英語語法之動詞時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)

學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載英語語法專題講解——動詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)動詞的時(shí)態(tài) 英語中不同時(shí)間或方式發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)要用謂語動詞的不同形式來表示，這種表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)間或方式的動詞形式稱作動詞時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)間主要有四個(gè)主要部分，即現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來。動作方式也有四種，即一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行。中學(xué)課本中需掌握的時(shí)態(tài)主要有九種：時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表：按時(shí)間分按方式分現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般IdoIdidIshalldoIshoulddo進(jìn)行IamdoingIwasdoingIshallbedoingIshouldbedoing完成IhavedoneIhaddoneIshallhavedoneIshouldhavedone完成進(jìn)行IhavebeendoingIhadbeendoingIshallhavebeendoingIshouldhavebeendoing一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(do/does)主要用來表示人、事物的現(xiàn)在狀況和特點(diǎn)；表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動作，句子中常有often,always,fromtimetotime等時(shí)間狀語；表示客觀規(guī)律、永恒真理、名言警句等。Heusuallygoestoworkat7o’clockeverymorning.ShehasabrotherwholivesinNewYork.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.Practicemakesperfect.注意事項(xiàng)：1.表示永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：IlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool.2.在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時(shí)。如：Ifheacceptsthejob,hewillgetmoremoneysoon.WhenIhaveenoughmoney,Ishalltravelaroundtheworld.3.在makesure(certain),mind,care,matter＋賓語從句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。Solongasheworkshard,Idon’tmindwhenhefinishestheexperiment.Pleasemakesurethatyouturnoffthelightafteryouleavethehouse.4.在the+比較級…，the+比較級…的句型中,若主句是一般將來時(shí),從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Theharderyoustudy,thebetterresultsyouwillget.二、一般過去時(shí)(did)表示在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且完成的動作，或表示過去習(xí)慣性動作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時(shí)間連用，如：yesterday;justnow;lastweek;in1945,atthattime;once;afewdaysago等等。如：Wheredidyougojustnow?WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.注意事項(xiàng)：1.usedto+do表示過去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已不再維持的習(xí)慣動作，to為不定式，后接動詞原形。be/become/getusedto+doing，表示習(xí)慣于…Heusedtosmokealot.Hehasgotusedtogettingupearly.2.在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時(shí)。Hesaidhewouldbuymeacomputerifhegotaraise.三、一般將來時(shí)表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)間會發(fā)生的動作或情況，常和tomorrow,nextyear,in2046等表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，其表現(xiàn)形式多達(dá)6種。1）用shall/willdo表示(shall用于第一人稱，will用于各人稱)如：Therainwillstopsoon.Shallwegothereatfive?2）用begoingtodo表示。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Lookatthedarkclouds,itisgoingtorain.3）用betodo表示，指按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4）用beabouttodo表示，意為馬上做某事。例如：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beabouttodo不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。5)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示。常見動詞為表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞如：go,come,leave,start,arrive等，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來時(shí)。如：UncleWangiscoming.They'releavingforBeijing.6)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。根據(jù)規(guī)定或時(shí)間表預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的動作，在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，都可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)。如：Thenewtermstarts(begins)onAugust29th.Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,wewillgooutforapicnic.注意事項(xiàng)：在“祈使句+and/or+句子”結(jié)構(gòu)中，and/or后面的句子謂語用一般將來時(shí)。如：Useyourheadandyouwillfindaway.Runfasteroryouwillnothaveanyotherchancetocatchupwithhim.四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/hasdone)表示動作發(fā)生在過去，完成在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系，其結(jié)果或影響仍存在；也可表示從過去某時(shí)間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。Ihavebeentoshanghai.Hehasn’tgivenmeanymoretroublesincethen.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語：1.for+時(shí)間段；since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)TheyhavelivedinBeijingforfiveyears.TheyhavelivedinBeijingsince1995.2.常見的不確定的時(shí)間狀語：lately;recently,already,yet,uptonow;tillnow;sofar,thesedays...Hasitstoppedrainingyet?SofarIhavelearnedover3000Englishwords.3.在一些表示最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來……的時(shí)間狀語中，謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。inthepastfewyears/months/weeks/days；overthepastfewyears;duringthelastthreemonths;forthelastfewcenturies,throughcenturies;throughouthistory等。如：Chinahasdevelopedalotoverthepastfewyears.4.在句型It/This/Thatisthe/myfirst/second…timethat…和It/This/Thatis+形容詞最高級(thebest,worst,only,mostinteresting…)+名詞＋that…中，that從句中要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：ThisismyfirsttimethatIhavevisitedChina.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmIhaveeverseen.Thatistheonlybookthathehaswritten.五、過去完成時(shí)(haddone)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，即過去完成時(shí)的動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，句中有明顯的參照動作或時(shí)間狀語，這種時(shí)態(tài)從來不孤立使用。Bytheendoflasttermwehadfinishedthebook.Theyfinishedthetaskearlierthanwehadexpected.注意事項(xiàng)：1.在hardly/scarcely...when;nosooner...than句型中，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。Ihadhardlyfinishedmyworkwhenhecametoseeme.Ihadnosoonergotintotheroomthanitbegantosnow.2.表示某人第幾次做某事，主句用過去時(shí)，從句用過去完成時(shí)。Thatwasthesecondtimethatshehadseenhergrandfather.3.動詞hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan等用過去完成時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算和意圖。IhadhopedthatIcoulddothejob.IhadintendedtoseeyoubutIwastoobusy.六、將來完成時(shí)(willhavedone)表示在將來某時(shí)刻之前已完成的動作或到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.注意事項(xiàng)：1.常用的時(shí)間狀語一般是by+將來的時(shí)間。如：bytheendofthisyear,by8o’clockthisevening,byMarchnextyear以及由bythetime…,before或when等引導(dǎo)的副詞從句。Bytheendofnextmonth,hewillhavetraveled1000milesonfoot.Bythetimeyoureachthestation,thetrainwillhaveleft.BynextTuesday,Iwillhavegotreadyfortheexams.※2.在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時(shí)則由現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示。Thechildrenwilldotheirhomeworkthemomenttheyhavearrivedbackfromschool.七、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/aredoing)a.表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.b.表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作，說話時(shí)動作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.c.表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.d.與always,constantly,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：Youarealwayschangingyourmind.注意事項(xiàng)：1.在時(shí)間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進(jìn)行的動作。Lookoutwhenyouarecrossingthestreet.2.表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動作（這時(shí)多有表示將來的時(shí)間狀語）。MarryisleavingonFriday.八、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/weredoing)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動作。常用的時(shí)間狀語有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.注意：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示過去將來的含義。九、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(willbedoing)表將來某個(gè)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情。例如：She'llbecomingsoon.I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說I'llbehavingatalkwithher.動詞的語態(tài)動詞的語態(tài)有兩種：一種是主動語態(tài)（主語是動作的執(zhí)行者），另一種是被動語態(tài)（主語是動作的承受者）。被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：⑴助動詞be+（not）+（及物動詞的）過去分詞此時(shí)，由助動詞be來反映時(shí)態(tài)的變化，常見有以下八種形式：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am+過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am+being+過去分詞isisareare一般過去時(shí)was+過去分詞過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was+過去分詞werewere一般將來時(shí)will+be+過去分詞過去將來時(shí)would+be+過去分詞shallshould現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have+been+過去分詞過去完成時(shí)had+been+過去分詞has⑵情態(tài)動詞+（not）+be+（及物動詞的）過去分詞can+be+過去分詞maymust⑶主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的方法：主動語態(tài)：主語+謂語動詞+賓語（執(zhí)行者）（承受者）被動語態(tài)：主語+be+過去分詞（+by+執(zhí)行者）（承受者）一般省略被動語態(tài)的用法：1.當(dāng)不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)（如例句1②）。2.當(dāng)需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者而不是執(zhí)行者時(shí)（如例句2）。1.自從1988年以來，工人們建造了三座大橋。①Theworkershavebuiltthreebridgessince1988.（主動語態(tài)）②Threebridgeshavebeenbuilt(bytheworkers)since1988.（被動語態(tài)）（推薦）2.那個(gè)學(xué)校教日語。Japaneseistaughtinthatschool.注意：感官動詞主動語態(tài)的賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"。例如：Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.-->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground(byus).被動語態(tài)中的特殊用法：

1.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)短語動詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如：MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.2.表示"據(jù)說"或"相信"的詞組，基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等組成。例如：Itissaidthat…據(jù)說Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家認(rèn)為Itissuggestedthat…據(jù)建議Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家決定Itmustberememberedthat…務(wù)必記住的是3.主動形式表示被動意義1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.這本書銷路好。Thisknifecutseasily.這刀子很好用。Thecarpetwashedeasily.這地毯很好洗。2）blame,let(出租)等。sbbetoblame./sthbetolet.例如：Iwastoblamefortheaccident.Thehouseistolet.3）在need,require,want,worth(形容詞),deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。例如：Thedoorneeds/requires/wantsrepairing.門需要修了。Thisbookisworthreading.這本書值得一讀。Jackdeservespraising.Jack值得受到表揚(yáng)Thelibraryneeds___,butit'llhavetowaituntilSunday.A.cleaningB.becleanedC.cleanD.beingcleaned隨堂練習(xí)：1.---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming

2.Theycan'tleaveuntilthey_____theirwork.A.did

B.aredoing

C.havedone

D.hasdone

3."Hasheseenthisfilm?"

"Yes.He______itseveraldaysago."

A.saw

B.hasseen

C.hadseen

D.wasseeing

4.NowMikeisn'there.He______MrGreen's.Perhapshe______backinafewminutes.

A.wentto;iscoming

B.hasgoneto;willcomeC.hasbeento;willbe

D.isgoingto;hascome

5.Thatdayhe_______hisclothesbeforehecametoseeme.

A.haswashed

B.washed

C.hadbeenwashing

D.waswashed

6.Ihaven'tfinishedmycomposition.

I______fortwohoursandahalf.

A.havewrittenit

B.havebeenwritingitC.wroteit

D.amwrittingit

7.Thebridgewhich______lastyearlooksreallybeautiful.

A.wasbuilt

B.built

C.wassetup

D.hadbeenbuilt8.I_____heresinceImovedhere.A.willwork

B.worked

C.work

D.havebeenworking9."Where______therecorder?Ican'tseeitanywhere.""I___itrighthere.Butnowit'sgone."

A.didyouput/haveput

B.haveyouput/put

C.hadyouput/wasputting

D.wereyouputting/haveput

10.Don'tcometonight.Iwouldratheryou_____tomorrow.

A.come

B.came

C.willcome

D.coming

11."Thiscloth_____welland_____long.""Ok.I'lltakeit."

A.washes/lasts

B.iswashed/lasted

C.washes/islasted

D.iswashing/lasting

12.I______seeyou,butIdidn't,forIhadnotime.

A.hadwantedto

B.haswantedto

C.wanted

D.waswanted

13.I______inGuangZhouforsixyearsbythisOctober.

A.havelived

B.wasliving

C.willbeliving

D.shallhavelived

14.Bythistimenextyearhe______fromthecollege.

A.willbegraduating

B.shouldbegraduating

C.willhavegraduated

D.isgraduating

15.Idon'tknowwhenhe______,butwhenhe______,I'llletyouknow.

A.willcome/comes

B.comes/willcome

C.comes/comes

D.willcome/willcome

16.Jim______alatenightfilmathomewhen,rightinthemiddleofathrillingscene,thetelevisionwentblank.(2013陜西)A.watchedB.hadwatchedC.waswatchingD.wouldbewatching17.Weareconfidentthattheenvironment______byourfurthereffortstoreducepollution.(2013遼寧)A.hadbeenimprovedB.willbeimprovedC.isimprovedD.wasimproved18.Hewasunhappywhenhesoldhisguitar.Afterall,he______itforaverylongtime.(2013遼寧)A.hashadB.hadhadC.hasD.had19.Thegirlhasagreatinterestinsportand_______badmintonclassestwiceaweekoverthelastthreeyears.(2013福建)A.tookB.istakingC.takesD.hasbeentaking20.—Idon’tunderstandwhyyoudidn’tgotothelectureyesterdayafternoon.—I’msosorry.ButI_______myhomework.(2013湖南)A.haddoneB.wasdoingC.woulddoD.amdoing21.—CouldIuseyourcartomorrowmorning?—Sure.I_______areportathome.（2013江蘇）A.willbewritingB.willhavewrittenC.havewrittenD.havebeenwriting22.Closethedooroffearbehindyou,andyou____thedooroffaithopenbeforeyou.(2012湖南)A.SawB.haveseenC.willseeD.areseeing23.Ifeels