畢業(yè)論文翻譯(共11頁)

1、智能建筑(jinzh)和建筑管理系統(tǒng)摘要：伴隨著社會的急速發(fā)展，民用高層建筑也日益(ry)趨于智能化。本文主要介紹智能建筑的設(shè)計(jì)，建筑管理系統(tǒng)，智能家居的應(yīng)用，照明系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能(ji nn)和控制方法，以及北方建筑的暖氣設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用，為未來智能建筑發(fā)展指引方向。關(guān)鍵詞：智能建筑、智能家居、照明控制、照明系統(tǒng)、暖氣1 智能建筑控制理論智能建筑的本質(zhì)，建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑是在控制技術(shù)，使服務(wù)一體化，自動化和優(yōu)化的所有服務(wù)和設(shè)備提供服務(wù)和管理環(huán)境的建設(shè)可編程邏輯控制器，形成了原來的基礎(chǔ)上的控制技術(shù)。后來的事態(tài)發(fā)展，在商業(yè)和住宅的申請，是基于分布式智能的微處理器 。稍后這些技術(shù)的采用和發(fā)展，讓各種網(wǎng)站的建

2、設(shè)和服務(wù)得以優(yōu)化，往往高產(chǎn)顯著并且降低成本和節(jié)省大量能源。有很多方法，其中建設(shè)服務(wù)的建筑物內(nèi)可以得到控制，下降大致可分為二的方法類型：基于時間-提供暖氣或照明服務(wù)等，只有在需要時；基本參數(shù)的優(yōu)化-經(jīng)常使用的名詞，代表環(huán)境方面的服務(wù)，如溫度的空間加熱或照度的照明。 2暖氣2.1基于時間的控制基于時間的控制，可以用來打開和關(guān)閉供暖系統(tǒng)（和/或熱水）在預(yù)先選定的時期（一天，一周等）。優(yōu)化參數(shù)：無論任何條件下，確保建設(shè)達(dá)到預(yù)期的溫度，開始入住房間.2.2優(yōu)化基于參數(shù)（溫度）控制 溫度控制：保護(hù)對凍結(jié)或霜凍保護(hù)一般涉及運(yùn)行供暖系統(tǒng)水泵和鍋爐，當(dāng)外部溫度達(dá)到了一定時（0C時）。補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)：當(dāng)室外溫度下降，將

3、控制流溫度，在加熱電路相對外部溫度。這將提供一個上升的電路流溫度。散熱器恒溫閥：這些意義上的空間溫度在一個房間內(nèi)和節(jié)流閥的流量相關(guān)，所以通過裝上散熱器或變換器控制。比例控制：涉及交換設(shè)備，并自動關(guān)閉，以規(guī)管輸出。其他的方法可以包括恒溫器，紅外傳感（被動式紅外線感應(yīng)器）。3 照明控制方法 不同的控制系統(tǒng)的存在，再次基于時間的控制和優(yōu)化基于參數(shù)的情況(qngkung)下的水平照度或特定用途的照明是必需的。區(qū)域：燈開關(guān)就相應(yīng)的使用和布局的照明領(lǐng)域，如果只有一小部分，為了避免照明一大片，它需要微亮。時間控制：開關(guān)和關(guān)閉自動(zdng)在每個區(qū)域，以預(yù)設(shè)的時間表，輕微損耗。被動式紅外線（紅外）入住遙感：

4、在地區(qū)(dq)是被侵入的間歇，入住傳感器可以用來表明是否或有沒有任何人。輕一級的監(jiān)測：這包括調(diào)光開關(guān)或人工照明，以維持一個輕的水平來衡量一個光電。 4 建筑管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑4.1 節(jié)約能源 直到最近幾年，能源效率一直是大廈的業(yè)主和投資者比較低的優(yōu)先和低限度的考慮。但是，隨著急劇增加的和認(rèn)識能源使用的關(guān)注和進(jìn)步，符合成本效益的技術(shù)，能源效率正在迅速成為一部分房地產(chǎn)管理，設(shè)施管理和運(yùn)作策略的概念，現(xiàn)在也作出重大大舉進(jìn)入國內(nèi)住宅建筑部門。照明，節(jié)約能源的最多可以有75 的原電路的負(fù)荷，它代表5的能源消費(fèi)總量的住宅和商業(yè)部門。節(jié)約能源的潛力，從水加熱，冷卻，或熱水的生產(chǎn)，最多可以有10，代表多達(dá)7的

5、能源消費(fèi)總量的國內(nèi)住宅及商業(yè)部門。經(jīng)驗(yàn)研究表明，在奧地利的潛在加熱和冷卻可節(jié)省的能源是高達(dá)30，在公共建筑物。甚至讓事實(shí)，即建筑物所使用的研究可能已被那些有特別高的能源用量，這個數(shù)字是一個令人印象深刻的一個。（資料來源： eu2分析和市場調(diào)查，歐洲的建筑技術(shù)在中環(huán)及中東歐國家） 4.2 環(huán)境和溫室氣體的好處 減少對溫室氣體排放量的依賴和相關(guān)的減少能源的使用。智能建筑和樓宇管理系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)直接有助于減少能源的使用，在商業(yè)，工業(yè)，體制和國內(nèi)住宅部門。在短期內(nèi)，智能樓宇和適當(dāng)?shù)膽?yīng)用管理系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)有利于環(huán)境立法和環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，衛(wèi)生和安全規(guī)定，和全球趨勢對改善室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，都是顯著的辦法， 并提供一個連續(xù)

6、認(rèn)可的需要-建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑技術(shù)。政府的措施在世界各地也有強(qiáng)勁的發(fā)展，并通過大廈管理系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)。例如，英國碳信托允許增強(qiáng)資本免稅額（非洲經(jīng)委會） ，以作抵銷對稅務(wù)關(guān)于能源效率的制度，從而使儲蓄的30左右，為所有能源相關(guān)的建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能樓宇設(shè)備，以及相關(guān)的安裝和設(shè)計(jì)成本。 4.3 市場趨勢 仔細(xì)解釋，是必要的。在英國，通過控制技術(shù)進(jìn)入新的建設(shè)和翻新的主要行業(yè)是比較高的：估計(jì)在數(shù)年前的英國市場(shchng)的建設(shè)管理控制系統(tǒng)(kn zh x tn)的新建和主要翻新，所有部門，建議(jiny)通過市場（如在1994年，評估英國能源的RTD）：暖氣控制70 ；熱水系統(tǒng)控制的90；空調(diào)控制8

7、0。不過，根據(jù)歐洲委員會的記錄多達(dá)90的現(xiàn)有的建筑物已不適用或無效的管制，其中有許多需要完成的整修控制系統(tǒng)。此外傳統(tǒng)的控制系統(tǒng)停止短期自動化智能建筑的全部功能。一個重要的因素是人類所需的最優(yōu)秀的有效運(yùn)作，即使控制系統(tǒng)正確地指明和安裝。鑒于典型的裝置和設(shè)備經(jīng)常存在的問題，為建設(shè)占用于住宅或用于商業(yè)的使用情況操作是否正確和正確的運(yùn)作是至關(guān)重要的有效的結(jié)果。教育用戶，改善系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方便用戶，并提供有關(guān)指示和信息都是至關(guān)重要的，使理論轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)踐，并實(shí)現(xiàn)潛在的效益和節(jié)省。4.4 實(shí)際利益 能源的有效的制度，平衡建設(shè)的電燈，日光和機(jī)械系統(tǒng)以謀求最大利益。加強(qiáng)照明設(shè)計(jì)是一個多電器布局。它必須考慮的實(shí)際需要，

8、季節(jié)和氣候的日光變化，及其對建筑物的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的影響。 5 照明系統(tǒng) 加入日光到建設(shè)中去是一個方法，以達(dá)到能源效益的設(shè)計(jì)。 對于陽光的有效利用 ，可以使人們更快樂，更健康，更具生產(chǎn)力并且減少需要的電燈，大量的金錢可以節(jié)省能源。幾乎每一個商業(yè)大廈是一個潛在的節(jié)能項(xiàng)目，如電力照明系統(tǒng)，可設(shè)計(jì)為暗灰色。 高達(dá)75 的照明能源消耗可節(jié)省。此外，通過減少電燈照明，并盡量減少太陽能熱增益，控制的照明還可以減少建筑物的空調(diào)負(fù)荷。6 機(jī)械系統(tǒng) 暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)(xtng)和控制措施，包括應(yīng)用分配制度的空氣進(jìn)入工作區(qū)，是機(jī)械零件的建筑物，影響熱舒適性。這些系統(tǒng)必須共同努力，提供建筑的舒適度。而不是通常的一種的美學(xué)大廈

9、(dsh)，他們是至關(guān)重要的因素(yn s)在于其業(yè)務(wù)和乘員的滿意度。在辦公室投訴，人數(shù)最多的是因?yàn)楣ぷ鲌鏊珶?，很多人?yīng)付加入的投訴，通常進(jìn)行恒溫戰(zhàn)爭是與他們的合作同事，或者干脆離開辦公室。 智能家居住戶可以驅(qū)車前往服務(wù)中心，調(diào)整舒適的空間。不適當(dāng)?shù)臏囟?，濕度，通風(fēng)，室內(nèi)空氣品質(zhì)也有重大影響的生產(chǎn)力和健康。當(dāng)我們處于熱舒適的空間，我們可以更好地開展工作，更長的時間的放松，呼吸更容易，我們的注意力集中也會更好。為了提供一個舒適和健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境建設(shè)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)必須：提供一個可接受的水平，溫度和濕度和安全防范，氣味和室內(nèi)空氣污染物。創(chuàng)造意識的可居住性，通過空氣流動，通風(fēng)和輕微的溫度變化。讓乘員可以控制

10、和修改條件，以符合個人喜好。 7 阻力大廈管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑技術(shù) “我們的樓宇已具能源效益的”。（是整個建筑的節(jié)能，或是業(yè)主，限制他的重點(diǎn)，以公用地方及毛額租用空間？） “我們寧愿設(shè)備與最低的成本時，首先裝修租客空間” 。（是否規(guī)范有任何的想法誰承擔(dān)增加的經(jīng)營成本，這樣的策略呢？） “我們需要一個為期兩年的簡單的回饋或更少”。(這仍然是現(xiàn)實(shí)，20年前鑒于該回報率對貨幣市場是其中的十分之一？） “住戶支付所有的能源成本，并會得到所有的儲蓄”。（請勿相信住戶真的支付所有的能源，通常能源超過預(yù)先設(shè)定的基準(zhǔn)年或直到停止？） “我們正在(zhngzi)出售的建設(shè)”。（我們(w men)是否應(yīng)該承擔(dān)，然后

11、降低營運(yùn)開支和收獲增益資產(chǎn)(zchn)價值并不重要？） 8 智能建筑 建筑管理系統(tǒng)為住宅的申請與廣泛采用數(shù)字技術(shù)將有一場深刻變革，我們?nèi)绾闻c他人溝通。甚至如何，在我們的家園，我們商店進(jìn)行服務(wù)，接收新聞，管理我們的財政狀況，了解世界，并開展業(yè)務(wù)，管理資源，尋找娛樂，當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入老年并保持獨(dú)立性和自主性。這些活動的日益發(fā)生在家庭中。作為我們的看法，銀行，商店，大學(xué)，社區(qū)和城市的變化反應(yīng)的新技術(shù)，使建筑建立管理制度，正在成為一個不平凡的新的重要性。因?yàn)樗嬖诘慕裉?，家庭不能滿足這些需求，或利用新的機(jī)會所造成的社會和技術(shù)的變化。大多數(shù)人住的空間不能滿足他們的需要。直到最近，大多數(shù)房屋被有線仍略多于主要電

12、子電路，數(shù)電話線，和幾個電視電纜。時代變了，電器及保安系統(tǒng)承辦商經(jīng)常安裝低壓電纜通信網(wǎng)，這就是廣泛的智能家居或智能家居系統(tǒng)。服務(wù)和設(shè)備，利用這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)包括：安全、家庭影院和娛樂、電話，門電話和內(nèi)部通信、個人電腦及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、監(jiān)視攝像頭、車道的車輛傳感器、恒溫控制、百葉窗和窗簾、輸入系統(tǒng)，灌溉系統(tǒng)等等。 9 智能家園 智能家居是另一種的應(yīng)用為智能化住宅的建設(shè)。幾年前，這些概念很少考慮到未來的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在他們在一步步現(xiàn)實(shí)這些條款是現(xiàn)在常用來定義一個居住使用控制系統(tǒng)的整合居住的各種自動化系統(tǒng)。整合民政系統(tǒng)，使它們能夠互相溝通，通過控制系統(tǒng)，從而使單一的按鈕和語音控制同時在預(yù)先編程的情景或經(jīng)營模式下控制各

13、種家用系統(tǒng)。發(fā)展智能家居系統(tǒng)，集中討論如何在家及其相關(guān)技術(shù)，產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)應(yīng)該演變，以最好地滿足面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)的未來的可能性和排列是無止境的。10 總結(jié)總而言之，本文已為未來智能建筑的設(shè)計(jì)及管理系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展了指引方向，這對設(shè)計(jì)者來說將是巨大(jd)的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)！參考文獻(xiàn)： 李林; HYPERLINK /Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCYZ200001012.htm 21世紀(jì)新技術(shù)(jsh)在智能建筑中的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展J;工程設(shè)計(jì)CAD與智能建筑;2000年01期楊曉晴,孫萬志,桂垣; HYPERLINK /Article/CJFDTOTAL-HBJZ200301002.htm 關(guān)于(guny)

14、我國智能建筑建設(shè)的幾點(diǎn)看法J;河北建筑工程學(xué)院學(xué)報;2003年01期夏靜; HYPERLINK /Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXYE200401013.htm 論現(xiàn)代建筑的智能化設(shè)計(jì)J;江西冶金;2004年01期徐涓; HYPERLINK /Article/CJFDTOTAL-JZJJ200008015.htm 智能化建筑發(fā)展趨勢淺析J;建筑經(jīng)濟(jì);2000年08期Intelligent buildings design and building management systemsAbstract: With our society developing rapidly,more a

15、nd more high-rise buildings are tend to be designed to be intelligent. This article is mainly to introduce the design of intelligent buildings and building management systems, appliance of intelligent homes,lighting control methods and energy-saving ,and the design and appliance of the north buildin

16、gs heating,in order to provide a new way to designers in the near future.Key word: intelligent buildings intelligent homes lighting control lighting systems heatingIntelligent buildings - control theory The essence of Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings is in the control technologi

17、es, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide services and manages the environment of the building concerned.Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) formed the original basis of the control technologies. Later developments, in commercial and r

18、esidential applications, were based on distributed-intelligence microprocessors. The use of these technologies allows the optimisation of various site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy savings. There are numerous methods by which building services wit

19、hin buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types: Time based - providing heating or lighting services, etc., only when required. Optimiser Parameter based - often utilizing a representative aspect of the service, such as temperature for space heating or illuminance for lighting

20、. Heating - time-based controlTime-based controls can be used to turn on and off the heating system (and/or water heating) at pre-selected periods (of the day, of the week, etc). Optimiser Parameters: whatever the conditions, the controls make sure the building reaches the desired temperature when o

21、ccupancy starts.Heating - optimiser parameter-based (temperature) control Temperature control: protection against freezing or frost protection generally involves running heating system pumps and boilers when external temperature reaches a set level (0C). Compensated systems: will control flow temper

22、ature in the heating circuit relative to external temperature. This will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops. Thermostatic radiator valves: these sense space temperature in a room and throttle the flow accordingly through the radiator or convector to which they

23、 are fitted. Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off automatically to regulate output. Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIRs (passive infra-red sensors), and manual user control. Lighting control methods Different control systems exist, again time-based

24、control and optimiser parameter-based where a level of illuminance or particular use of lighting is required. Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area if only a small part of it needs light. Time control: to switch on

25、 and off automatically in each zone to a preset schedule for light use. Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and switch the light on or off accordingly. Light level monitorin

26、g: this consists of switching or dimming artificial lighting to maintain a light level measured by a photocell. Building management systems and intelligent buildings - energy savingsUntil recent years, energy efficiency has been a relatively low priority and low perceived opportunity to building own

27、ers and investors. However, with the dramatic increase and awareness of energy use concerns, and the advances in cost-effective technologies, energy efficiency is fast becoming part of real estate management, facilities management and operations strategy. The concepts are also now making significant

28、 inroads into the domestic residential housebuilding sectors.For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors. Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water p

29、roduction, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total energy consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors. Experiences from studies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings. Even allowing for the fact that build

30、ings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy usage, the figure is an impressive one. (Source: EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European Building Technologies in Central & Eastern European Countries - GOPA) Building management systems and intelligent buildings - environm

31、ental and greenhouse gas benefits Greenhouse gas emission reductions depend on and correlate to reductions in energy use.Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reduction in energy use, in commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic reside

32、ntial sectors.In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Building Management Systems are good for the environment.Legislation and environmental standards; health and safety regulations; and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of - and pr

33、ovide a continuous endorsement of the need for - Building Management Systems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies. Government Initiatives around the world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies. For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced

34、Capital Allowance (ECA) to be offset against taxation on energy efficient systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs. Building management systems and intelligent

35、 buildings - market trendsCareful interpretation is required. In the UK, adoption of controls technologies into the new build and major refurbishment sectors is relatively high: Estimates a few years ago of the UK market for Building Management Control Systems for new build and major refurbishment,

36、all sectors, suggest market adoption of (as at 1994 - Source UK1 An Appraisal of UK Energy RTD, ETSU -1994): Heating controls 70%. Hot water system controls 90%. Air conditioning controls 80%. However according to European Commission as many as 90% of all existing buildings have inapplicable or inef

37、fective controls, many of which require complete refurbishment of control systems.Moreover conventional control systems stop short of automated Intelligent Buildings full capabilities. A significant human element is required for optimal effective operation even if control systems correctly specified

38、 and installed.Given typical installations and equipment there is often a difficulty for building occupants (residential) or managers (commercial) to operate them correctly. Usage and correct operation are vital for effective results.Education of users; improved systems-design user-friendliness, and

39、 the provision of relevant instructions and information are all critical to enable theory to translate into practice, and for potential effectiveness and savings to be realised. Building management systems and intelligent buildings - practical benefits Energy-effective systems balance a buildings el

40、ectric light, daylight and mechanical systems for maximum benefit. Enhanced lighting design is more than an electrical layout. It must consider the needs and schedules of occupants, seasonal and climatic daylight changes, and its impact on the buildings mechanical systems.Lighting systemsAdding dayl

41、ight to a building is one way to achieve an energy-effective design. Natural daylight harvesting can make people happier, healthier, and more productive. And with the reduced need for electric light, a great deal of money can be saved on energy. Nearly every commercial building is a potential energy

42、 saving project, where the electric lighting systems can be designed to be dimmed with the availability of daylight. Up to 75% of lighting energy consumption can be saved. In addition, by reducing electric lighting and minimizing solar heat gain, controlled lighting can also reduce a buildings air c

43、onditioning load. Mechanical systems The HVAC system and controls, including the distribution system of air into the workspaces, are the mechanical parts of buildings that affect thermal comfort. These systems must work together to provide building comfort. While not usually a part of the aesthetics

44、 of a building, they are critical to its operations and occupant satisfaction. The number one office complaint is that the workplace is too hot. Number two is that its too cold. Many people cope by adding fans, space heaters, covering up vents, complaining, conducting thermostat wars with their co-w

45、orkers, or simply leaving the office. Occupants can be driven to distraction trying to adjust the comfort in their space. Improper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and indoor air quality can also have significant impacts on productivity and health. When we are thermally comfortable we work better

46、, shop longer, relax, breathe easier, focus our attention better. In order to provide a comfortable and healthy indoor environment the building mechanical system must:Provide an acceptable level of temperature and humidity and safe guard against odours and indoor air pollutants. Create a sense of ha

47、bitability through air movement, ventilation and slight temperature variation. Allow the occupant to control and modify conditions to suit individual preferences. Resistance to building management systems and intelligent buildings technology Our buildings are already energy-efficient. (Is the whole

48、building energy-efficient, or is the landlord limiting his focus to common areas and gross leased spaces?) We prefer the equipment with the lowest first cost when fitting out tenant space. (Does the specifier have any idea who will bear the increased operating costs of such a strategy?) We need a tw

49、o-year simple payback or less. (Is this still realistic, given that the percentage return on money markets is literally one-tenth what it was 20 years ago?) Tenants pay all energy costs, and will get all the savings. (Do tenants really pay all energy or just the energy over a pre-set base year or ex

50、pense stop?) Were selling the building. (Should we assume then that lowering the operating expenses and reaping the increased asset value are not important?) Intelligent homes Building management systems for residential applicationsWith the widespread adoption of digital technologies there will be a

51、 profound change in how we communicate with others. Even how, in our homes, we shop for goods and services, receive news, manage our finances, learn about the world, and, conduct business, manage resources, find entertainment, and maintain independence and autonomy as we enter old age. These activit

52、ies increasingly take place in the home. As our perception of banks, shops, universities, communities, and cities change in response to new technologies, so home building management systems are taking on an extraordinary new importance. As it exists today the home cannot meet these demands or take a

53、dvantage of new opportunities created by social and technological changes. Most people live in spaces poorly tailored to their needs. Until recently, the majority of homes were wired with little more than the main electrical circuits, a few phone lines, and a few TV cables. Times have changed. Elect

54、rical and security system contractors routinely install low voltage communication network cables for a wide range of intelligent home or smart home systems. Services and equipment that utilise these networks include: security; home theatre and entertainment; telephones, door-phones and intercoms; PC and internet networks; surveillance cameras; driveway vehicle sensors