初中綜合名詞性從句

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)名詞性從句復(fù)習(xí)要點22.1 英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分類根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，英語的句子可以分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句三種。 只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而且句子成分均由單詞或短語擔(dān)任的句子，叫做簡單句。例如：He opened the door. 他打開門。I entered the room. 我進入房間。 包含兩個或兩個以上并列的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，叫做并列復(fù)合句，簡稱并列句，用并列連詞（如and, or, but, so等）或分號（；）連接。例如：He opened the door an

2、d I entered the room. 他打開門，我進了房間。 有時，一個句子由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)另一個句子中的某個成分，這個句子稱為從句。例如：I entered the room after he opened the door. 他打開門以后，我進了房間。（狀語從句）從句所依附的句子（如上句中的I entered the room）稱為主句。含有從句的句子叫做主從復(fù)合句，簡稱復(fù)合句。一般說來，一個復(fù)合句中只含有一個主句，但是可以含有一個或幾個從句。根據(jù)從句在主句中所充當(dāng)?shù)牟煌煞?，從句分為三種： 名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句）； 形容詞性從句（定語從句）； 副詞性從句（狀語

3、從句）。本講主要介紹名詞性從句。22.2 主語從句顧名思義，主語從句充當(dāng)主句中的主語。引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、連接代詞、連接副詞等。例如：That nobody else will come is certain. 沒有別人會來了，這是肯定的。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞為從屬連詞that）What this is made of is being studied. 這是由什么組成的正在研究。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞為疑問代詞what）What he said is not correct. 他所說的不對。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞為連接代詞what）Where she is now has nothing to do

4、 with me. 她現(xiàn)在哪里與我無關(guān)。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞為疑問副詞where）為了避免句子“頭重腳輕”，常常將主語從句放在句末，而在句首使用形式主語it。例如：It is certain that nobody else will come. 肯定沒有別人會來了。It was uncertain whether they would make it. 他們是否會成功，這還不能肯定。It is being studied what this is made of. 正在研究這是由什么組成的。22.3 表語從句表語從句充當(dāng)主句中的表語，引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞基本一樣。例如：The pr

5、oblem is when it would happen.問題是這件事何時會發(fā)生。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞為疑問副詞when）The question is whether we should tell her.問題是我們是否要告訴她。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞為從屬連詞whether）That was because we didnt know each other. 那是因為我們互相不認識。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞為從屬連詞because）That is where we used to live. 那就是我們以前住過的地方。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞為連接副詞where）22.4 賓語從句賓語從句充當(dāng)主句中的賓語，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)

6、聯(lián)詞基本一樣。賓語從句有三種類型：以從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句、以wh-詞（疑問代詞或疑問副詞）引導(dǎo)的賓語從句、以從屬連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。22.4.1 以that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（簡稱“that從句”）that從句原為陳述句，在口語中，that常常省略。例如：I know that he is doing his best, but he says that he is a little weak in Chinese. 我知道他正在努力，但是他說他中文稍差。Do you think (that) it will rain? 你認為天會下雨嗎？I dont think (

7、that) there is anything new in todays paper. 我認為今天的報紙上沒有新東西。Im sure (that) he wont mind. 我相信他不會介意的。I am afraid (that) you cant take photos here. 不好意思，恐怕你不能在這里照相。22.4.2 以wh-詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（簡稱“wh-從句”）wh-從句原為特殊疑問句，變?yōu)橘e語從句后，語序由原來的倒裝語序變成了自然語序。句末的標(biāo)點要由主句的句式來決定，如果主句為疑問句式，句末就用問號；否則就用句號。例如：We dont know when she will

8、come again. 我們不知道她何時再來。I cant understand why he was so late. 我不明白他為什么來得這么遲。Do you know who all these people are? 你知道這些人都是誰嗎？Could you tell me what his name is? 請你告訴我他叫什么名字好嗎？22.4.3 以whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（簡稱“whether從句”）whether從句原為一般疑問句，變?yōu)橘e語從句后，它的語序也要由原來的倒裝語序變成自然語序，并且還要在前面加上從屬連詞whether或if。句末標(biāo)點的處理與以上相同。例如：

9、He asked you whether you wanted to come in. 他問你是否想進來。I wonder whether or not we should tell her. 我不知道我們該不該告訴她。Do you know if hell be there? 你知道他會去哪里嗎？一般來說，在賓語從句中，whether和if是可以互換的，口語中多用if；但也有不可互換的情況。請參見本書19.3.2。22.5 直接引語和間接引語說話人一字不差地直接引述別人的話，叫做直接引語；說話人用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫做間接引語。引語在句中實際上就是賓語或賓語從句。引述或轉(zhuǎn)述要由動詞來擔(dān)任

10、，叫做引述動詞，常見的引述動詞有：say, tell, ask, think, write等。本講將重點介紹間接引語。22.5.1 直接引語為陳述句的間接引語 直接引語為陳述句時，間接引語由that引導(dǎo)，that在say后可以省略。引述動詞（過去式）said單獨用不變，如果是said to sb則變?yōu)閠old sb。時態(tài)的變化如下表：在直接引語中在間接引語中一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時一般過去時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時例如：He said to me, “I like all kinds of birds.” He told me that he like

11、d all kinds of birds.He said to us, “I am writing a letter now.” He told us that he was writing a letter then.They said, “We have finished our work.” They said that they had finished their work.She said, “I learned some English at middle school.” She said that she had learned some English at middle

12、school.He said to us, “We learned this story last week.” He told us that they had learned that story the week before.The teacher said, “Class! A new student will come to our class next week.” The teacher told the class that a new student would go to their class the next week.注意：如果引述動詞為一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，間接

13、引語的時態(tài)不變。例如：Mary says, “It is too late now.” Mary says that it is too late now.He will say, “I have watered the flowers.” He will say that he has watered the flowers.另外，如果直接引語中的一般過去時與一個具體的過去時間（如日期、年份等）連用，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)也不變。例如：The history teacher said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.” The history tea

14、cher said that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，除了時態(tài)改變以外，人稱、時間狀語、某些指示代詞、物主代詞等也要作相應(yīng)的改變。請仔細閱讀以上例句，有興趣的考生也可以找一些語法書來閱讀。22.5.2 直接引語為疑問句的間接引語直接引語為疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時，原來的倒裝語序變?yōu)樽匀徽Z序。原為特殊疑問句要變?yōu)橛梢蓡柎~或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，原為一般疑問句、選擇疑問句或反意疑問句等變?yōu)橛蓋hether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：He asked me, “Where do you come from?” He asked

15、 me where I came from.I asked her, “Did you watch the game yesterday?” I asked her whether she had watched the game the day before.They asked me, “Do you go home by bus or on foot?” They asked me whether I went home by bus or on foot.Father asked him, “You dont have much work to do, do you?” Father asked him if he had much work to do.22.5.3 直接引語為祈使句的間接引語直接引語為祈使句變?yōu)殚g接引語時，間接引語通常變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z，在句中充當(dāng)賓語補足語。引述動詞said to sb改為asked /