考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東現(xiàn)代學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東現(xiàn)代學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.填空題

Tasteissuchasubjectivematterthatwedon’tusuallyconductpreferencetestsforfood.Butbecausethetwobigcolacompanies—Coca-ColaandPepsiColaaremarketedsoaggressively,we’vewonderedhowbigaroletastepreference

A

B

C

actuallyplaysforbrandloyalty.

D

【答案】Dfor改為in

【解析】【考查點(diǎn)】固定搭配。

【解題思路】playaroleinsth.為固定搭配，其意思為“在……中起作用”，howbigarole到句尾的部分還原成一般陳述語(yǔ)序?yàn)閠astepreferenceactuallyplaysabigroleinbrandloyalty，所以D部分應(yīng)為in。

【句意】因?yàn)榭谖妒侵饔^問(wèn)題，所以一般不會(huì)對(duì)食物進(jìn)行偏好測(cè)試。但由于兩大可樂(lè)公司——可口可樂(lè)和百事可樂(lè)的營(yíng)銷非常激進(jìn)，我們想知道口味偏好在品牌忠誠(chéng)度中到底起到了多大作用。

2.單選題

Werarelyperceivemorethanaminute（

）ofthesightsandsoundsthatfalluponoursenseorgans;thegreatmajoritypassusby.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.fiction

B.function

C.fraction

D.friction

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。fiction“小說(shuō)，虛構(gòu)的事”；function“功能，職能”；fraction“小部分，少量”；friction“摩擦，沖突”。句意：我們只能察覺到被我們感官所接收的很少一部分的景象和聲音，而忽視了大部分。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.單選題

6.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itwillrainsoon.

B.It’srighttobeproposed.

C.Sheisworriedabouttheweather.

D.Tobesafe,they'dbetterstayathome.

【答案】B

【解析】M:Idon’tthinkyouneedtotakeanumbrella.

W:Itmightrain,bettersafethansorry.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

【解析】常用習(xí)語(yǔ)。女士說(shuō)：bettersafethansorry，這是一句諺語(yǔ)，意思是“謹(jǐn)言慎行不吃虧，輕率莽撞必后悔”。

4.單選題

Itdidnottakelongforthecentralbankto（）theirfears.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.soothe

B.snub

C.smear

D.sanctify

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。soothe“使平靜，安慰，緩和”；snub“冷落，斥責(zé)”；smear“涂上，抹掉，誹謗”；sanctify“使神圣”。句意：銀行并沒(méi)有花費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就緩解了人們的憂慮。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.單選題

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties,however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessionandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.

Morerecently,whileexaminehousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry’swork.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.

Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivitytotheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn’tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

1.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries______.

2.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem_____.

3.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.S.workforcesisthat_____.

4.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged_____.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation_____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.issubjectgroundlessdoubts

B.hasfallenvictimofbias

C.isconventionaldowngraded

D.hasbeenoverestimated

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.requiressufficientlaborforce

B.takeseffortsofgenerations

C.demandspriorityfromthegovernment

D.challengeseconomistsandpoliticians

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theU.S.workforceismoreorganized

B.theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined

C.theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive

D.theU.S.workforcehasabettereducation

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.asaresultofpressureongovernment

B.whenpeoplenolongerwenthunting

C.whenpeoplehadenoughtime

D.priortobetterwaysoffindingfood

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.followsimprovedproductivity

B.resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments

C.doesnotdependoneconomicperformance

D.cannotaffordpoliticalchanges

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到文章第一段第二三句話…h(huán)owever,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.“……然而，傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為教育應(yīng)該是促進(jìn)貧窮國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的首要任務(wù)之一，這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。我們很幸運(yùn)，因?yàn)樵谀抢锝⑿碌慕逃到y(tǒng)，并讓足夠多的人通過(guò)這些系統(tǒng)來(lái)改善經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)，需要兩三代人的努力”，從這句可知很多人都會(huì)認(rèn)為不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家要想獲得快速發(fā)展就的通過(guò)發(fā)展教育來(lái)達(dá)成，但事實(shí)是僅僅是新的教育體系發(fā)展起來(lái)都得需要經(jīng)歷兩到三代人的努力才能實(shí)現(xiàn)，達(dá)不到快速這個(gè)目標(biāo)，所以教育的作用是被高估了的，所以答案選D“被高估了”。

A選項(xiàng)“受到無(wú)端質(zhì)疑”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

B選項(xiàng)“變成了偏見的受害者”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

C選項(xiàng)“通常被貶低”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到第一段第三句話Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.“我們很幸運(yùn)，因?yàn)樵谀抢锝⑿碌慕逃到y(tǒng)，并讓足夠多的人通過(guò)這些系統(tǒng)來(lái)改善經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)，需要兩三代人的努力”，從這里可知答案選B“需要幾代人的努力”；

A選項(xiàng)“需要足夠的勞動(dòng)力”，第一段沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“要求政府放在首位”，定位到第一段第二句話…h(huán)owever,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.“……然而，傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為教育應(yīng)該是促進(jìn)貧窮國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的首要任務(wù)之一，這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的”，這里只是提到人們會(huì)下意識(shí)的認(rèn)為要把教育放在第一位，與題目描寫的新教育體系的建立無(wú)關(guān)，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤；

D選項(xiàng)“挑戰(zhàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和政治家”，定位到第一段第一句Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike“在貧窮國(guó)家，正規(guī)教育和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系被經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和政治家們廣泛誤解”，這說(shuō)的是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和政治學(xué)家的一種誤解，與題目描寫的新教育體系的建立無(wú)關(guān)所以不選，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，定位到第二段倒數(shù)第一句話YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts“然而，研究顯示，本田、尼桑和豐田的美國(guó)工廠的生產(chǎn)率達(dá)到了日本同行的95%左右”，從這里可以知道，雖然美國(guó)工人能夠達(dá)到日本工人95%的生產(chǎn)率但是日本工人的生產(chǎn)效率還是高一些的，所以C選項(xiàng)“日本的勞動(dòng)力效率更高”。

A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力更有組織”，文中沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“日本的勞動(dòng)力更有紀(jì)律性”，文中沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)勞動(dòng)力有更好的教育”，定位到第二段第三句話TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducated…“美國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力被嘲笑為受教育程度低……”從這里可知，D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾。

4.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到倒數(shù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood（一萬(wàn)年前，當(dāng)我們的祖先還是獵人和采集者時(shí)，除了尋找食物，他們沒(méi)有時(shí)間思考其他事情）”，這個(gè)“其他事情”指向定位句的上一句“Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted（畢竟，教育就是這樣開始的）”，此處說(shuō)的就是教育的出現(xiàn)需要一個(gè)很重要的條件“時(shí)間”。因此C選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)人們有了足夠時(shí)間時(shí)”符合題意。

A選項(xiàng)“這是政府壓力的結(jié)果”來(lái)自于倒數(shù)第二段“evenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit（即使政府不強(qiáng)迫）”，但是這并非說(shuō)明政府壓迫是導(dǎo)致教育出現(xiàn)的原因，本段說(shuō)的是“經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與教育的關(guān)系”，屬于偷換概念。

B選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)人們不再去打獵”同樣來(lái)自倒數(shù)第二句“ourancestorswerehunters”，但這里是說(shuō)，由于需要尋找食物，才沒(méi)有時(shí)間去思考其他事情，并未提及不再打獵這個(gè)條件，屬于偷換概念。

D選項(xiàng)“教育先于更好的尋找食物的方法出現(xiàn)”來(lái)自倒數(shù)第二段最后一句“Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings（只有當(dāng)人類開始以更有效的方式獲取食物時(shí)，才有時(shí)間做其他事情）”，因此“betterwaysoffindingfoods”應(yīng)先出現(xiàn)，才有教育的可能性，屬于曲解原文。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段第一二句Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.“隨著教育的改善，人類的生產(chǎn)力潛力也在增加。當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境推動(dòng)我們的祖先發(fā)揮這種潛力時(shí)，他們反過(guò)來(lái)也能負(fù)擔(dān)得起更多的教育”，從這里可知，教育能夠提高生產(chǎn)力潛能，當(dāng)潛能被競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激發(fā)出來(lái)生產(chǎn)率提高時(shí)，反過(guò)來(lái)又可以提高教育水平，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“隨著提高的生產(chǎn)率而來(lái)”；

B選項(xiàng)“直接來(lái)自競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境的結(jié)果”，屬于反向干擾，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激發(fā)生產(chǎn)潛能然后再有助于教育提高，不是直接參與教育的發(fā)展；

C選項(xiàng)“不依賴于經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)”，定位到最后一段第三句Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.（對(duì)于先進(jìn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)所要求的復(fù)雜的政治制度來(lái)說(shuō)，教育水平的日益提高可能是必要的，但不是充分的條件），教育發(fā)展是依賴于復(fù)雜政治制度的必要不充分條件，所以說(shuō)教育的發(fā)展不能推動(dòng)政治的發(fā)展，而政治的發(fā)展可以推動(dòng)教育的發(fā)展，從文章可以看出而政治的發(fā)展依賴于經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)，所以可以說(shuō)教育的發(fā)展依賴于經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)，所以C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；

D選項(xiàng)“無(wú)法承受政治變革”，定位到第四段第四句Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.（因此，如果沒(méi)有政治變革，窮國(guó)可能無(wú)法擺脫貧困陷阱，而政治變革只有通過(guò)更廣泛的正規(guī)教育才能實(shí)現(xiàn)），這里沒(méi)有提及政治變革對(duì)教育的影響只講看教育對(duì)政治變革的影響，所以D選項(xiàng)屬于曲意理解。

6.單選題

Awordprocessorismuchbetterthanatypewriterinthatitenablesyoutoenterand（

）yourtextmoreeasily.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.register

B.edit

C.propose

D.discharge

【答案】B

【解析】句意:文字信息處理機(jī)比打字機(jī)好得多，因?yàn)樗苁鼓愀菀椎剌斎牒途庉嬑谋尽?/p>

動(dòng)詞辨析。Register登記，注冊(cè);edit編輯，校對(duì);propose建議，打算;discharge排放，解雇。因此B符合句意。

7.單選題

EveryoneinAmericathesedaysseemstobe（）withhisorherphysicalfitness,andeveryoneistalkingaboutgettinginshape.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.concerned

B.allured

C.connected

D.attracted

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配。beconcernedwith指涉及，關(guān)心。根據(jù)句意可知這里指如今的美國(guó)人關(guān)心自己的健康，選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

8.單選題

Thefirestartedonthefirstfloorofthehospital______wereelderlyandweak.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.manyofitspatients

B.manyofwhichpatients

C.manypatientsofwhom

D.manyofwhosepatients

【答案】D

【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：大火從醫(yī)院的一樓開始蔓延，在一樓有許多年老體弱的病人。橫線到句尾部分是修飾firstfloor的定語(yǔ)從句，patients和firstfloor是所屬關(guān)系，用引導(dǎo)詞whose，D選項(xiàng)manyofwhosepatients符合題意。A選項(xiàng)中its不是引導(dǎo)詞，不引導(dǎo)從句；B選項(xiàng)中which不表示所屬關(guān)系；C選項(xiàng)中whom用在先行詞是人的情況。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

PresidentCoolidge’sstatement,"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness,"stillpointstoanimportanttruthtoday——thatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestigeinAmericansocietythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment.Whydobusinessinstitutionspossessthisgreatprestige?

OnereasonisthatAmericansviewbusinessasbeingmorefirmlybasedontheidealofcompetitionthanotherinstitutionsinsociety.SincecompetitionisseenasthemajorsourceofprogressandprosperitybymostAmericans,competitivebusinessinstitutionsarerespected.Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself,itisalsothemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkareprotected.

Competitionprotectsthefreedomoftheindividualbyensuringthatthereisnomonopolyofpower.Incontrasttoone,allpowerfulgovernment,manybusinessescompeteagainsteachotherforprofits.Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,itwilllosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremanybusinessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlikeinferiorsorslaves.

Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.Becausebusinessiscompetitive,manyAmericansbelievethatitismoresupportiveoffreedomthangovernment,eventhoughtgovernmentleadersareelectedbythepeopleandbusinessleadersarenot.ManyAmericanbelieve,then,thatcompetitionisasimportant,orevenmoreimportant,thandemocracyinpreservingfreedom.

Competitioninbusinessisalsobelievedtostrengthentheidealofequalityofopportunity.Competitionisseenasanopenandfairracewheresuccessgoestotheswiftestpersonregardlessofhisorhersocialclassbackground.CompetitivesuccessiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativetosocialrankbasedonfamilybackground.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityofopportunityratherthanthearistocraticideaofinheritedprivilege.

1.Thestatement"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness"probablymeans（

）.

2.Americansbelievethattheycanrealizetheirpersonalvaluesonly

（

）.

3.Whocanbenefitfrombusinesscompetition?

4.Governmentisbelievedtodifferstrikinglyfrombusinessinthatgovernmentischaracterizedby

（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbeliever（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ThebusinessinstitutionsinAmericaareconcernedwithcommerce.

B.BusinessproblemsareofgreatimportancetotheAmericangovernment.

C.BusinessisofprimaryconcerntoAmericans

D.Americaisagreatpowerinworldbusiness

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.whengivenequalityofopportunity

B.throughdoingbusiness

C.byprotectingtheirindividualfreedom

D.bywayofcompetition

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Honestbusinessmen.

B.Bothbusinessmenandtheircustomers.

C.Peoplewithidealsofequality.

D.Businessinstitutionsandgovernment.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.itsabsolutecontrolofpower

B.itsfunctionpreservingpersonalfreedom

C.itsroleinprotectingbasicAmericanvalues

D.itsdemocraticwayofexercisingleader

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Americansaremoreambitiousthanpeopleinothercountries

B.Inmanycountriessuccessoftendependsonone'ssocialstatus

C.Americanbusinessesaremoredemocraticthantheseinothercountries

D.BusinessesinothercountriesarenotascompetitiveasthoseinAmerica

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的thatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestigeinAmericansocietythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment（在美國(guó)社會(huì)中，商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)比任何其他類型的組織都有更高的聲譽(yù)，包括政府）可知C選項(xiàng)“商業(yè)是美國(guó)人最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself,itisalsothemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkareprotected.（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)本身不僅是好的，它也是美國(guó)其他基本價(jià)值觀如個(gè)人自由、機(jī)會(huì)平等和努力工作的保護(hù)手段）可知D選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第三段中的Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,itwilllosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremanybusinessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlikeinferiorsorslaves.（理論上，如果一個(gè)企業(yè)試圖利用其客戶的不公平優(yōu)勢(shì)，它將輸給對(duì)其客戶更公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性企業(yè)。當(dāng)許多企業(yè)為了顧客的錢而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)，他們不能像對(duì)待下級(jí)或奴隸那樣對(duì)待他們）可知是從從企業(yè)與客戶兩個(gè)角度說(shuō)明商業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的，因此選B。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.（人們常常將商業(yè)和政府進(jìn)行對(duì)比，一個(gè)具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性，另一個(gè)具有壟斷性）可知A選項(xiàng)“其對(duì)權(quán)力的絕對(duì)控制”符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的CompetitivesuccessiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativetosocialrankbasedonfamilybackground.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityofopportunityratherthanthearistocraticideaofinheritedprivilege.（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)成功通常被視為是美國(guó)人對(duì)基于家庭背景的社會(huì)等級(jí)的替代方式。因此，商業(yè)被視為是機(jī)會(huì)平等觀念的一種表達(dá)，而不是繼承特權(quán)的貴族觀念）可知B選項(xiàng)“在許多國(guó)家，成功往往取決于一個(gè)人的社會(huì)地位”符合題意。

10.寫作題

Directions:Presentyourperspectiveontheissuebelow,usingrelevantreasonsand/orexamplestosupportyourviews.

Writeacompositionofabout350wordsentitledAnOccupationthatCanBringMyCreativeDrivesandTechnicalKnowledgeintoFullPlay.

【答案】【略】

11.單選題

Standinginlinehasneverbeenapopularactivity,buttodayitseemsthatAmericansarelikelytobemoreimpatientaboutwaitinginlinethantheyhavebeenin20years.AccordingtoarecentLouisHarrissurvey,Americans’leisuretimehasshrunkby37percentinthelasttwodecades.Withleisuretimemorevaluable,theopportunitycostofwaitinginlinesismuchhigher.

Businessesrecognizethatpeoplechoosetheirproductsonthebasisofthefullopportunitycost,notjustthepriceofthegoodsorservice.Bykeepingcustomerswaitingbusinessesmaybelosingcustomers.Theyarefindingthatpeoplewillchooseoneestablishmentoveranotherbecauseshorterlines.Asaresult,businessesarefocusingontheirmarketingeffortsonwhatmarketerscalltimeutility-providingproductsandservicesinwaysthatdonotconsumevaluabletimeorprovidingvaluestooffsetthetimelosses.Whenthemultiple-linesapproachisusedinbanksandstores,peoplegetfrustratedbecausetheyoftenfindthemselvesintheslowestline.Singlelinesdonotmoveanyquicker,buttheyreducethevarianceofthewaitandthusreducefrustrations.Customerscanlineupbehindthetellerorclerkortheirchoice;orinonelinethatallowsthefirstpersoninlinetogotothenextavailableserver-calledasingle-serverline.Asaresult,mosttypesofbusinessesinwhichseveralservicepeoplehandlecustomershaveswitchedtothesingle-serverline.

Firmshavetriedseveralotherapproachestodealingwithlines.ChemicalBankbeganaprogramwhereanycustomerwhohadtowaitinatellerlineformorethansevenminuteswasgiven$5.HospitalemergencyroomsinLosGatos,California,nowoffera“NoWaiting”guarantee:Ifyouwaitlongerthanfiveminutesforemergency-roomcare,thebillingdepartmentknocks25percentoffyourbill.TheManhattanSavingsBankoffersliveentertainmentduringnoontimebankinghours.Somehotelsandofficebuildingshavemirrorsontheirelevatordoorsinanattempttodistractpeoplewhilewaiting.

Sometimesjusttellingpeoplehowlongtheyhavetowaitcheersthemup.Disneylandhashadtolearntocomfortthoseinline,sinceapopularattractionlikeStarTourscanattractasmanyas1,800peopleinaline.Likemanyamusementparks,Disneylandprovidedentertainmentforthosestandinginline,butitalsogivespeopleupdates,intheformofsigns,noting“fromthispoint,onthewaitis30minutes'Distractionssuchasthesecanhelppeopleforgethowtheycouldbespendingtheirtimeiftheyweren’twaitinginline.

1.Whichisthebesttitleforthisessay?

2.Whatisthemainideaoftheentireessay?

3.Peopleprefersingle-serverlinesbecause（）.

4.Wecaninferfromtheessaythat（）.

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFalse?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.PreciousLeisureTime.

B.Single-serverLine.

C.NoWaitingGuarantee.

D.TheOpportunityCostofWaiting.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Peoplearemoreimpatientthantheyusedtobebecausetheyhavelessleisuretime.

B.Businessestrytoattractcustomersbydecreasingwaitingtime.

C.Timecanbeconsideredpartoftheopportunitycostofaproductorservice.

D.Banks,storesandotherbusinesseshaveintroducedsingle-serverlinesandentertainmentforcustomerswaitinginline.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theymovequicker

B.theyoffermoredistractions

C.theyreducefrustrations

D.theyaddvariances

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.peoplejudgeaproductonitsfullopportunitycostincludingtime

B.marketersdonotfindeffectiveapproachestodealingwithtime

C.mostpeoplearepatientwhentheylineforanamusementprogram

D.mostpeopledonotcarefortheentertainmentprogramofferedbythebusinesseswhentheyarewaitinginlonglines

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Americans’leisuretimehasshrunken37percentinthelasttwodecades.

B.AtChemicalBankcustomerswhohadtowaitmorethansevenminutesweregiven$5.

C.Somehospitalemergencyroomsoffera“NoWaiting”guarantee.

D.Disneylandhadtocheerupthepeoplewaitinginlonglinesforsomepopularattractions,butnottothecustomers'satisfaction.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:文章第一段提到美國(guó)人的休閑時(shí)間越來(lái)越寶貴，排隊(duì)等候所費(fèi)的成本越來(lái)越高。在接下來(lái)的段落里，作者著重說(shuō)明商家是如何采取措施來(lái)解決排隊(duì)費(fèi)時(shí)間的問(wèn)題，向消費(fèi)者提供費(fèi)時(shí)少的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。因此可以推斷出全文是在講排隊(duì)等候的機(jī)會(huì)成本，所以選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

第2題:根據(jù)第1題可知，選項(xiàng)C“時(shí)間被認(rèn)為是產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)成本的一部分”符合題意。

第3題:文章第二段提到人們不喜歡多行的隊(duì)伍，這樣會(huì)讓他們沮喪，而singlelinesdonotmoveanyquicker,buttheyreducethevarianceofthewaitandthusreducefrustrations，單行隊(duì)伍能夠減少人們的沮喪。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第4題:文章第二段第一句話提到商家意識(shí)到人們?cè)跈C(jī)會(huì)成本的基礎(chǔ)上選擇商品不僅僅是因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品的服務(wù)或者質(zhì)量（Businessesrecognizethatpeoplechoosetheirproductsonthebasisofthefullopportunitycost,notjustthepriceofthegoodsorservice）。之后舉了商家向人們提供不費(fèi)時(shí)間的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的例子，由此可知，人們?cè)谶x擇商品時(shí)，時(shí)間成本也是其中需要考慮的因素之一。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

第5題:文章第一段第二句話accordingtoarecentLouisHarrissurvey,Americans’leisuretimehasshrunkby37percentinthelasttwodecades，排除選項(xiàng)A；文章第三段第二句話chemicalBankbeganaprogramwhereanycustomerwhohadtowaitinatellerlineformorethansevenminuteswasgiven$5，排除選項(xiàng)B；第三段第三句話hospitalemergencyroomsinLosGatos,California,nowoffera“NoWaiting”guarantee:Ifyouwaitlongerthanfiveminutesforemergency-roomcare,thebillingdepartmentknocks25percentoffyourbill，排除選項(xiàng)C。所以選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

12.單選題

ThemysteriousspokesinSaturn's（土星）ringsmaybecreatedbymassivethunderstormsintheplanet’satmosphere.Ifthetheoryisright,thesefaintfeaturesarethesignatureofawesomeevents:lightningstrokesaretenthousandtimesmoreenergeticthanthoseonEarthreleasingbeamsofelectronsthatsurgeupfromSaturnssurfacetowhack（重?fù)簦﹊ntotheringsandblastoutjetsofelectricallychargeddust.

Theidea,proposedbyGeraintJonesoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforSolarSystemResearchinKatlenburg-Lindau,Germany,andhiscolleaguesinGeophysicalResearchLetters,remainsspeculative.Noonehaseverseenstorm-inducedelectronbeamsonSaturn.Buttheresearcherssaythatthetheorywouldexplainsomepuzzlingfeaturesofthespokes,andthatitfitswithwhatisknownabouttheeffectsofthunderstormsonEarth.

ThespokesofSaturn’sringswerefirstdiscoveredbytheVoyagerIandIIspacecraftwhentheypassedclosetothegasgiantplanetin1980and1981.Thespokesare“averycomplexphenomenon,andadifficultthingtountangle”,saysCarolynPorcooftheSpaceScienceInstituteinBoulder,Colorado,whowasthefirstpersontoworkonthesemysteriousfeaturesbackintheVoyagerdays.

Thespokesappearasbrightordarkstreaksabout100kmwideandupto20,000kmlongthatcrosstherings,makingthemlookasthoughtheyhavebeensmearedbyagiantfinger.Theyaretransient,buildingupoveraperiodofafewhoursandthendisappearingagainseveralhourslater.Andtheyaren’talwaysthereatall:between1998and2004,whenNASA’sCassinispacecraftreachedtheplanet,therewasnosignofany.SpokesreappearedinSeptember2005,whenCassinitooksnapshotsofthem.

Researchersagreethatthespokesaremadeofdustgrainsthathavebecomeelectricallychargedandarepushedupoutoftheringsinlongstreamersbyelectrostaticrepulsion（靜電排斥）.Buttheydon’tknowwhatcausesthecharging.

Onetheoryisthatthishappenswhenmeteoritesplowintotheringsandwhipupacloudofchargedplasma（等離子區(qū)），whichthenchargesuptherings’dustparticles.Butthis,saysJones,can’texplainwhythespokesbuildupgraduallyit’simplausible（難信的）thatseveralmeteoriteswouldstriketheringsinthesameplaceinclosesuccession.

AnalternativeexplanationisbasedonthewaythatthunderstormsonEarthcangenerateelectronbeamsintheupperatmosphere.Whileregularlightningboltstravelbetweencloudsandthegroundbelow,high-energyparticlesstreamingfromspacecalledcosmicrayscantriggerelectrondischargesabovetheclouds.TheseelectronsstreamoutwardsintospacealongthefieldlinesoftheEarth’magneticfield.Thiscanproduceflashesofgammaraysaswellasglowingatmosphericfeaturescalledsprites.

ThunderstormsarealsoknowntohappenwithinthethickatmosphereofSaturn,andJonesandcolleaguessaythatthe