朱紅軍應用化學專業(yè)英語翻譯

1、.CONTENTSUnit 1 Scientific Paper and LiteratureLesson 1 Writing a Scientific PaperThis chapter is a general guide to writing a scientific paper. Specific guidelines for text length, preparation of figures and tables, and instructions on how to submit your paper differ from journal to journal and pub

2、lisher to publisher. For ACS journals and special publications, read the Guide, Notes, Notice, or Instructions for Authors that appear in each publication's first issue of the year and on the World Wide Web at . For ACS books, consult the brochure “How To Prepare Your manuscript for

3、the ACS Symposium Series” or “Instructions for Authors”, available from the Books Department or on the World Wide Web at the same address. 譯文：這一章節(jié)是寫科學論文一個總的指導。包括對于文章長度要求，數字和圖表的制備，還有向不同雜志和出版商提交論文的說明指導方針。對于美國化學學會雜志和特殊的出版物，請閱讀出現在每年第一期和全球網上對于作者的指南，注釋，公告和說明。對于美國化學會的書目，請查閱一些像如何為ACS準備你的底稿，作者須知這樣的小冊子，這些資料可以

4、從書籍部或者在相同地址的全球網頁上得到。Introduction to Science PaperA research paper is a form of written academic communicationwhich can be employed to disseminate useful information and to share academic ideas with others. Most of the research papers are written for publication in journals or conference proceedings

5、in one's field. Publication is one of the fastest ways for propagating ideas and for professional recognition and advancement. If you have a clear idea about the features and styles of academic articles, it will be easier for you to successfully get your paper published in the target journal or

6、accepted by an international conference.（去年曾考！）一篇研究論文是學術交流的書面形式，它可以用來傳播有用的信息并且可以和別人分享有用的學術見解。大多數的研究論文是用于雜志出版或者作為個人領域的會議記錄。出版是作為傳播見解和專業(yè)認知與提高最快捷的方法。如果你對學術文章的特點和形式有著清晰地認識，那么你的論文可以更容易的在目標雜志上發(fā)表或者被國際會議所采納。Features of AcademicPapers The first of the features of an academic paper is the content. It is no mo

7、re and no less than an objective and accurate account of a piece of research you did, either in the humanities, social,sciences, naturalsciences or applied sciences. It should not be designed to teachor to provide general background.學術論文的特色學術論文的第一個特色就是內容。它只不過是你做的部分研究客觀并且準確的記錄，要么是關于人文，社會，科學，自然科學或者應用科

8、學。他不能用來教授或者提供一般背景。The second feature is the style of writing for this purpose. Your paper should contain three ingredients: precise logical structure, clear and concise language, and the specific style demanded by the journal to which it will be submitted.論文的第二個特征就是這一目的的寫作方式。你的論文必須包含三種要素：嚴格的邏輯結構，清晰和

9、簡潔的語言，還有就是你論文要提交的雜志所規(guī)定的特定寫作形式。The third, which is indeed a part of the second, is the system of documenting the sources used in writing the article. At every step in the process of writing, you must take into account the ideas, facts, and opinions you have gained from sources youhave consulted. 第三，實

10、際上是第二條的一部分，就是文章所用資源的引證系統。在文章過程的每一部里，你必須對你從資源查閱到的想法，事實，觀點進行充分考慮。One of the most convenient features of academic articles is that they are divided into clearly delineated sections. This is helpful because you only have to concentrate on one section at a time. You can thus visualize more or less comple

11、tely the whole paper while you are working on any part of it.Though papers of the humanities and social sciences do not always have the clearly divided sections, they share some ofthe common requirements with the scientific papers. 學術論文的特征中最方便的地方之一是學術論文被清晰地分成幾個部分。這一點對你很有幫助，因為你每次只需考慮一個部分。當你撰寫其中一個部分時你

12、總能總攬全文。盡管人文科學和社會科學沒有明顯的界限，但是他們遵循科學論文的一般要求。Getting StartedAlthough there is no fixed set of “writing rules” to be followed like a cookbook recipe or an experimental procedure, some guidelines can be helpful. Start by answering some questions: 盡管學術論文不像食譜配方或者實驗流程一樣有一套固定的寫作規(guī)矩，但是一些指導方針也是很有幫助的。接下來回答請一些問題：

13、What is the function or purpose of this paper" Are you describing original and significant research results" Are you reviewing the literature" Are you providing an overview of the topic" Something else" 你論文的作用和目的是什么.你是在描述獨創(chuàng)的并且有重大意義的科研成果嗎.你是在綜述文獻嗎.你是在進行主題概括嗎.或者是其他的問題。How is y

14、our work different from that described in other reports on the same subject" (Unless you are writing a review, be sure that your paper will make an original contribution. Some publishers, including ACS, do not publish previously published material.) 你的論文與其他具有相似主題的報告有什么不同之處.（除非你是在寫綜述，確保你的論文具有原創(chuàng)性

15、貢獻。）一些出版商，包括ACS，不會出版過去已經被發(fā)表過的材料。What is the best place for this paper to be published-in a journal or as part of a book" If a journal, which journal is most appropriate" 這篇論文最好的出版地方是哪里.是在一本雜志里面或者作為一本書的一部分。若是在雜志中，哪種雜志是最合適的。Who is the audience" What will you need to tell them to help th

16、em understand your work" 你的讀者是誰.你需要講述哪些信息以便于幫助他們理解你的文章.Answering these questions will clarify your goals and thus make it easier for you to write the paper with the proper amount of detail. It will also make it easier for editors to determine the paper's suitability for their publications.

17、Writing is like so many other things: if you clarify your overall goal, the details fall into place. 回答這些問題可以明確你的目標，并且可以幫助你在論文里書寫合適的內容，也可以幫助編輯更容易的判定你的論文在他們出版物的適用性。寫作就像其它好多事情一樣：如果你把你的總體目標明確好，內容就會變得井井有條。Once you know the function of your paper and have identified its audience, review your material for

18、 completeness or excess. Then, organize your material into the standard format: introduction, experimental details or theoretical basis, results, discussion, and conclusions. This format has become standard because it is suitable for most reports of original research, it is basically logical, and it

19、 is easy to use. The reason it accommodates most reports of original research is that it parallels the scientific method of deductive reasoning: define the problem, create a hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and draw conclusions. Furthermore, this forma

20、t enables the reader to understand quickly what is being presented and to find specific information easily. This ability is crucial now more than ever because scientists, if not all professionals, must read much more material than their time seems to allow.你一旦知道了你的論文功能并且確定了它的讀者，請評估你材料的完整性。然后用標準板式對你材

21、料進行組織：包括內容，實驗數據或者實驗依據，結果，討論，結論。這種版式已成為標準因為它對大多數的原始科研報告具有適用性。它基本上符合邏輯，并且應用簡單。它適用于大多數報告的原因就是它與演繹推理的科學思路類似：定義問題，做出假設，設計實驗驗證假設，進行實驗，得出結論。另外，這種版式可以使讀者快速的理解呈現出來的內容并且更容易的發(fā)現特定的信息。這種能力在今天至關重要，因為科學家，如果不是全部的專業(yè)人員，必須在他們允許的時間范圍內讀更多的材料。Even if your results are more suited to one of the shorter types of presentatio

22、n, the logic of the standard format applies, although you might omit the standard headings or one or more entire sections. As you write, you can modify, delete, or add sections and subsections as appropriate. 即使你的結果更適用于短類型的陳述，但是標準版式的邏輯也可以適用。你也可以省略某個標題或者一個或多個段落。當你寫作的時候，你可以修改，刪除，或者在合適的地方增加段落或分段。An ext

23、remely important step is to check the specific requirements of the publication you have targeted and follow them. Most publications require revisions of manuscripts that are not in their requested format. Thus, not following a publication's requirements can delay publication and make more work f

24、or you. Finally, your paper will be peer-reviewed, so a good idea is to pay attention to the aspects that the reviewers will be considering. 其中極其重要的一步就是核對目標雜志的特定要求并且遵從他們。大多數的出版物要求對不符合格式的原稿進行修訂。因此，不遵循出版物的要求可能會延誤發(fā)表并且給你帶來更多的工作。最后，你的論文需要同行評審，所以，一個不錯的主意就是注重評審者所考慮的方面。Writing Style and Word Usage Short dec

25、larative sentences are the easiest to write and the easiest to read, and they are usually clear. However, too many short sentences in a row can sound abrupt or monotonous. To add sentence variety, it is better to start with simple declarative sentences and then combined some of them than to start wi

26、th long rambling sentences and then try to shorten them. 簡短的說明語言非常容易書寫和閱讀，他們通常是清晰地。然而，太多的短句子排列在一起聽起來會很生硬且單調。為了增加句子的多樣性，與其以雜亂無章的句子開頭然后嘗試縮短他們，不如以簡短的說明語句開始然后去組合他們。You and your colleagues probably have been discussing the project for months, so the words seem familiar, common, and clear to you. However,

27、 the readers will not have been part of these discussions. That is where copy editors can help. Their job is to make sure that readers understand the material you are presenting. 你和你的同事可能數月來都在討論課題，所以語言對你們來說很熟悉，通用而且清晰。然而，讀者并沒有參與你們的討論。這就需要編輯提供幫助。他們的工作就是確保理解你們提交的材料。By all means, write in your own perso

28、nal style, but keep in mind that scientific writing is not literary writing. Scientific writing serves a purpose completely different from that of literary writing, and it must therefore be precise and unambiguous. 無論如何，請按照你自己的方式去寫，請記住科學論文并不是文學創(chuàng)作?？茖W論文與文學創(chuàng)作有著完全不同的目的，因此它們必須是精確并且不含糊的。If English is not

29、your first language, ask an English-speaking colleague-if possible, a native English speaker-for help with grammar and diction. 如果英語不是你的母語，請教一個說英語的同事，如果有可能，最好是一個以英語為母語者，他會對你的語法和措辭進行幫助。Choosing the Correct Word or Phrase 選擇正確的單詞和短語· Use words in their primary meanings; do not use a word to expre

30、ss a thought if such usage is uncommon, informal, or primarily literary. Examples are using “since” when you mean “because”, and “while” when you mean “although”. Many words are clear when youare speaking because you can amplify your meaning with gestures, expressions, and vocal inflections-but when

31、 these same words are written, they may be clear only to you. 使用單詞時要用他們最原始的意思；請不要用不尋常，不正式或者文學性的用語來表達你的想法。舉個例子，就是當你表達因為的時候用了“since”，當你表達即使的時候你用了“while”。當你說話的時候，許多單詞的意思是很清楚地，因為你可以通過手勢，表情，音調的抑揚頓挫來強化你的意思。但是當相同的單詞被書寫的時候，這些詞匯只對你一個人清楚了。· Use appropriate verb tenses. 請用動詞合適的時態(tài)(1) Simple past tense is c

32、orrect for stating what was done, either by others or by you: “The spectra were recorded.”“The solutions were heated to boiling.” “Jones reviewed the literature and gathered much of this information.” “We recently found that relativistic effects enhance the bond strength.” “The structures were deter

33、mined by neutron diffraction methods.” (2) 一般過去式用來描述過去發(fā)生的事情，這些事情要么被別人做，要么被你完成?！斑@種光譜被記錄”“溶液被加熱到沸騰”“瓊斯回顧了文獻并收集了這些信息”“我們最近發(fā)現相對論效應增強了鍵的強度”“這種結構是由中子衍射思路決定的”。(3) Present tense is correct for statements of fact: “Absolute rate constants for a wide variety of reactions are available.” “Hyperbranched compoun

34、ds are macromolecular compounds that contain a branching point in each structural repeat unit.” (4) 一般現在式用于對事實的陳述?！敖^對速率常數對很多類型的反應都是適用的”“超分支化合物是在每個重復結構單元含有分支點的高分子化合物”(5) Present and simple past tenses may both be correct for results, discussion, and conclusions: “The characteristics of the voltammetr

35、ic wave indicate that electron transfer and breaking of the carbon-iodine bond are concerted.” “The absence of substitution was confirmed by preparative-scale electrolysis at a potential located at the foot of the voltammetric wave.” “IR spectroscopy shows that nitrates are adsorbed and are not remo

36、ved by washing with distilled water.” (6) 一般現在和過去式對于結果，討論，結論都是正確的?！胺蔡匦郧€的特征表明電子轉移和C-I鍵的斷裂是一致的?！薄叭〈磻南怯煞蔡匦郧€底部潛在的位置大規(guī)模的電解得以證實?！薄凹t外光譜表明了硝酸鹽通過蒸餾水的沖洗得到富集而沒有被移走”· Use the active voice when it is less wordy and more direct than the passive. 用主動語態(tài)比被動語態(tài)更簡潔更直接。Poor:  The fact that such pr

37、ocesses are under strict stereoelectronic control is demonstrated by our work in this area. Better:  Our work in this area demonstrates that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control. 我們在這個領域的工作表明了這種反應是在嚴格的電子效應控制之下。· Use first person when it helps to keep your meaning c

38、lear and to express a purpose or a decision. 使用第一人稱會使你的意思和你表達的目的或結論更清晰、Jones reported xyz, but I (or we) found . . . I (or we) present here a detailed study . . . My (or our) recent work demonstrated . . . To determine the effects of structure on photophysics為了決定這種結構對于光物理學的影響, I (or we) . . . Howeve

39、r, avoid phrases such as “we feel”, “we believe”, “we concluded”, and “we can see”, as well as personal opinions. 然而，請避免使用像“我感覺”“我相信”“我推斷”“我們發(fā)現”以及具有個人意見的短語。· Use an affirmative sentence rather than a double negative. 請使用肯定句型而不是雙重否定。Instead ofConsider usingThis reaction is not uncommon This reac

40、tion is common This reaction is rare This reaction occurs about 40% of the time This transition轉換 was not unexpectedThis transition was expected We knew that such transitions were possibleThis strategy is not infrequently used This strategy is frequently used This strategy is occasionally used This

41、result is not unlikely to occur This result is likely to occur This result is possible · Watch the placement of the word “only”. It has different meanings in different places in the sentence. 請注意觀察單詞“僅僅”的位置。它在句子不同的位置處有不同的意思。Only the largest group was injected with the test compound. (Meaning: a

42、nd no other group) 只有最大那組注射了測試用的化合物（含義：沒有其他組）The largest group was only injected with the test compound. (Meaning: and not given the compound in any other way) 最大的那組只通過注射的方式通入了待測化合物（含義：沒有其他方式）The largest group was injected with only the test compound. (Meaning: and no other compounds)最大的那組只注射了待測化合物。

43、（含義：沒有注射其他化合物）The largest group was injected with the only test compound. (Meaning: there were no other test compounds) 最大的那組只注射了唯一的實驗化合物。（含義：沒有其他測試化合物）· Be sure that the antecedents of the pronouns “this” and “that” are clear. If there is a chance of ambiguity, use a noun to clarify your meani

44、ng. 確保在“這個”和“那個”一類代詞作為先行詞時含義要明確。如果有歧義，請用名詞來澄清你的含義。Ambiguous:  The photochemistry of transition-metal carbonyl complexes has been the focus of many investigations. This is due to the central role that metal carbonyl complexes play in various reactions. 過渡態(tài)金屬羰基化合物的光化學已成為很多研究調查的焦點。這主要是因為金屬羰基化

45、合物在很多反應中扮演關鍵角色。Unambiguous: The photochemistry of transition-metal carbonyl complexes has been the focus of many investigations. This interest is due to the central role that metal carbonyl complexes play in various reactions. · Use the proper subordinating conjunctions. “While” and “since” hav

46、e strong connotations of time. Do not use them where you mean “although”, “because”, or “whereas”. 請使用合適的從屬連詞?！皐hile”和“since”具有很強的時間內涵，當你表明“盡管”“因為”“然而”的意思的時候不要使用它們。Poor:Since solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very important. Better:Because solvent reorganiza

47、tion is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very important. Poor:While the reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not. Better:Although the reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, the corresponding reactions

48、of the substituted derivatives were not. Also: The reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, but (or whereas) the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not. · Use “respectively” to relate two or more sequences in the same sentence. 請使用“分別地”來連接一句話中兩件繼起的事。The excitation

49、激發(fā) and emission were measured at 360 and 440 nm, respectively.(That is, the excitation was measured at 360 nm and the emission was measured at 440 nm.) · Use the more accurate terms “greater than” or “more than” rather than the imprecise “over” or “in excess of”. 用更準確的短語greater than” or “more t

50、han”而不是欠準確的over或者inExcess of。greater than 50%, not in excess of 50% more than 100 samples, not over 100 samples more than 25 mg, not in excess of 25 mg, not over 25 mg · Use “fewer” to refer to number; use “l(fā)ess” to refer to quantity. fewer than 50 animals;fewer than 100 samples;less product; l

51、ess time;less work.用fewer來描述數字，用less描述數量。· However, use “l(fā)ess” with number and unit of measure combinations because they are regarded as singular. less than 5 mg; less than 3 days. 然而，要用less修飾數字和測量單位的組合，因為它們被認為是單數。· Use “between” with two named objects; use “among” with three or more named

52、 or implied objects. Communication between scientists and the public is essential. Communication among scientists, educators, and the public is essential. Communication among scientists is essential. 用between在兩個命名的對象之間，用among在三個或三個以上命名或隱含對象之間?？茖W家與公眾的交流很重要?？茖W家與教育者，公眾之間的交流很重要。科學界之間的交流很重要。· Choose

53、 “assure”, “ensure”, and “insure” depending on your meaning. To assure is to affirm; to ensure is to make certain; to insure is to indemnify for money. He assured me that the work had been completed. The procedure ensures that clear guidelines have been established.You cannot get a mortgage unless y

54、ou insure your home. 選擇assure、ensure、insure是根據你的意思來決定。Assure的意思就是肯定，ensure就是確保，insure就是用錢補償。他向我斷言工作已經被完成，這個工序確保了清晰地指導方針被建立。你不能得到貸款除非抵押你的房子。· Choose “affect”, “effect”, and “impact” depending on your meaning. “Affect” is a verb meaning to influence, modify, or change. “Effect” as a verb means to

55、 bring about, but as a noun it means consequence, outcome, or result. “Impact” is a noun meaning a significant effect. 選擇affect、effect、impact是由你的意思來決定。Affect是影響，調整，改變的動詞形式。Effect是引起的名詞形式，但作為名詞來講他的意思是結果。Impact的意思就是有重大意義的影響。The increased use of pesticides 殺蟲劑affects agricultural productivity. The use

56、of polychlorinated benzenes多氯苯 has an effect on the cancer rate.The effect of the added acid was negligible. The new procedure effected a 50% increase in yield. The impact of pesticide use on health is felt throughout the world.The acid did not have a great impact on the reaction rate. · It is

57、acceptable to use split infinitives to avoid awkwardness or ambiguity. 為了避免不協調和混淆使用分離不定式也是可以接受的。Awkward: The program is designed to assist financially the student who is considering a career in chemistry. Better: The program is designed to financially assist the student who is considering a career i

58、n chemistry. Ambiguous: The bonded phases allowed us to investigate fully permanent gases. Better: The bonded phases allowed us to fully investigate permanent gases. 副詞放在動詞前面· Use “whether” to introduce at least two alternatives, either stated or implied. I am not sure whether I should repeat t

59、he experiment. I am not sure whether I should repeat the experiment or use a different statistical treatment. I am going to repeat the experiment whether the results are positive or negative. 使用whether去描述兩個可以替換物，要么是陳述或者隱含。我不清楚我是否應該重復這個實驗。我不確定是否該重復這個實驗或者進行不同的數據處理。我將會重復這個實驗不管結果正確與否、· Use “whether or not” to mean “regardless of whether”. 當譯為不論的時候用whether or notIncorrect: I am not sure whether or not to repeat the experiment