2022年考研考博-考博英語-廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號74

1、住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題Police and landlords in Wincanton and Caste Cary have united to send a very clear message that drugs will not be（ ）in the towns, after traces of Class A substances were discovered on pub premises.問題1選項A.transportedB

2、.tightenedC.toleratedD.threatened【答案】C【解析】考查形容詞辨析。transported運輸?shù)?；tightened 變緊的；tolerated 可接納的 ； threatened受到威脅的。句意：在酒吧場所發(fā)現(xiàn)a類物質(zhì)的蹤跡后，Wincanton和Caste Cary的警察和酒吧老板聯(lián)合發(fā)出了一個非常明確的信息，即鎮(zhèn)上將不再容許毒品。C項符合句意。2.單選題All national heroes should be recognized, yet the（ ）man, so often overlooked or forgotten in the volume

3、s of history, at least deserves a footnote in the making of America and its struggle to survive.問題1選項A.actualB.commonC.specialD.normal【答案】B【解析】考查形容詞辨析。actual實際的；common常見的，普通的；special特殊的；normal正常的。句意：民族英雄應(yīng)該被承認，然而_人在歷史的長河中經(jīng)常忽視或忘記他們，所以民族英雄在美國形成和掙扎求生的過程中值得有一個腳注。從我們常識判斷應(yīng)該是說普通人容易忘記這些民族英雄。所以B項符合題意。3.單選題Wea

4、thering is the breaking down of rocks, soils and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earths atmosphere, biota and waters. Weathering occurs in situ, or with no movement, and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by a

5、gents such as water, ice, snow, wind and gravity.Two important classifications of weathering processes exist - physical and chemical weathering. Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice an

6、d pressure. The second classification, chemical weathering, involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals（also known as biological weathering）in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals.The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organi

7、c material creates soil. The mineral content of the soil is determined by the parent material, thus a soil derived from a single rock type can often be deficient in one or more minerals for good fertility, while a soil weathered from a mix of rock types（as in glacial, aeolian or alluvial sediments）o

8、ften makes more fertile soil. In addition many of Earths landforms and landscapes are the result of weathering processes combined with erosion and re-deposition.Chemical weathering changes the composition of rocks, often transforming them when water interacts with minerals to create various chemical

9、 reactions. Chemical weathering is a gradual and ongoing process as the mineralogy of the rock adjusts to the near surface environment. New or secondary minerals develop from the original minerals of the rock. In this the processes of oxidation and hydrolysis are most important.The process of mounta

10、in block uplift is important in exposing new rock strata to the atmosphere and moisture, enabling important chemical weathering to occur; significant release occurs of Ca+ and other minerals into surface waters.Rainfall is acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the rainwater producin

11、g weak carbonic acid. In unpolluted environments, the rainfall PH is around 5.6. Acid rain occurs when gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are present in the atmosphere. These oxides react in the rain water to produce stronger acids and can lower the PH to 4.5 or even 3.0. Sulfur dioxid

12、e, SO2, comes from volcanic eruptions or from fossil fuels, can become sulfuric acid within rainwater, which can cause solution weathering to the rocks on which it falls.Some minerals, due to their natural solubility（e.g. evaporites）, oxidation potential（iron-rich minerals, such as pyrite）, or insta

13、bility relative to surficial conditions（see Goldich dissolution series）will weather through dissolution naturally, even without acidic water.1. Which of the following is NOT true about weathering?2. Soil is created by（ ）.3. In chemical weathering,（ ）.4. Rainwater（ ）.5. Which of the following might s

14、erve as an appropriate title for this passage?問題1選項A.It is erosion with no movement when it is caused by water.B.There exist two important classifications of weathering processes.C.It occurs through contact with the Earths atmosphere, biota and waters.D.Both physical and chemical weathering involve

15、the breakdown of rocks and soils.問題2選項A.erosion and re-depositionB.minerals derived from rocksC.organic material left over by weatheringD.the breakdown of rocks combined with organic material問題3選項A.oxidation and hydrolysis are most important processesB.chemical reactions happen only in waterC.chemic

16、al reactions occur very quicklyD.new rocks are formed from reactions問題4選項A.contains weak acid when it is found in areas affected by volcanic eruptionsB.is acidic when it is found in polluted environmentsC.can lower the PH of underground waterD.can cause solution weathering to rocks問題5選項A.Rainwater P

17、ollutionB.Weathering of RockC.The Creation of Fertile SoilD.Physical and Chemical Weathering【答案】第1題:D第2題:D第3題:A第4題:C第5題:B【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第一段第一句可知，風(fēng)化作用是指巖石、土壤、礦物以及人工材料通過與地球大氣、生物群和水的接觸而進行分解，可判斷C選項表述正確。由原文第二段第二句可知，風(fēng)化發(fā)生在原地，或“發(fā)生時沒經(jīng)過運動”，因此不應(yīng)與侵蝕相混淆，后者涉及水、冰、雪、風(fēng)和重力等因素造成的巖石和礦物的運動，由此可以判斷A選項正確。由第二段第一句可知，存在兩種重要的

18、風(fēng)化作用類型物理風(fēng)化和化學(xué)風(fēng)化，所以可判斷B選項正確。根據(jù)原文第二段第二句可知，機械或物理風(fēng)化包括巖石和土壤通過直接接觸大氣條件而分解，如熱，水，冰和壓力。而化學(xué)風(fēng)化（也稱為生物風(fēng)化）主要涉及大氣化學(xué)物質(zhì)或生物產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)物質(zhì)對巖石、土壤和礦物的破壞的直接影響。由此可以判斷D選項表述錯誤。故本題正確答案為D選項。2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息可定位到原文第三段第一句“The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic material creates soil”。由此可知，巖石分解后剩下的物質(zhì)與有機物

19、質(zhì)結(jié)合形成了土壤。因此本題正確答案為D選項。3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息“Chemical weathering”定位到原文第四段。由原文信息可知，化學(xué)風(fēng)化改變了巖石的成分，當(dāng)水與礦物相互作用時，常常使巖石發(fā)生變化，產(chǎn)生各種化學(xué)反應(yīng)?；瘜W(xué)風(fēng)化是巖石礦物學(xué)逐漸適應(yīng)近地表環(huán)境的過程。新礦物或次生礦物由巖石的原始礦物發(fā)展而來。在這個過程中，氧化和水解過程是最重要的。由此可判斷A選項表述正確?；瘜W(xué)反應(yīng)在水與礦物相互作用是發(fā)生的，并不是在水里，因此可判斷B選項錯誤。化學(xué)風(fēng)化是逐漸發(fā)生的過程，因此可判斷C選項表述錯誤。而這些化學(xué)反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物是新礦物或者次生礦物，并不是巖石，由此可判斷D選項表述錯誤。綜上

20、所述，本題正確答案為A選項。4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第六段第三句“These oxides react in the rain water to produce stronger acids and can lower the PH to 4.5 or even 3.0.”可知，這些氧化物在雨水中發(fā)生反應(yīng)，產(chǎn)生更強的酸，可以將PH值降低到4.5甚至3.0。由此可知，雨水可以降低地下水的PH值。因此，本題正確答案為C選項。5.主旨大意題。這篇文章主要講述的是風(fēng)化作用的定義，分類以及影響因素，都是圍繞風(fēng)化作用進行的描述。因此B選項最適合作為文章的題目。4.單選題（ ）that this regio

21、n was so rich in natural resources.問題1選項A.Little he knewB.Little did he knowC.Little he did knowD.Little he had known【答案】B【解析】考查倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 little這個否定副詞前置，引起主謂的部分倒裝。故B項正確。句意：他一點都不知道這個地區(qū)的自然資源如此豐富。5.單選題The annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of attitudes towards public education released this week found that

22、 a majority of Americans feel it is important to put a “qualified, competent teacher in every classroom”. Bob Chase, president of the National Education Association（NEA., the main teachers union, wasted no time in pointing out that this will require raising teachers salaries so that more qualified c

23、andidates will enter the profession and stay there. A study by two economists suggests that the quality of Americas teachers has more to do with how they are paid rather than how much.The pay of American public school teachers is not based on any measure of performance instead, it is determined by a

24、 rigid formula based on experience and years of schooling factors massively unimportant in deciding how well students do. The uniform pay scale invites what economists call adverse selection. Since the most talented teachers are also likely to be good at other professions, they have a strong incenti

25、ve to leave education for jobs in which pay is more closely linked to productivity. For dullards（笨蛋），the incentives are just the opposite. The data are striking: when test scores are used as a proxy（代替物）for ability, the brightest individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture. Clever stu

26、dents are the least likely to choose education as a major at university.Among students who do major in education, those with higher test scores are less likely to become teachers. And among individuals who enter teaching, those with the highest test scores are the most likely to leave the profession

27、 early. The study takes into consideration the effects of a nationwide 20% real increase in teacher salaries during the 1980s. It concludes that it had no appreciable effect on overall teacher quality, in large part because schools do a poor job of recruiting and selecting the best teachers. Also, e

28、ven if higher salaries lure more qualified candidates into the profession, the overall effect on quality may be offset by mediocre teachers who choose to postpone retirement.The study also takes aim at teacher training. Every state requires that teachers be licensed, a process that can involve up to

29、 two years of education classes, even for those who have a university degree or a graduate degree in the field they would like to teach. Inevitably, this system does little to lure in graduates of top universities or professionals who would like to enter teaching at mid-career.1. What can we learn f

30、rom the passage?2. According to the passage, the reason why clever students refuse to enter the teaching profession is that（ ）.3. “The data are striking: when.the brightest individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture”（in Paragraph 2）means that（ ）.4. Increase in teacher salaries did no

31、t turn out so effective mainly because（ ）.5. We can conclude from the passage that（ ）.問題1選項A.NEA is the largest society for teachers.B.The pay of American teachers is based on their performance.C.Some teachers in the U.S. are not qualified enough.D.How much the teachers are paid is the most importan

32、t factor.問題2選項A.it offers low pay.B.they have interest in other professions .C.it does not value productivityD.it uses poor recruiting strategies問題3選項A.students doing well in study are willing to take teaching as a careerB.students doing well in study cant avoid choosing teaching as a careerC.studen

33、ts doing well in study are reluctant to be teachersD.students doing well in study are not reluctant to be teachers問題4選項A.schools did a poor job of choosing teachersB.mediocre teachers always postpone retirementC.the salaries were not attractive enoughD.teachers didnt have equal opportunities問題5選項A.t

34、raining is necessary for those who want to become a good teacherB.those who want to become teachers in the U.S. have to be licensedC.many graduates of top universities would like to enter teachingD.there is annual increase in teacher salaries in the U.S.【答案】第1題:C第2題:C第3題:C第4題:A第5題:B【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。文章第一段

35、第二句話提到NEA, the main teachers union，由此可知選項A的說法是錯誤的，可以排除；文章第二段第一句話the pay of American public school teachers is not based on any measure of performance，由此可知選項B說法錯誤，可以排除；文章第一段最后一句話提到Americas teachers has more to do with how they are paid rather than how much，由此可知選項D說法錯誤，可以排除。綜上，選項C符合題意。2.判斷推理題。文章第二段提到有

36、才華的老師可能擅長其他領(lǐng)域的職業(yè)，所以他們有強烈的動機離開教育行業(yè)，轉(zhuǎn)而從事其他那些薪酬與生產(chǎn)效率掛鉤的工作（since the most talented teachers are also likely to be good at other professions, they have a strong incentive to leave education for jobs in which pay is more closely linked to productivity），這也說明教育行業(yè)的薪酬與生產(chǎn)效率無關(guān)，所以那些聰明學(xué)生并不愿意套入教育領(lǐng)域，選項C符合題意。3.判斷推理題

37、。劃線句子的大意是那些最聰明的學(xué)生并不愿意踏入教育領(lǐng)域，選項C“那些學(xué)習(xí)成績好的學(xué)生不愿意成為教師”符合題意。4.細節(jié)事實題。文章第三段提到because schools do a poor job of recruiting and selecting the best teachers，因此選項A符合題意。5.細節(jié)事實題。文章倒數(shù)第一段提到every state requires that teachers be licensed（每個州都要求老師有執(zhí)照），選項B符合題意。6.單選題Hillary Clinton on Tuesday stressed that the battle fo

38、r（ ）equality and preventing violence against women needs to be a priority for both women and men.問題1選項A.scandalB.genderC.egoD.asset【答案】B【解析】考查名詞辨析。scandal丑聞；gender性別；ego自我；asset資產(chǎn)。由“and preventing violence against women 防止對婦女的暴力行為”可推知前半句是提倡男女平等。故B項正確。句意：希拉里克林頓于本周二強調(diào)，男女平等和防止針對女性的暴力行為的斗爭應(yīng)該是男女雙方的首要任務(wù)。7

39、.單選題None of the deals is focused on operating-system software, so none poses a direct threat to the（ ）of Windows.問題1選項A.privilegeB.possessionC.controlD.dominance【答案】D【解析】考查名詞辨析。privilege特權(quán)； possession擁有，財產(chǎn)；control控制，管理； dominance統(tǒng)治，支配。由前半句“這些協(xié)議都不是針對操作系統(tǒng)軟件的”可知結(jié)果就是不會對windows這種主流的操作系統(tǒng)帶來影響。Windows是一種占統(tǒng)治

40、地位的操作系統(tǒng)。故D項正確。句意：這些交易都不是針對操作系統(tǒng)軟件的，因此都不會對Windows的統(tǒng)治地位構(gòu)成直接威脅。8.單選題In the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new community ecology was on the composition and structure of communities cons

41、isting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded succe

42、ssively by herbaceous plants（plants with little or no woody tissue）, shrubs, and trees, eventually becoming a forest. Light-loving species are always among the first invaders, while shade-tolerant species appear later in the succession.Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularit

43、y in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many oth

44、er random processes.The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the s

45、ame factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.For Clements, the climax was a superorganism, an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax co

46、ncept rejected Clements1 characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circ

47、umstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term association to the term community in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include

48、animals as well as plants. This resulted in the biome, a combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a spruce-moose biome, for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their associat

49、ion as in an organism. The spruce community is not substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose. Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose. The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason, soon joined by various other

50、 ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.1. Ecology had been rooted in（ ）before it grew into an

51、 independent science.2. According to Frederic Clements,（ ）after a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire.3. Succession is influenced by the following factors except（ ）.4. Which of the following is NOT true about “climax”, according to the passage?5. The concept of biome would emphasize that（

52、 ）.問題1選項A.community ecologyB.the science of speciesC.the study of community structureD.natural history and plant geography問題2選項A.only light-loving species can growB.plant communities can developC.forests can hardly surviveD.few plants can grow問題3選項A.regular rainfallsB.chance colonizationsC.exposure

53、to sunD.nature of the soil問題4選項A.Its nature is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession.B.It changes relatively little through time at maturity.C.It is a highly interacting communicative network.D.It is the final stage of a succession.問題5選項A.animals and plants do not substantially a

54、ffect each otherB.plant communities always rely on coexisting animals to surviveC.there is internal cohesion in the association of animals with plantsD.the distribution of a given species is controlled by the habitat requirements【答案】第1題:D第2題:B第3題:A第4題:B第5題:D【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第一段“In the late nineteenth

55、 century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography”可知，19世紀(jì)后期，生態(tài)學(xué)從其自然歷史和植物地理學(xué)的根源開始成長為一門獨立的科學(xué)。由此可判斷本題正確答案為D選項。A選項表示“社區(qū)生態(tài)學(xué)”，B選項表示“物種學(xué)科”，C選項表示“社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)的研究”。2.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：根據(jù)Frederic Clements的理論，在火山爆發(fā)、洪水或森林大火之后。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息定位到原文第一段第三句“a succession of p

56、lant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire”可知，一系列的植物群落會在火山爆發(fā)、洪水或者森林火災(zāi)后形成。因此本題正確答案為B選項。A選項表示“只有喜光的物種才能生長”，C選項表示“森林很難生存”，D選項表示“很少植物能生長”。3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到原文第二段最后一句“Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure

57、 to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations and many other random processes”可知，生態(tài)演替受到多種因素的影響：土壤土質(zhì)、暴露到陽光和風(fēng)中、降水的規(guī)律性、定居生長的機會以及許多其它隨機過程。因此本題正確答案為A選項。4.推理判斷題。題干詢問：根據(jù)文章可知，下面關(guān)于“climax”的表述哪個選項是不正確的?由原文第三段第一句“The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early eco

58、logists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition.”可知，“climax”指的是生態(tài)演替的最后一個階段頂級群落?？膳袛郉選項正確。由原文第三段第二句“There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community.”可知，即使在一個成熟的群落中，物種組成通常也有很大的變化，可判斷B選項錯誤。由第三段第三句“The nature of the climax is influenced by the sa

59、me factors that influenced succession”可知，影響生態(tài)演替的因素同樣也影響頂級群落的性質(zhì)，可判斷A選項表述正確。由第四段第三句“An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances”可知，一個蟻群可能被合法地稱為頂

60、級群落，因為它的交流系統(tǒng)是高度組織化的，由此可判斷C選項正確。綜上所述，本題正確答案為B選項。5.推理判斷題。題干詢問：“生態(tài)群系”的概念強調(diào)的是。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息“biome”可定位到原文最后一段，根據(jù)“a combination of coexisting flora and fauna”可知，“biome”是指共生的動植物群的組合。由最后一段最后一句“Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that specie