tmindwhenhefinishestheexperiment.Pleasemakesurethatyouturnoffthelightafteryouleavethehouse.4.在the+比較級…，the+比較級…的句型中,若主句是一般將來時,從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時。Theharderyoustudy,thebetterresultsyouwillget.二、一般過去時(did)表示在過去某個特定時間發(fā)生且完成的動作，或表示過去習(xí)慣性動作，不強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時間連用，如：yesterday;justnow;lastweek;in1945,atthattime;once;afewdaysago等等。如：Wheredidyougojustnow?WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.注意事項：1.usedto+do表示過去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已不再維持的習(xí)慣動作，to為不定式，后接動詞原形。be/become/getusedto+doing，表示習(xí)慣于…Heusedtosmokealot.Hehasgotusedtogettingupearly.2.在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時。Hesaidhewouldbuymeacomputerifhegotaraise.三、一般將來時表示在將來某個時間會發(fā)生的動作或情況，常和tomorrow,nextyear,in2046等表示將來的時間狀語連用，其表現(xiàn)形式多達6種。1）用shall/willdo表示(shall用于第一人稱，will用于各人稱)如：Therainwillstopsoon.Shallwegothereatfive?2）用begoingtodo表示。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Lookatthedarkclouds,itisgoingtorain.3）用betodo表示，指按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4）用beabouttodo表示，意為馬上做某事。例如：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beabouttodo不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。5)用現(xiàn)在進行時表示。常見動詞為表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞如：go,come,leave,start,arrive等，可用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來時。如：UncleWangiscoming.They'releavingforBeijing.6)用一般現(xiàn)在時表示。根據(jù)規(guī)定或時間表預(yù)計要發(fā)生的動作，在時間和條件狀語從句中，都可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時。如：Thenewtermstarts(begins)onAugust29th.Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,wewillgooutforapicnic.注意事項：在“祈使句+and/or+句子”結(jié)構(gòu)中，and/or后面的句子謂語用一般將來時。如：Useyourheadandyouwillfindaway.Runfasteroryouwillnothaveanyotherchancetocatchupwithhim.四、現(xiàn)在完成時(have/hasdone)表示動作發(fā)生在過去，完成在過去，但強調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系，其結(jié)果或影響仍存在；也可表示從過去某時間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。Ihavebeentoshanghai.Hehasn’tgivenmeanymoretroublesincethen.現(xiàn)在完成時有一些標志性的時間狀語：1.for+時間段；since+時間點TheyhavelivedinBeijingforfiveyears.TheyhavelivedinBeijingsince1995.2.常見的不確定的時間狀語：lately;recently,already,yet,uptonow;tillnow;sofar,thesedays...Hasitstoppedrainingyet?SofarIhavelearnedover3000Englishwords.3.在一些表示最近幾世紀/年/月以來……的時間狀語中，謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。inthepastfewyears/months/weeks/days；overthepastfewyears;duringthelastthreemonths;forthelastfewcenturies,throughcenturies;throughouthistory等。如：Chinahasdevelopedalotoverthepastfewyears.4.在句型It/This/Thatisthe/myfirst/second…timethat…和It/This/Thatis+形容詞最高級(thebest,worst,only,mostinteresting…)+名詞＋that…中，that從句中要用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：ThisismyfirsttimethatIhavevisitedChina.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmIhaveeverseen.Thatistheonlybookthathehaswritten.五、過去完成時(haddone)表示過去某個時間之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，即過去完成時的動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語，這種時態(tài)從來不孤立使用。Bytheendoflasttermwehadfinishedthebook.Theyfinishedthetaskearlierthanwehadexpected.注意事項：1.在hardly/scarcely...when;nosooner...than句型中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。Ihadhardlyfinishedmyworkwhenhecametoseeme.Ihadnosoonergotintotheroomthanitbegantosnow.2.表示某人第幾次做某事，主句用過去時，從句用過去完成時。Thatwasthesecondtimethatshehadseenhergrandfather.3.動詞hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan等用過去完成時，表示未實現(xiàn)的愿望、打算和意圖。IhadhopedthatIcoulddothejob.IhadintendedtoseeyoubutIwastoobusy.六、將來完成時(willhavedone)表示在將來某時刻之前已完成的動作或到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.注意事項：1.常用的時間狀語一般是by+將來的時間。如：bytheendofthisyear,by8o’clockthisevening,byMarchnextyear以及由bythetime…,before或when等引導(dǎo)的副詞從句。Bytheendofnextmonth,hewillhavetraveled1000milesonfoot.Bythetimeyoureachthestation,thetrainwillhaveleft.BynextTuesday,Iwillhavegotreadyfortheexams.※2.在時間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時則由現(xiàn)在完成時表示。Thechildrenwilldotheirhomeworkthemomenttheyhavearrivedbackfromschool.七、現(xiàn)在進行時(am/is/aredoing)a.表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.b.表示目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.c.表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.d.與always,constantly,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：Youarealwayschangingyourmind.注意事項：1.在時間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進行的動作。Lookoutwhenyouarecrossingthestreet.2.表示在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作（這時多有表示將來的時間狀語）。MarryisleavingonFriday.八、過去進行時(was/weredoing)表示過去某個時間點或某段時間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動作。常用的時間狀語有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.注意：過去進行時也可以表示過去將來的含義。九、將來進行時(willbedoing)表將來某個時間正在發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情。例如：She'llbecomingsoon.I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.注意：將來進行時不用于表示"意志"，不能說I'llbehavingatalkwithher.動詞的語態(tài)動詞的語態(tài)有兩種：一種是主動語態(tài)（主語是動作的執(zhí)行者），另一種是被動語態(tài)（主語是動作的承受者）。被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：⑴助動詞be+（not）+（及物動詞的）過去分詞此時，由助動詞be來反映時態(tài)的變化，常見有以下八種形式：一般現(xiàn)在時am+過去分詞現(xiàn)在進行時am+being+過去分詞isisareare一般過去時was+過去分詞過去進行時was+過去分詞werewere一般將來時will+be+過去分詞過去將來時would+be+過去分詞shallshould現(xiàn)在完成時have+been+過去分詞過去完成時had+been+過去分詞has⑵情態(tài)動詞+（not）+be+（及物動詞的）過去分詞can+be+過去分詞maymust⑶主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的方法：主動語態(tài)：主語+謂語動詞+賓語（執(zhí)行者）（承受者）被動語態(tài)：主語+be+過去分詞（+by+執(zhí)行者）（承受者）一般省略被動語態(tài)的用法：1.當不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時（如例句1②）。2.當需要強調(diào)動作的承受者而不是執(zhí)行者時（如例句2）。1.自從1988年以來，工人們建造了三座大橋。①Theworkershavebuiltthreebridgessince1988.（主動語態(tài)）②Threebridgeshavebeenbuilt(bytheworkers)since1988.（被動語態(tài)）（推薦）2.那個學(xué)校教日語。Japaneseistaughtinthatschool.注意：感官動詞主動語態(tài)的賓語補足語是不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，該不定式前要加"to"。例如：Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.-->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground(byus).被動語態(tài)中的特殊用法：

1.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)短語動詞是一個整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如：MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.2.表示"據(jù)說"或"相信"的詞組，基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等組成。例如：Itissaidthat…據(jù)說Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家認為Itissuggestedthat…據(jù)建議Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家決定Itmustberememberedthat…務(wù)必記住的是3.主動形式表示被動意義1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.這本書銷路好。Thisknifecutseasily.這刀子很好用。Thecarpetwashedeasily.這地毯很好洗。2）blame,let(出租)等。sbbetoblame./sthbetolet.例如：Iwastoblamefortheaccident.Thehouseistolet.3）在need,require,want,worth(形容詞),deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。例如：Thedoorneeds/requires/wantsrepairing.門需要修了。Thisbookisworthreading.這本書值得一讀。Jackdeservespraising.Jack值得受到表揚Thelibraryneeds___,butit'llhavetowaituntilSunday.A.cleaningB.becleanedC.cleanD.beingcleaned隨堂練習(xí)：1.---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming

2.Theycan'tleaveuntilthey_____theirwork.A.did

B.aredoing

C.havedone

D.hasdone

3."Hasheseenthisfilm?"

"Yes.He______itseveraldaysago."

A.saw

B.hasseen

C.hadseen

D.wasseeing

4.NowMikeisn'there.He______MrGreen's.Perhapshe______backinafewminutes.

A.wentto;iscoming

B.hasgoneto;willcomeC.hasbeento;willbe

D.isgoingto;hascome

5.Thatdayhe_______hisclothesbeforehecametoseeme.

A.haswashed

B.washed

C.hadbeenwashing

D.waswashed

6.Ihaven'tfinishedmycomposition.

I______fortwohoursandahalf.

A.havewrittenit

B.havebeenwritingitC.wroteit

D.amwrittingit

7.Thebridgewhich______lastyearlooksreallybeautiful.

A.wasbuilt

B.built

C.wassetup

D.hadbeenbuilt8.I_____heresinceImovedhere.A.willwork

B.worked

C.work

D.havebeenworking9."Where______therecorder?Ican'tseeitanywhere.""I___itrighthere.Butnowit'sgone."

A.didyouput/haveput

B.haveyouput/put

C.hadyouput/wasputting

D.wereyouputting/haveput

10.Don'tcometonight.Iwouldratheryou_____tomorrow.

A.come

B.came

C.willcome

D.coming

11."Thiscloth_____welland_____long.""Ok.I'lltakeit."

A.washes/lasts

B.iswashed/lasted

C.washes/islasted

D.iswashing/lasting

12.I______seeyou,butIdidn't,forIhadnotime.

A.hadwantedto

B.haswantedto

C.wanted

D.waswanted

13.I______inGuangZhouforsixyearsbythisOctober.

A.havelived

B.wasliving

C.willbeliving

D.shallhavelived

14.Bythistimenextyearhe______fromthecollege.

A.willbegraduating

B.shouldbegraduating

C.willhavegraduated

D.isgraduating

15.Idon'tknowwhenhe______,butwhenhe______,I'llletyouknow.

A.willcome/comes

B.comes/willcome

C.comes/comes

D.willcome/willcome

16.Jim______alatenightfilmathomewhen,rightinthemiddleofathrillingscene,thetelevisionwentblank.(2013陜西)A.watchedB.hadwatchedC.waswatchingD.wouldbewatching17.Weareconfidentthattheenvironment______byourfurthereffortstoreducepollution.(2013遼寧)A.hadbeenimprovedB.willbeimprovedC.isimprovedD.wasimproved18.Hewasunhappywhenhesoldhisguitar.Afterall,he______itforaverylongtime.(2013遼寧)A.hashadB.hadhadC.hasD.had19.Thegirlhasagreatinterestinsportand_______badmintonclassestwiceaweekoverthelastthreeyears.(2013福建)A.tookB.istakingC.takesD.hasbeentaking20.—Idon’tunderstandwhyyoudidn’tgotothelectureyesterdayafternoon.—I’msosorry.ButI_______myhomework.(2013湖南)A.haddoneB.wasdoingC.woulddoD.amdoing21.—CouldIuseyourcartomorrowmorning?—Sure.I_______areportathome.（2013江蘇）A.willbewritingB.willhavewrittenC.havewrittenD.havebeenwriting22.Closethedooroffearbehindyou,andyou____thedooroffaithopenbeforeyou.(2012湖南)A.SawB.haveseenC.willseeD.areseeing23.Ifeels