新編英美概況許魯?shù)谒陌鎁nit112課后習(xí)題選擇填空

1、Chapter1GeographicalFeaturesandNaturalResources1.Inarea,theUnitedStatesisthe4thlargestcountryintheworld.2.TheMidwestintheUSreferstotheregionaroundtheGreatLakesandtheupperMississippiValley.3.TheBackboneofNorthAmericareferstotheRockyMountains4.DeathValleyisonthewesternedgeoftheGreatBasin.5.TheGreatPla

2、insmighthaveaduststorminsummer.6.ThewesternpartofWashingtonStatehasthehighestrainfallintheUS.7.TheUSprimarysuppliersofforeignoilarethefollowingcountriesexceptJapan8.TheUSlargestopen-pitcopper-miningcenterisinUtah.1.TheUnitedStatesisborderedonthenorthbyCanada,onthesouthbyMexicoandtheGuffofMexico,onth

3、eeastbytheAtlanticOcean,andonthewestbythePacificOcean.ThelargeterritoryofthecontinentalUSisdividedintothreebasicareas:A.theAtlanticseacoastwesttotheAppalachiansB.theMississippiRiverBasinC.theRockieswesttothePacific3.TheMiddleAtlanticStatesarethemostdenselypopulatedregionintheUS,wherethelandisflatand

4、fertile.4.TheCentralValleyofCaliforniaisahighlyproductivearea,whichproducedenormousamountsoffruitsandvegetables.5.MostproductionofoilandnaturalgasintheUScomesfromoffshoreareasofLouisianaandTexas,andfromonshoreareasofTexas,OklahomaandCalifornia.HerbigconsumptionofenergynowhasmadeAmericainsufficientin

5、oilsupply.TheUSrelianceofforeignoilhasremindedconsistentlyinthe40%ranges.6.TheUnitedStateshaslittletroublecausedbytheshortageoffreshwater.FarmlandsintheUSmakingupabout12%ofthearablelandsintheworld,andtheyareamongtherichestandmostproductive.Chapter2AmericanPopulation1.Theover3millionofearlyAmericansi

6、n1790weremostlyofBritishancestry.2.About700,000immigrantswerelegallyreceivedbytheUSeachyearduringthe1980s.3.TheofficialracialsegregationcontinuedtobethelawoftheUSuntil1954.4.AmericanIndiansnowmainlyliveintheSouth.5.ThemajorityofAmericanHispanicsarefromthefollowingcountriesexceptSpain.6.TheWestnowlea

7、dsinpercentageincreaseinpopulation.7.Accordingtothe1994UScensus,thesecondmostpopulousstateintheUSisTaxes.8.ThetrendinmigrationfromcitiestosuburbsnowprevailedinallregionsexcepttheSouth.1.TheUnitedStatesisthethirdmostpopulousnationintheworld.2.Priorto1875anyonefromanycountrycouldentertheUSfreelyandtak

8、euppermanentresidencethere.LatertheUSCongresspassedlawsrestrictingimmigrationonthebasisofmorality,race,andnationalorigin.The1952ImmigrationandNationalityActreaffirmednationaloriginasthechiefcriterionforeligibilityandestablishedapreferentialsystemforskilledworkersandforrelativesoftheUScitizens.Forman

9、yyearstheUSrestrictedtototalnumberofimmigrantsto270,000eachyear,althoughtherealimmigrantsnumberedmuchgreaterthanthelimit.The1990ImmigrationActlimitsthetotalnumberofimmigrantsto700,000from1992to1995and675,000thereafter.3.ThefirstblacksarrivedinJamestownin1619asindenturedservants,butsoonafter1619theyw

10、erebroughttocoloniesasslaves.Theblackswereformallyfreedin1863,butcontinuedtosuffertheinstitutionalizedsegregationforaboutacentury.TodaymanyblacksstillliveintheSouth,somehaveenteredthemiddleclass,butone-thirdofallblackfamiliesstilllivebelowthepovertyline.4.TheChinese-Americanshaveprovedtobeindustriou

11、sandintelligent.Theyarenowviewedasamodel“minority”intheUS.Accordingtothe2010UScensus,therewereabout3.8millionChinese-AmericanslivingintheUS.Thefigurewasmorethantwicewhatitwasin1990.Chapter3DiscoveryandColonizationoftheNewWorld1.TheancestorsofthepresentAmericanIndianscamefromAsia.“Theambitionfortheva

12、stlands”isnotcorrecttoexplainthereasonsforthesuddendaringexplorationoftheunknowninthemid-15thcentury.Onhisvoyageof1492,ColumbusexpectedtoreachIndia.VascodaGamadiscoveredtheroutetoIndia.JohnCabotwassentbytheEnglishKingtoexplorethenewwaytotheeast.6.NewYorkwasnotfoundedfirstbytheEnglish.7.Thebreadbaske

13、tcoloniesincludethefollowingonesexceptVirginia.(NewYork,Pennsylvania,Maryland)8.Thelastoneofthe13colonieswasGeorgia,whichwasestablishedin1733.1.In1488BartholomewDiaz,sailingunderthePortugueseflag,wenttotheCapeofGoodHopeatthesouthernAfrica.In1492ChristopherColumbus,financedbyrulersofSpainsailedwestac

14、rosstheAtlanticOceananddiscoveredtheislandsoftheCaribbean.HewasconvincedthathehadfoundthecontinentofAsia.TheSouthAfricawasdiscoveredbyAmerigoVespucciwhoshowedthelandhearrivedinwasanewcontinent.BeforelongthelandwasnamedAmericaafterhisname.Jamestown,thefirstpermanentEnglishsettlement,wasfoundedin1607.

15、In1620,PilgrimsandothersarrivedinBy1775,the13coloniesinNorthAmericacouldbeclassifiedasthefollowingthreekinds.Specifyhowthegovernorswerechosenineach.a.Royal:appointedbytheEnglishKingb.Proprietary:chosenbyproprietorsc.Self-governing:electedbyresidents5.BecausetheNewEnglandcoloniesweredifficultoffarmin

16、g,theybecomeacenterforfishingandshipbuilding.Themiddlecolonieswereknownasthebreadbasket,whichproducedwheatandpotatoesasthemajorstaple.Thesoutherncoloniesdevelopedaplantationsystem.ThemaincropintheSouthwastobacco.Muchlater,cottonbecameimportantcrop.Chapter4AmericanRevolution1.Therewasagreatchangeinpo

17、licytowardsthe13coloniesafter1763.TheStampActof1765firstsetalargescaleofoppositioninthecolonies.TheTeaActof1773waspassedbytheBritishParliamentinordertohelptheBritishEastIndiaCompany.4.TheFirstContinentalCongresswasattendedbytherepresentativesfromallthecoloniesexceptGeorgia.5.ThefirstshotoftheAmerica

18、nWarofIndependencewasfiredinLexington.6.ThomasPainesCommonSenseurgedtheAmericancolonistsdeclaretotheirindependence.7.TheprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependencewasThomasJefferson.8.ThevictoryatSaratogawasconsideredastheturningpointoftheWarofIndependence.1.DuringthecolonialdaystheEnglishrulingcl

19、assdideverythingtheycouldtocontrolthedevelopmentofthecolonialeconomy.ThecoloniesinNorthAmericaweresupposedtocomplementandnotcompetewithEnglishindustry.2.Withinthefiveyearsfrom1763to1767afterthewarwithFrance,theBritishgovernmentadoptedseveralmeasurestoextractmoremoneyfromcolonies.TheSugarActof1764and

20、theStampActof1765,forexample,laidtaxesoncertainimportsandnumerousarticlesinAmericatohelppayforthecostsofBritishgovernmentinthecolonies.3.TheSonsofLibertywasformedin1765toorganizetheoppositiontotheStampAct.Theyfavoredtotakeviolentactiontothestampcollectors.ThefirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladel

21、phiainSep.1774.ThemajorityoftherepresentativesstillfavortotakepeacefulmeanstosettlethequarrelwiththeBritish.TheyagreedtorefusetobuyEnglishgoods,hopinginthiswaytoforcetheBritishgovernmenttogiveintotheirdemands.Thisunitedactioncouldbecalledboycott.5.TheDeclarationofIndependencewassignedonJuly4,1776.Ka

22、rlMarxoncecalleditthefirstdeclaration“oftherightsoftheindividual”.6.TheAmericanWarofIndependencelasted7years.Thefightingwasactuallyendedin1781,butthefinaltreatybetweenBritainandtheUnitedStateswassignedinParisin1783.TheboundariesoftheUnitedStateswerefixedroughlyfromtheAtlanticOceantotheMississippiRiv

23、eronthewestandfromtheGreatLakesonthenorthtoSpanishFloridaonthesouth.ThedirectsocialchangebroughtaboutbytheAmericanRevolutionwastheemancipationofslaveswhofoughtagainsttheBritish.Chapter5theConfederationandtheConstitutionTheconfederationcreatedin1781wasaverylooseunionofstates.JamesMadisonwascalledtheF

24、atheroftheUSConstitution.3.TheConstitutionwasframesonthefollowingidealsexceptthatthenewgovernmentshouldimposeitsauthorityonthepeoplethroughstates.4.ThosewhosupportedtheConstitutionandpreferredastrongnationalgovernmentwerecalledFederalists.5.NineStateswereneededtoratifytheConstitution.6.They“spellout

25、thepeople”isrincorrectghttocommentontheFederalistPapers.7.TheamendmentoftheConstitutionrequirestheapprovalofatleastthree-fourthsofthestates.8.WhentheSecondWarofIndependencebrokeoutin1812,theUSpresidentwasJamesMadison.1.UndertheArticlesofConfederationthenationalgovernmentconsistedofonlyalegislature;i

26、thadnoseparateexecutiveandjudicialdivisions.Thestategovernmentwaslefttheexclusivepowerstoregulatecommerceandtotaxtheircitizens.2.TheConstitutionalConventionwasheldinPhiladelphiain1787.Fifty-fivedelegatesfromallstatesexceptRhodeIslandattendedtheopeningsession.ThepresidentoftheconventionwasGeorgeWashi

27、ngton.3.TheAntifederalistsopposedtheconstitutionandpreferredamoredecentralizedfederalsystemofgovernment.4.GeorgeWashingtonwaselectedunanimouslyasthefirstUSPresidentin1788.ThefirstVice-PresidentwasJohnAdams,andthefirstSecretaryofTreasurywasAlexanderHamilton,andthefirstSecretaryofStatewasThomasJeffers

28、on.5.themostgloriousachievementofJeffersonasPresidentwastheLouisianaPurchase,whichwasabout828,000squaremiles.ThisPurchasedoubledtheareaofthethenUnitedStates.6.TheWarof1812isalsocalledtheSecondWarofIndependence.ThiswarlastedthreeyearsandendedinanotherAmericanvictory.Animportantresultofthewarwasthestr

29、engtheningofnationalunityandpatriotism.AnditwasafterthiswarthattheUSwasabletomakethechangeofasemi-colonialeconomyintoareallyindependentnationaleconomy.Chapter6AmericanExpansionandtheCivilWar1.TheMonroeDoctrinehadthefollowingfeaturesorideasexceptLatinAmericaforEuropeans.2.TheUScontinentalexpansionwas

30、almostcompleteby1848.3.CottonbecamethemostprofitablecropintheSouthmainlybecauseoftheWhitneyscottongin.4.In1854,theRepublicanPartywasfoundedbysomeabolitionists.5.Inhisinauguraladdressin1861,LincolnshowedclearlythathewouldnotabolishslaveryimmediatelybuttopreservetheUnion.6.It“immediatelyfreedallslaves

31、livingintheUnitedStates”abouttheEmancipationProclamationisnotaccurate.7.themostimportantadvantagetheNorthhadovertheSouthintheCivilWarwasitsindustrialsuperiority.8.AnadvantagetheSouthhadovertheNorthwasitssuperiormilitaryleadership.TheessenceoftheMonroeDoctrinewas“AmericaforAmericans”whichlaterbecamet

32、hecornerstoneoftheUSforeignpolicy.TheUSexpansiontothewestmaybetreatedinthreestages;A.thesettlementoftheregionbetweenseaboardstatesandtheMississippiRiverB.thesettlementoftheLouisianaTerritoryc.theoccupationofthefarSouthwest.3.ThegreatmajorityofdwellersinLouisianaTerritorywerethedescendantsoftheFrench

33、pioneers.Theysettledmainlyintwocities:St.LouisandNewOrleans.4.OregonTerritorywassettledbetweenBritainandtheUnitedStatesin1846.Itsboundaryonthenorthwasfixedattheforty-ninthparallelofnorthlatitude.5.UnderMissouriCompromise,Missouriwasadmittedasaslavestate,butthebalanceofpoliticalpowermaintainedbyadmis

34、sionofMaineasafreestate.Inaddition,slaverywastobeprohibitedintherestofLouisianaTerritorynorthoftheline3630parallel.In1862,thefederalgovernmenttooktworevolutionarymeasures:(1)HomesteadActand(2)Emancipationproclamation.7.InJuly1863cametheturningpointofthewaratGettysburg.HeretheConfederatearmyundertheg

35、eneralRobertE.Leewasdefeated.Thebattlefieldwasmadeanationalcemetery,whereLincolngavehisfamousspeech,theGettysburgAddress,onNovember19,1863.8.In1865,theThirteenthAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionwasadopted,whichabolishedslaverythroughouttheUnitedStates.Chapter7ReconstructionandtheBirthofUSImperialism1.The

36、firstUSpresidentwhofacedimpeachmentproceedingswasAndrewJohnson.2.TheradicalReconstructionwasendedunderthePresidentRutherfordB.Hays3.GoldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniain1848.4.ThefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUSwascompletedin1869.5.Telephonewasinventedin1876byAlexanderD.Bell.6.Thevalueofmanufacturedgo

37、odsintheUSwasworthtwiceasthatofheragriculturalproductsby1900.Thefirstimperialistwar,theUSSpanishWar,brokeoutin1898.AftertheUSSpanishWar,theUSacquiredallthefollowingareasexceptCuba(PuertoRico,Guam,thePhilippines)1.TheReconstructionActsdividedalltheformerConfederatestates,exceptTennessee,intofivemilit

38、arydistrictsandeachwasputunderthecontrolofaNorthernarmyofficer.Theofficerhadthepowertokeeporderandtoenforcemartiallawifnecessary.2.DuringtheReconstructionperiodmanyNorthernersmovedtothesouth.Whatevertheirmotives,theseNorthernerscametobecalledcarpetbaggersbecausetheyweresaidtohavebroughtalltheirbelon

39、gingstotheSouthinasmall,cheapsuitcasemadeoutofacarpetlikematerial.DuringtheReconstructiontheSouthernwhiteswhosupportedtheradicalreconstructionandjoinedtheRepublicanPartywerecalledscalawags.TheywereconsideredastraitorsbytheSouthernDemocrats.4.TheKKK,foundedinTennesseein1866,wasasecretsocietyforrestor

40、ingwhitesupremacyanddrivingblacksoutofpolitics.5.DuringTheodoreRooseveltspresidencytheUSgotcontrolofPanamaCanal.Chapter8WorldWarIandtheDepression1.Bythebeginningofthe20thcenturythecountrythattookthefirstplaceineconomyinEuropewasGermany.WhentheFirstWorldWarbegan,PresidentWilsonimmediatelycalleduponth

41、eAmericanpeopletoobservestrictneutrality.TheUSjoinedtheFirstWorldWarin1917.4.WilsonsFourteenPointsdidnotincludethepointcreationofofaninternationalpeacekeepingforce.Only“therichcouldaffordnewconsumergoods”abouttheUSin1920sisnottrue.InrespondingtotheDepression,PresidentHooverthoughtthatthebasicroleoft

42、heGovernmentwasto“createconditionsfavorabletothedevelopmentofprivateenterprises”.7.TheagriculturalAdjustmentActwasanattempttodealwiththefarmersoverproductionproblem.of8.It“reducedthecommoditypricesbylimitingproductionanddevaluingthedollar”isnotrighttocommentontheNewDeal.1.TheFirstWorldWarwaswagedbet

43、weentwogroupsofimperialistpowers:theAlliesandtheCentralEuropeanPower.2.ThedirectcausethatmadetheUSdeclarewaronGermanyin1917wastheGermanyunlimitedscampaign.3.ThemajortriumphforWilsonattheParisPeaceConferencewastheformationoftheLeagueofNations.4.TheUnitedStatesdidntjointheLeagueofNationsbecauseSenatet

44、heUSrefusedtoapprovetheTreatyofVersailles.5.ThreemajortreatieswereconcludedattheWashingtonConference:TheFour-PowerTreaty,respectingthestatusquointhePacific.TheFive-PowerTreaty,onnavalarmsapportionment.TheNine-PowerTreaty,guaranteeingtheindependenceandintegrityofChinainappearance,butactuallyapublicin

45、ternationalaffirmationoftheOpenDoorpolicy.6.TheNineteenthAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionwasadoptedin1920,whichgrantedwomentherighttovote.7.TheGreatDepressionstartedwiththesuddencollapseoftheStockMarketinNewYorkinOctober,1929.ThiseconomicdistressextendedtoEurope,Asia,Africa,AustraliaandSouthAmerica.Chap

46、ter9AmericanDuringandAfterWorldWarII1.Between1935and1939,Americanforeignpolicyincludedallofthefollowingexceptactiveinterventiontopreventaggression.TheUSformallyenteredtheSecondWorldWarin1941.NormandyLandingtookplaceonJune6,1944.AtYaltaConference,inFeb.1945didRoosevelt,ChurchillandStalinagreetocallac

47、onferenceofalltheUnitedNationsinSanFranciscoinApril1945.5.Thepost-WorldWarIIprogramofeconomicassistancetoWesternEuropewasknownasMarshallPlan.6.Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.,advocatedthephilosophyofnonviolence.7.ThousandsofAmericansoldiersweresenttoVietnamunderthePresidentLyndonB.Johnson.Theformaldiplomati

48、crelationattheambassadorialrankbetweenChinaandtheUSwasestablishedunderthePresidentCarter.1.Thecash-and-carrypolicyallowedUScitizenstosellcertainnoprohibitedgoodstobelligerentnationsaslongasthosegoodswerenottransportedonAmericanships.2.Lend-LeaseActenabledanycountrywhosedefensethePresidentconsideredv

49、italtothatoftheUStoreceivearmsandotherequipmentandsuppliesbysale,transfer,exchange,orlease.F.D.RooseveltexplainedtheActwouldmaketheUSthearsenalofworlddemocracy.3.Civilrightsinvolvegovernmentprotectionofindividualsagainstdiscriminationbasedontheirrace,religionnationorigin,gender,age,andotherfactors.D

50、r.MartinLutherKing,Jr.washonoredforhisefforttofightdiscrimination.In1964,hewontheNobelPrizeforpeace.4.StarWarsprogramwasproposedbyPresidentReaganin1983.Theprogramseekstoconstructadefensive“shield”againstincomingmissiles.Theshieldwouldbemadeoflaserandelectronicdevicesthatwoulddestroysuchmissileslaunc

51、hedtoattacktheUS.5.In1990,PresidentBushorderedOperationDesertStormtopunishIraq,morethan200000UStroopsweresenttoSaudiArabia,andtheUSnavyblockedalloilexportsfromIraqandallimportsexceptfood.6.UnderClinton,theUSenjoyedaneconomicgrowthfornineconsecutiveyears.Thisphenomenon,hardlyseenbefore,hasbeentermedt

52、henew“economy”bysome.ThefundamentalreasonforitisthatAmericaneconomicstructurewentthroughessentialchangesbecauseofthepromotionofscientificandtechnologicalprogress.Chapter10theFederalSystemandCongressThepowerofthestateintheUSisactuallyfrombothBandC.(thestateconstitution,theUSConstitution)Thesupremelaw

53、oftheUnitedStatesincludesalltheabovethree.3.Thetermsofthesenatorandrepresentativearesixandtwoyearsrespectively.4.”The17thAmendment(1913)”providedforthedirectelectionofsenators.5.CertainpresidentialappointmentsmustbeapprovedbyamajorityvoteintheSenate.6.AllrevenueortaxbillsmustbeoriginatedintheHouse.7

54、.TheSpeakeroftheHouseissecondinlineinpresidentialsuccession.8.IntheHouse,thepowertodecidewhenthefullHousewillhearthebillisvestedintheRulesCommittee.1.Federalismmeansthedivisionofpowersbyaconstitutionbetweenthecentralgovernmentandstategovernment.Itoperatesonlyontwolevels,thenationalandthestates.Units

55、ofgovernmentwithinastateenjoynoindependentexistence.2.SeparationofpowersintheUnitedStatesmeansnotonlyallocatinglegislativepowertoCongress,executivepowertoPresidentandjudicialpowertotheSupremeCourt,butalsogivingeachbranchconstitutionalandpoliticalindependenceandchecksandbalancesthatensureeachofthethr

56、eebranchesasufficientroleintheactionsoftheothers.AccordingtotheConstitution,membersoftheHouseofRepresentativesmustbe25yearsoldandmusthavebeencitizensfor7years.Senatorsmustbeatleast30andmusthavebeencitizensfor9years.4.TheVicePresidentisofficiallythepresidingofficerandiscalledthepresidentoftheSenate.I

57、nfactheseldomappearsintheSenatechamberinthisroleunlessitappearsthattheremightbetievoteintheSenate.Insuchinstances,hecaststhetiebreakingvote.Todealwithday-to-daybusiness,theSenatechoosesthepresidentprotempore.5.Asenatorwhowantstodelayactiononabillorkillitaltogethermayuseatacticcalledafilibuster.Itcan

58、becutoffonlythroughcloture.6.LobbyingispartofthecitizenrightstopetitiongovernmentintheUS.NowtherearethousandsoflobbyistsinWashingtonD.C.TheirinfluenceinmakingtheUSpolicyissogreatthatsomepeoplecallthemthethirdhouse”.“Chapter11ThePresidentandtheJudiciary1.The22ndAmendmentinfollowinglimitsthePresidentt

59、otwosuccessivetermsonly.2.TheAmericanPresidenthasallthefollowingpowersexceptdeclaringwaronanothercountry.ThepresidentsmajorappointmentsshouldbeapprovedthebySenate.It“requirestheapprovalofCongress”isnotcorrecttoexplaintheexecutiveagreement.ThePresidentsvetocanbeoverriddenby-thirdtwovotesinbothhouses.

60、6.Thefederalcourtsthatregularlyemploygrandandpetitjuriesarethedistrictcourts.7.ThehighestauthorityoftheSupremeCourtistointerprettheUSconstitution.8.Thecaseinvolvingcopyright,trademark,counterfeiting,andbankrobberyareusuallyfirsttriedinthefederaldistrictcourts.1.Bylawanynatural-bornAmericancitizenofa