高級英語第二冊L3中英文對照(共7頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上高英II-3（中英）3 Pub Talk and the King' s English酒吧閑聊與標準英語Henry Fairlie亨利.費爾利1 Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that de

2、serves the name of conversation.人類的一切活動中，只有閑談最宜于增進友誼，而且是人類特有的一種活動。動物之間的信息交流，不論其方式何等復雜，也是稱不上交談的。 2 The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is t

3、he person who has "something to say." Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they

4、see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.閑談的引人人勝之處就在于它沒有一個事先定好的話題。它時而迂回流淌，時而奔騰起伏，時而火花四射，時而熱情洋溢，話題最終會扯到什么地方去誰也拿不準。要是有人覺得“有些話要說”，那定會大煞風景，使閑聊無趣。閑聊不是為了進行爭論。閑聊中常常會有爭論，不過其目的并不是為了說服對方。閑聊之中是不存在什么輸贏勝負

5、的。事實上，真正善于閑聊的人往往是隨時準備讓步的。也許他們偶然間會覺得該把自己最得意的奇聞軼事選出一件插進來講一講，但一轉眼大家已談到別處去了，插話的機會隨之而失，他們也就聽之任之。 3 Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. They are companions, not intimate

6、s. The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each other'

7、;s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.或許是由于我從小混跡于英國小酒館的緣故吧，我覺得酒館里的閑聊別有韻味。酒館里的朋友對別人的生活毫無了解，他們只是臨時湊到一起來的，彼此并無深交。他們之中也許有人面臨婚因破裂，或戀愛失敗，或碰到別的什么不順心的事兒，但別人根本不管這些。他們就像大仲馬筆下的三個火槍手一樣，雖然日夕相處，卻從不過問彼此的私事，也不去揣摸別人內心的秘密。 4 It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved des

8、ultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one, that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it-she clearly had not come into the b

9、ar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind-but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.有一天晚上的情形正是這樣。人們正漫無邊際地東扯西拉，從最普通的凡人俗事談到有關木星的科學趣聞。談了半天也沒有一個中心話題，事實上也不需要有一個中心話題。可突然間大伙兒的話題都集中到了一處，中心話題奇跡般地出現(xiàn)了。我記不起她那句話是在什么情況下說出來的她顯然不是預先想好把那句話帶到酒館里來說的，那也不是什么非說不可的要緊話我只知道她那句話是隨著大伙兒的話題十分自然地脫口

10、而出的。 5 "Someone told me the other day that the phrase, 'the King's English' was a term of criticism, that it means language which one should not properly use."“幾天前，我聽到一個人說標準英語這個詞語是帶貶義的批評用語，指的是人們應該盡量避免使用的英語?！?6 The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There were affirmati

11、ons and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on.此語一出，談話立即熱烈起來。有人贊成，也有人怒斥，還有人則不以為然。最后，當然少不了要像處理所有這種場合下的意見分歧一樣，由大家說定次日一早去

12、查證一下。于是，問題便解決了。不過，酒館閑聊并不需要解決什么問題，大伙兒仍舊可以糊里糊涂地繼續(xù)閑扯下去。 7 It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English," which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of convicts. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. O

13、f course, there would be resistance to the King's English in such a society. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken."告訴她“標準英語”應作那種解釋的原來是個澳大利亞人。得悉此情，有些人便說起刻薄話來了，說什么囚犯的子孫這樣說倒也不足為怪。這樣，在五分鐘內，大家便

14、像到澳大利亞游覽了一趟。在那樣的社會里，“標準英語”自然是不受歡迎的。每當上流社會想給“規(guī)范英語”制訂一些條條框框時，總會遭到下層人民的抵制。 8 Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century to the English peasants of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wro

15、ng, did not matter. The conversation was on wings.看看撒克遜農民與征服他們的諾曼底統(tǒng)治者之間的語言隔閡吧。于是話題又從19世紀的澳大利亞囚犯轉到12世紀的英國農民。誰對誰錯，并沒有關系。閑聊依舊熱火朝天。 9 Someone took one of the best-known of examples, which is still always worth the reconsidering. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of th

16、e animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo-Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty ; it is pork (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poultry (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau). Even if our menus were not wirtten in French out of

17、 snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English. What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman conquest.有人舉出了一個人所共知，但仍值得提出來發(fā)人深思的例子。我們談到飯桌上的肉食時用法語詞，而談到提供這些肉食的牲畜時則用盎格魯一撒克遜詞。豬圈里的活豬叫pig，飯桌上吃的豬肉便成了pork(來自法語pore)；地里放牧著的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉則叫beef(

18、來自法語boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食時變成poultry(來自法語poulet)；calf加工成肉則變成veal(來自法語vcau)。即便我們的菜單沒有為了裝洋耍派頭而寫成法語，我們所用的英語仍然是諾曼底式的英語。這一切向我們昭示了諾曼底人征服之后英國文化上所存在的深刻的階級裂痕。 10 The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and reared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat

19、the rabbits that scampered over their fields and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin.撒克遜農民種地養(yǎng)畜，自己出產的肉自己卻吃不起，全都送上了諾曼底人的餐桌。農民們只能吃到在地里亂竄的兔子。兔子肉因為便宜，諾曼底貴族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃

20、的兔子肉共用rabbit這個詞表示，而沒有換成由法語lapin轉化而來的某個詞。 11 As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must

21、 have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. "The King's English"-if the term had existed then-had become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it.當我們今天聽著有關雙語教育問題

22、的爭論時，我們應該設身處地替當時的撒克遜農民想一想，新的統(tǒng)治階級把法語用來對抗撒克遜農民自己的語言，從而在農民周圍筑起一道文化障礙。當英國人在像覺醒者赫里沃德這樣的撒克遜領袖領導下起來造反時，他們一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“標準英語”如果那時候有這個名詞的話已經變成法語。而九百年后我們在美國這兒仍然繼承了這種影響。 12 So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrase came into use some time in the 16th century. "Queen's

23、 English" is found in Nash's "Strange Newes of the Intercepting Certaine Letters" in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of someone, "thou clipst the Kinge's English." Is the phrase in Shakespeare? That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. He uses it onc

24、e, when Mistress Quickly in "The Merry Wives of Windsor" says of her master coming home in a rage, ". here will be an old abusing of God's patience and the King's English," and it rings true.那晚閑聊過后，第二天一早便有人去查閱了資料。這個名詞在16世紀已有人使用過。納什作于1593年的截獲信函奇聞中就有過“標準英語”(Queens English)的

25、提法。1602年德克寫到某人時有句話說：“你把標準英語(Kings Engligh)簡化了”。莎士比亞作品中是否也出現(xiàn)過這一提法呢?如出現(xiàn)過，那就證明這個詞在當時即已通用。他用過一次，在溫莎的風流娘兒們中，快嘴桂嫂在講到她家老爺回來后將會有的盛怒情形時說，“少不了一頓臭罵，罵得鬼哭神愁，倫敦的官話(即“標準英語”)不知要給他糟蹋成個什么樣子啦?！?朱生豪譯)后來的事實果然被她說中了。 13 One could have expected that it would be about then that the phrase would be coined. After five centuri

26、es of growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror. English had come royally into its own.我們有理由認為這個詞語就是那個時期產生的。經過前后五百年的發(fā)展和與諾曼底人、安茹王朝及金雀花王朝的法語的競爭，英語最終同化了法語。被征服者變成了征服者，英語取得了國語的地位。 14

27、 There was a King's (or Queen' s) English to be proud of. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. "The King's English" was no longer a form of what would now be regarded as racial discrimination.這樣便有了一

28、種值得引以自豪的“標準英語”。伊麗莎白時代的人沒費吹灰之力，使其影響日盛，遍及全球?！皹藴视⒄Z”再也不帶有今天所謂的種族歧視的性質了。 15 Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australian. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. One feels that even Mistress Quickly-a servant-is saying that Dr. Caiu

29、s-her master-will lose his control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If the King's English is "English as it should be spoken," the claim is often mocked by the underlings, when they say with a jeer "English as it should be spoke." The rebellion against a cultural do

30、minance is still there.不過，那個澳大利亞人所作的解釋也有一定的道理。下層階級在用這一名詞時總帶著一點輕蔑或譏諷的味道。我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)，就連快嘴桂嫂這樣一個婢女也會說她的主子凱厄斯大夫會管不住自己的舌頭，而講起平民百姓們所講的那種粗話。如果說標準英語就是所謂“規(guī)范英語”，這種看法常常會受到下層人民的嘲笑譏諷，他們有時故意開玩笑地把它說成是“規(guī)反英語”。下層人民對文化上的專制仍是極為反感的。 16 There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that "words will harden into things

31、 for us." Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict , and made immune to change fr

32、om below.正如卡萊爾所說，始終存在著的一種危險是，“對我們來說。詞語會變成具體的事物”。詞語本身并不是現(xiàn)實，它不過是用以表達現(xiàn)實的一種形式而已。標準英語就像諾曼底人的盎格魯法語一樣，也是一個階級用來表達現(xiàn)實的一種形式。讓人們學著去講也許不錯，但既不應當把它作為法令，也不應當使它完全不接受來自下層的改變。 17 I have an unending love affair with dictionaries-Auden once said that all a writer needs is a pen, plenty of paper and "the best dictio

33、naries he can afford"-but I agree with the person who said that dictionaries are instruments of common sense. The King's English is a modela rich and instructive one-but it ought not to be an ultimatum.我一向對詞典有著始終不渝的酷愛一奧登說過，一個作家的全部所需就是一支筆、夠用的紙張和“他所能弄得到的最好的詞典”但我更贊同另一種說法，即把詞典看成是一種常識的工具。標準英語是一種

34、典范一種豐富而有指導作用的典范但并不是一種最高的典范。 18 So we may return to my beginning. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides in conversation. There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries

35、 to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print. When E. M. Forster writes of " the sinister corridor of our age," we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image. But if E. M. Forster sat in our living room and said, "We are all follo

36、wing each other down the sinister corridor of our age," we would be justified in asking him to leave.由此我們可以回到我先前的話題上了。即便是那些學問再高、文學修養(yǎng)再好的人，他們所講的標準英語在交談中也常常會離譜走調。要是有誰閑聊時也像做文章一樣句逗分明，或者像寫一篇要發(fā)表的散文一樣咬文嚼字的話，那他講起話來就一定會極為倒人胃口?？吹紼?M?福斯特筆下寫出“當今這個時代的陰森可怖的長廊”時，其用語之生動及由其所產生的生動有力、甚至可怖的形象令我們拍案叫絕。但假若福斯特坐在我們的會客室里

37、說“我們大家正一個接一個地步入這個時代的陰森可怖的長廊”時，那我們完全有理由請他走開。 19 Great authors are constantly being asked by foolish people to talk as they write. Other people may celebrate the lofty conversations in which the great minds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th century Paris, but one suspects that

38、the great minds were gossiping and judging the quality of the food and the wine. Henault, then the great president of the First Chamber of the Paris Parlement, complained bitterly of the "terrible sauces " at the salons of Mme. Deffand, and went on to observe that the only difference betwe

39、en her cook and the supreme chef, Brinvilliers , lay in their intentions.常常有一些愚人要求大文豪們談話時也像寫文章一樣字字珠璣。也有些人對18世紀巴黎的文藝沙龍里那些文人雅士的高談闊論極表稱羨?？墒牵f不定那些文人雅士們在那里也不過是閑聊，談論酒食的好壞哩。當時的巴黎大法院第一廳廳長亨奧爾特在德蘇侯爵夫人家的沙龍里作客時就曾大叫著說“調料糟透了”，接著還大發(fā)議論說侯爵夫人家的廚子和總廚師長布蘭維利耶之間的唯一差別只不過用心不一而已。 20 The one place not to have dictionaries is

40、 in a sitting room or at a dining table. Look the thing up the next morning, but not in the middle of the conversation. Other wise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at

41、one the meaning of "the King's English." We would never hay gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.會客室里和餐桌上是無需擺上詞典的。閑聊過程中若遇上弄不明白需待查實的問題可留待第二天再說，不要話說到一半?yún)s去一邊查起字典來。否則，談話便會受到妨礙，不能如流水般無拘無束地進行。那天晚上，如果我們當場弄清了“標準英語”的意義，也就不可能再有那一場交談論辯，我們也就不可能一會兒跳到澳大利亞去，一會兒扯回到諾曼底征服者時代了。

42、 21 And there would have been nothing to think about the next morning. Perhaps above all, one would not have been engaged by interest in the musketeer who raised the subject, wondering more about her. The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk sense and

43、so ruin all conversation.而且，我們也就沒有什么可以留到第二天去思考了。尤為重要的是，如果那個問題當場得到解決的話，人們就不會對于那位引出話題的“火槍手”那樣發(fā)生興趣，想多了解她的情況了。教黑猩猩說話之所以很困難，其原因就在于它們往往可能盡想著要講出些正經八百的話來，因而使得談話失去意趣。(from The Washington Post (華盛頓郵報), May 6, 1979)-NOTES1. Fairlie: Henry Fairlie (1924-) is a contributing editor to The New Republic as well as

44、a contributor to other journals. He is author of: The Kennedy Promise ; The Life of Politics ; and The Spoiled Child of the Western World. 2. The Washington Post: an influential and highly respected U.S. newspaper with a national distribution 3. pub: contracted from "public house" ; in Gre

45、at Britain a house licensed for the sale of alcoholic drinks4. musketeers of Dumas: characters created by the French novelist, Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870) in his novel The Three Musketeers5. Jupiter: referring perhaps to the planet Jupiter and the information about it gathered by a U.S. space probe6

46、. descendants of convicts: in 1788 a penal settlement was established at Botany Bay, Australia by Britain. British convicts, sentenced to long term imprisonment, were often transported to this penal settlement. Regular settlers arrived in Australia about 1829.7. Saxon churls: a farm laborer or peasa

47、nt in early England; a term used pejoratively by the Norman conquerors to mean an ill-bred, ignorant English peasant8. Norman conquerors: the Normans, under William I, Duke of Normandy (former territory of N. France) conquered England after defeating Harold, the English king, at the Battle of Hastin

48、gs (1066).9. lapin: French word for "rabbit"10.Hereward the Wake: Anglo-Saxon patriot and rebel leader. He rose up against the Norman conquerors but was defeated and slain (1071).11.Nash: Thomas Nash (1567-1601), English satirist. Very little is known of his life .Although his first public

49、ations appeared in 1589,it was not until Pierce Penniless His Supplication to the Devil (1592),a bitter satire on contemporary society ,that his natural and vigorous style was fully developed .His other publications include: Summer' s Last Will and Testament; The Unfortunate Traveler; and The Is

50、le of Dogs.12.Dekker: Thomas Dekker (1572.'? -16327), English dramatist and pamphleteer. Little is known of his life except that he frequently suffered from poverty and served several prison terms for debt. Publications: The Shoe- maker' s Holiday ; The Seven Deadly Sins of London ; The Gull

51、' s Hand- book; etc.13.here will be an old abusing: "old" here means "great, plentiful" from Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor", Act 1, Scene 4, lines5-614.Angevins and Plantagenets: names of ruling Norman dynasties in England (1154-1399), sprung from Geoffrey, Count of Anjou (former province of W. France)15.Elizabethans: people, especially writers, of the time of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603)16.(dandelion) clock: the downy fruiting head of the common dandelion17.Auden: W.H. Auden (1907-73), British-born poet, educated at Oxford. D