專業(yè)英語四級考試語法

1、虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood) Section One: (General Information) 第一部分：概述虛擬語氣條件句的類型虛擬語氣的類型例題其他條件句虛擬語氣類型賓語從句狀語從句名詞性從句（主語從句，同位語從句， 表語從句）定語從句特殊類型 （感嘆句）省略if 的虛擬法 （倒裝）Examples The rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society.I would rathe

2、r that you did nothing for the time being.I wish that I were a student again.I wished that I had followed his suggestion.名詞性從句中的虛擬主語從句(it is +adj./p.p that)同位語從句(The +n. that )表語從句(n. +be that)省略if 的虛擬法 （倒裝）(1)虛擬語氣中如果從句引導(dǎo)詞if / whether 省略，從句中需要倒裝，提前助動詞(系動詞）或情態(tài)動詞。Eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we wou

3、ld not be able to have the sports meeting. =Should it rain tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting.省略if 的虛擬法 （倒裝）(2)Eg. Whether it (may) be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting. =Be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.If she had been given more informatio

4、n, she could have answered the questions.=Had she been given more information, she could have answered the questions.虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)Section Two: 第二部分 詳解(Detailed Points)& 總結(jié)(Summary)虛擬語氣的動詞標(biāo)志insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge, recommend, command,

5、order等動詞表建議、愿望時，其后賓語從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。Should +Vwish其后賓語從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的名詞標(biāo)志1 “necessity”或“suggestion”等名詞后面的表語從句或同位語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。2 名詞word 表“命令”時，其后主語從句、表語從句或同位語從句中，謂語動詞需用虛擬語氣 (should)+V。3 wish 作名詞時其后主語從句，表語從句或同位語從句中，謂語動詞需用虛擬語氣(should)+V。虛擬語氣的形容詞標(biāo)志It is + adj. that 句型中出現(xiàn)形容詞如necessary, important, vita

6、l, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或過去分詞充當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~如suggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等時，that 句中用 should + V 表示虛擬。虛擬的介詞標(biāo)志But for相當(dāng)于if it had not been for。 But for her help, I would have lost my way.Without, in the absence of 等組成的

7、短語可相當(dāng)于一個虛擬的條件從句。 Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth? In the absence of water, plants would not grow well.Undercondition,也可相當(dāng)于一個虛擬條件從句。 Under more favorable conditions, we would have made more achievements.錯綜時間的虛擬條件狀語從句中謂語動詞的形式可與主句中謂語動詞的形式不“配套”，即錯綜時間的

8、虛擬。If he had done as I had suggested then, he wouldnt be regretful now. If they hadnt found us then, we would still be missing on the sea. If I hadnt made sufficient preparation for the exam then, I wouldnt be in college now. 虛擬和事實（前虛擬后事實）標(biāo)志: but Eg. I would have gone to the party with you, but I wa

9、s too busy. = If I hadnt been too busy, I would have gone to the party with you.（前事實后虛擬）標(biāo)志: otherwise Eg. I was too busy then, otherwise I would have gone to the party with you. More Informationwas (were) +to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原來想做而未做”后面通常but（陳述語氣）。 Eg. I was to have arrived home on time, but my

10、car was held up by a bad traffic jam. had hoped表示過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望，其從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬would+V。 Eg. I had hoped that he would agree to lend me the money.Tag Questions反意疑問句Detailed Points 助動詞 ？ 情態(tài)動詞？Have to 反意疑問句的陳述部分謂語有have to時，附加疑問句通常用助動詞do。You have to study hard, dont you?I dont have to get up early, do I?They had

11、 to obey the rules and regulations of the school, didnt they?She didnt have to do it herself, did she?助動詞 ？ 情態(tài)動詞？Need 反意疑問句的陳述部分謂語有need時，need做情態(tài)動詞，附加疑問句仍用need，need做實義動詞時，附加問句用助動詞do。They neednt make such a loud noise, need they?He needs the money for his sons education, doesnt he?助動詞 ？ 情態(tài)動詞？Had bette

12、r反意疑問句的陳述部分為had better時，附加問用助動詞had。You had better go at once, hadnt you?Wed better call off our appointment, hadnt we?助動詞 ? 情態(tài)動詞？Would rather 反意疑問句的陳述部分為would rather時，附加問句用情態(tài)動詞would。 Youd rather not do it, would you?She would rather die than surrender to the enemy, wouldnt she?助動詞 ？ 情態(tài)動詞？Used to反意疑問

13、句的陳述部分為used to時，附加問句用助動詞did。You used to stay up late every evening watching TV, didnt you?助動詞 ？ 情態(tài)動詞？Ought to 反意疑問句的陳述部分為ought to時，附加問句用助動詞should. She ought to go by plane, shouldnt she?We ought not to laugh at others mistakes, should we?助動詞 ？ 情態(tài)動詞？Must 反意疑問句的陳述部分有must，附加問句分三種情況：must domustnt must b

14、e隨人稱用系動詞一般現(xiàn)在時must have donedidnt We must book the ticket in advance, mustnt we? （必須） She must be in the office, isnt she? （肯定）對現(xiàn)在事情的肯定猜測。He must have done his homework, didnt he? （肯定）對過去事情的肯定猜測。助動詞 ？ 情態(tài)動詞？Wish 反意疑問句的陳述部分是wish時，附加問句用情態(tài)動詞may。I wish to shake hands with you, may I?人稱和數(shù) （1）陳述部分主語是I時，附加問句

15、的人稱分二種情況：I hope that, dont you? I cant believe it, can you?I will be 14 tomorrow, arent I? I am interested in it, arent I?人稱和數(shù) （2）陳述部分主語是everything、nothing、something等時看作單數(shù)，附加問句用it指代。陳述部分主語是everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、no one 、anybody、any one等時看作復(fù)數(shù)，附加問句用they指代。陳述部分主語是不定代詞 one時，附加問句用one指

16、代。 人稱和數(shù) （3）Nothing is amazing there,is it?Something will have to be done about the price,wont it?Nobody is leaving tomorrow,are they?Everyone hopes to get promoted,dont they?Someone left their umbrella in the bus, didnt they?One cant be too careful, can one?祈使句后面的附加問句 （1）祈使句后面的附加問句，分三種情況；表客氣、委婉、邀請、勸

17、誘、愿望等時，用wont you 。Have a cup of coffee, wont you?表命令、強制的要求、請求時，用will you。Do it at once, will you? 否定祈使句用will you 。 Dont close the door, will you?祈使句后面的附加問句 （2）Lets 和let us后面的附加問句，分兩種情況；lets包括對方在內(nèi)，用shall we 或shant we。let us不包括對方在內(nèi)，用will you 或wont you。Let 后接非us之外的人稱如me、him、her、them等時，附加問句用will you。祈使句

18、后面的附加問句 （3）lets go to the movies, shall we?let us go to the movies, will you ?let him go, will you?let me attend the farewell party, will you?There+be句型的反意疑問句There+be句型的反意疑問句，附加問句用be there/be not there，由主語人稱時態(tài)和數(shù)決定。There wont be any trouble, will there? Theres not much news in todays paper, is there?

19、There has been much confusion since his arrival, hasnt there?This/that/It is/was the third time that句型This/that/It is/was the third time that等句型中，反意主句，用it指代。This is the third time this week he has been late, isnt it?It was the second time that she had been to the Great Wall, wasnt it?主從復(fù)合句 （1）I thin

20、k (suppose)賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，附加問句反意從句分兩種情況；前肯定句，后用否定句。I think that he is serious, isnt he ? 前有否定句，后面附加問句用肯定(I dont think)。I dont suppose that she is serious, is she?上述主從復(fù)合句主句主語是第一人稱以外的人稱時，反意主句。 They think Mary will pass the examination, dont they?主從復(fù)合句 （2）I hope+賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，附加問句用dont you。I hope that they study hard

21、, dont you?感嘆句后的附加問句感嘆句后的附加問句指人時，根據(jù)人稱、數(shù)決定用什么指代。指物時，根據(jù)單復(fù)數(shù)決定，用it /they指代。 What an interesting story, isnt it? What a funny man, isnt he? How silly they are, arent they?Inversion(倒裝）帶否定意義的副詞置于句首時(1)帶否定意義的詞置于句首時，主謂語需要倒裝。Rarely does he go to the movies.Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of her hones

22、ty.Little do I know about the meaning of this proverb.Never before the night had I felt the extent of my power.含有否定詞的介詞短語在句首含有否定詞的介詞短語在句首時，句子主謂倒裝。這類介詞短語包括： in no case, at no time, in no way, by no means, on no account, in no sense, under no circumstances, 等等。意思為 “決不，在任何情況下都不。 ”“Only+狀語”置于句首時的倒裝(1)“O

23、nly+狀語”置于句首時，主謂語需要倒裝。1) Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently.2) Only when I saw him did I remember that I promised to bring him a gift.3) Only then did I know that I was wrong.not only位于句首時的倒裝句首是not only且連接分句結(jié)構(gòu)時，引起局部（部分）倒裝。Not only did we lose our money, but we were a

24、lso in danger of losing our lives.Not only can he sing very well, but he can also play some musical instrument very skillfully.neither，nor表示“也不”時的倒裝(1)句首是neither，nor表示“也不”時，主謂語需要倒裝。I couldnt solve the problem, neither /nor could my brother. = I couldnt solve the problem. My brother couldnt, either.I

25、 didnt go to school, nor did Mary. = I didnt go to school. Mary didnt, either.so表示“也是，同樣”時的倒裝句首是so表示“也是，同樣”時，主謂語需要倒裝。Copper is a good conductor; so is silver.John failed in the exam; so did Mark.He takes part in sports activities, so do his classmates.I have been to the Temple of Heaven, so has she.

26、平衡倒裝There+be或其它不及物動詞come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等結(jié)構(gòu)中，為避免句子頭重腳輕，平衡倒裝。There stands an old house that is being pulled down.There existed a hostile relationship between the two families.There are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person.Such/sothat句型中的倒裝Such/sothat句型中such+名詞或so+形容詞，副詞等位于句首時

27、，主句中主謂倒裝。So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment.So excited was I that I didnt know what to say.比較狀語從句中的倒裝than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中，主從句謂語趨向中間以達到平衡，此時從句要求主謂倒裝。Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, man is less limited by nature than were

28、 his forefathers/ancestors.表頻率的狀語至于句首倒裝表頻率的狀語至于句首，倒裝。Many a time has he given us sound advice.Twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents.More than once have we heard him make such promises.As,though讓步狀語從句中倒裝在以as，though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句常用倒裝語序，把表語或狀語提前。（名，形，付， 動詞）Child that he is, he can distinguis

29、h between right and wrong.Intelligent as/though you are, you should be modest.Much as I admire him, I dont think he is perfect.Try as she did, she failed again.虛擬語氣中的倒裝虛擬語氣中省略“if”或“whether”時的倒裝。Were it left to me to choose, I prefer the latter to the former.Had it not rained so heavily, we would hav

30、e visited the Summer Palace yesterday.Be we rich or poor, we should have our own dignity.副詞至于句首Here、there、in、out、up、down等表示方位的副詞至于句首時，主謂需要倒裝。Here comes the bus.Down jumped the little boy from the bridge. Here it ( 指 the bus) comes.There they went.Subject & Verb Agreement 主謂一致集體名詞做主語集體名詞做主語時，謂語動詞情況有三

31、種有些集體名詞如cattle、folk 、people 、youth 、clergy（教士）、police等常做復(fù)數(shù)看。The police have caught the murderer.集體名詞做主語有些集體名詞（表示總稱）如machinery、stationery, merchandise （商品） 、foliage（樹和植物葉子的總稱）等看作單數(shù)。New machinery is being installed in the factory.集體名詞做主語有些集體名詞如army, audience、class、club, committee、company, crowd, famil

32、y、group, government, jury, party, staff, team, union, public 、poultry等根據(jù)意思決定，有時做單數(shù)看待，有時做復(fù)數(shù)看待。The committee meet every Monday. He is on the committee that controls public spending.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語，要根據(jù)意義決定謂語的形式。This means of transportation is the most convenient one.There are various means of tr

33、ansportation being developed. 成雙成對的東西的名詞表示成雙成對的東西的名詞，若被a pair of修飾，要求單數(shù)謂語；否則，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語形式。A pair of gloves is a nice present.My shoes need repairing.My trousers want mending.表示時間、重量 、長度、距離、價值等單位的名詞做主語表示時間、重量 、長度、距離、價值等單位的名詞以及概念上屬于整體的一個單元的名詞雖然形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。Ten years is only a moment in history.Two co

34、pies is enough.Three hours is not a long time to wait.表數(shù)量名詞做主語number、variety、proportion、majority、population、percent 、 total等詞有時做單數(shù)，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待，從意思上決定。（分數(shù)、百分數(shù)、部分）20 percentage of the polluted water goes into the sea.20 percentage of the families say that they enjoy watching this TV program.不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞前加表示

35、數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，后面跟復(fù)數(shù)謂語。There are two cups of coffee.Here are several pieces of valuable information for you to refer to / make reference to.書名、電影名或格言等 專有名詞做主語如果主語是一本書的名字、電影的名字或一個格言等專有名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)?！癎one with the Wind” is an interesting novel.“The Scent of a Woman” is an awarded film.No Pains, No Gains is a wi

36、dely quoted proverb.學(xué)科名詞做主語表示學(xué)科名稱的名詞如physics, mathematics, economics, politics, electronics, 做主語，雖然形式上以 結(jié)尾，但應(yīng)為單數(shù)，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。In my opinion, physics is a difficult subject.Politics is an interesting topic for many men.表示疾病的名詞做主語表疾病名稱的名詞如diabetes, tuberculosis, measles等做主語，雖然形式上以 結(jié)尾，但應(yīng)為單數(shù)，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。Diabet

37、es is considered a disease that belongs to the wealthy/the rich. （富貴?。㏕uberculosis is no longer threatening peoples life.就近/毗鄰一致原則(1)There 或here引起的句子中主語不止一個時，謂語就近一致。就近/毗鄰一致原則(2)由or、eitheror 或neithernor、not only、but also、not,but等連接的兩個主語謂語就近一致。謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（1）Many a /More than one所修飾的名詞作主語時謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。 Man

38、y a brave soldier has died in that battle.More than one question has been raised in the lecture.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（2）Either/neither做主語通常作單數(shù)看待，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。Either of the methods is effective.Neither of the roads leads to the town.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（3）each、some、any、no、every等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞，都作單數(shù)看待，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。There is somebody on

39、the phone for you.Nobody was working when I came in.Everything is all right.Each is given a copy of the book.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（4）主語中包括“and”時，若表示一個單一概念，謂語動詞應(yīng)做單數(shù)。加：(and 連接兩個單數(shù)名詞前面如有each、every， many a， no等)The poet and writer has come.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Every man and woman is eager to

40、 find a life-long companion.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（5）主語是單數(shù)，后面盡管有with、together、with 、along with 、besides 、as well as 等引導(dǎo)的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。The teacher, together with some of her students , was cleaning the classroom.We as well as he agree with you. one of+名詞/代詞做主語one of+賓語后的定語從句中謂語動詞的形式有兩種情況： (only) one of +賓語 that+復(fù)

41、數(shù) the(only)one of +賓語 that+單數(shù)He is only one of the students in our class who have passed the CET-4.He is the one of the students in our class who has passed the CET-6.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（6）None在代表不可數(shù)名詞時總是單數(shù).I am afraid that we cant have coffee; there is none left.None of +名詞短語做主語謂語動詞總是用單數(shù)。None of us is inte

42、rested in the suggestion.None of the students has passed the exam.謂語動詞多用復(fù)數(shù)的情況（1）由bothand連接的兩個部分總是作復(fù)數(shù)看待。Both my mother and father are satisfied with my job.Both John and Jack have ever got a summer job.謂語動詞多用復(fù)數(shù)的情況（2）the +adj（或過去分詞）表一類人需作復(fù)數(shù)看待。The old need our care.The wounded are being taken good care

43、 of.The young are our countrys hope.The injured were sent to the hospital immediately.謂語動詞多用復(fù)數(shù)的情況（3）ch、sh、-ese等結(jié)尾的表示國籍的詞，也作復(fù)數(shù)看待。The British are very fond of their sense of humor.The French are well-known for their romance.The Chinese are famous for their hospitality.The rest of +名詞/代詞做主語The rest of

44、+名詞/代詞做主語時， 謂語動詞有三種情況：1）The rest of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)做主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。2）The rest of +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。3）The rest of +不可數(shù)名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。what引導(dǎo)的主語從句由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，一般用單數(shù)謂語。若從句謂語或從句后表語為復(fù)數(shù)，則用復(fù)數(shù)謂語形式。What he has told me is not true.What ideas he has are his wifes.動名詞短語，不定式短語& 名詞從句作主語動名詞短語，不定式短語和名詞從句作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。Collecting

45、 foreign coins is my favorite hobby.To die for the people is a glorious death.When they will come hasnt been made public.Emphatic Structure 強調(diào)詞匯強調(diào)用強調(diào)性形容詞表示強調(diào)。(very、utter)This is the very book I am looking for.You are the very person whom I want to make friends with.This is the utter place where the

46、accident took place.詞匯強調(diào)用強調(diào)性副詞表示強調(diào)。(absolutely、only、just)What you have said is absolutely true.I am only too happy to do that.I have had just enough.詞匯強調(diào)用反身代詞表示強調(diào)。(self)I myself did it.I did it myself.詞匯強調(diào)比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中通常在形、副詞比較級前加副詞even、much等表示強調(diào)。This problem is even more complicated than the previous one.

47、The train runs much faster than the bus.詞匯強調(diào)最高級前用by far等表示強調(diào)。She is by far the most ambitious student I have ever met.This is by far the most urgent problem that the government should solve.詞匯強調(diào)在疑問詞（wh-詞）后加上on earth、in the world等一些特殊詞語，加強疑問語氣表示強調(diào)。What on earth do you want?Where in the world can I fi

48、nd such a valuable painting?詞匯強調(diào)在否定句中用at all、in the least等加強否定語氣表示強調(diào)。He was not at all satisfied with his job.She is not in the least ignorant/foolish.詞匯強調(diào)在人稱代詞所有格后加own表示強調(diào)。The small boy went to the seaside on his own.They wanted a house of their own.She gave her own lunch to the poor old man.詞匯強調(diào)So

49、 表強調(diào)“的確，確實”。He has succeeded in doing the experiment.So he has.She passed the difficult test of English.So she did.The small boy can recite more than 300 ancient poems.So he can.語法強調(diào)用助動詞(do、does、did)強調(diào)動詞謂語。I do believe that you can succeed.He does know how to do that.They did go there and arrest the

50、 murderer.句型強調(diào)(1)句型whatis/was結(jié)構(gòu)可用來強調(diào)句子的表物的主語或賓語。What I need is your support.What matters is quality.What was really important was that it brought about many benefits.(2)強調(diào)句型*It is /was+that/who可強調(diào)主語，賓語，狀語等。Last year she visited Singapore with her parents.It was she that/who visited Singapore with It

51、 was Singapore that she visited with It was with her parents that she visited SIt was last year that she visited S with .另：*It is not until+a time +that .It was not until then that he had realized the importance of hard work.It was not until she told me that I had known my mistake.強調(diào)句型的疑問形式It was pu

52、rely by accident that I came across the book. Was it purely by accident that you came across the book?It is his teacher that he usually turns to for help. Who is it that he usually turns to for help? (3)其它句型*It is /has been+表一段時間的詞 +since（從句中用一般過去時）It has been a year since we last saw each other.It

53、is a decade since we carried out the policy of market economy.*It/This/That is/was +序數(shù)詞+time that sb. has/had done sth.This is the third time within one month that he has gone to the cinema. That was the fourth time that he had made changes to the original design.修辭強調(diào)通過句子倒裝表示強調(diào)。請參考倒裝一課。From under the bush comes a strange sound.Down jumped the man from the cliff.In the letter I found a