考研班主任1995年英語試題及答案33獲取

SectionIStructureandPartABeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoices,[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(5points)beingswereportrayed hhavebeenwouldhavehadbeenThereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthan inthepublicmindtoday.Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds argumentinfavorofthenewtheory.whichtobaseonwhichtotobaseonwhichtobebasedcanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.Howmanyofus beinterestedinthediscussion?tohaveHydrogenisthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse providesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsaresobutinprovidedWearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformal rsonalone.ratherotherbetterlessisgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.stimulatingthethinkingofitslisteners.Justasthesoilisapartofthe theasitthesamesoandsoisPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked,[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(5points)TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflectingnotsomuchAaretoovaluabletobewasted. Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denyArelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof, relevant,isWearenotconsciousoftheextentofwhichworkprovidesthe psychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetween fullandanemptyThePortugueseA

agreatdealofcredittooneB

havingpromotedseatravel,thatmanwasPrinceHenrythenavigator, wholivedinthe15thAccountsofscientificexperimentsaregenerallycorrectforthosewriteaboutsciencearecarefulincheckingthe accuracyoftheirwheneverwehearofanaturaldisaster,eveninadistantpartofthe world,wefeelsympathyforthepeopletohave ItisperhapsnotanexaggerationtosaythatweshallsoonAtrustingourhealth,wealthandhappinesstoelementswithwhomvery namesteralpublicDThespeakerclaimedthatnoothermodernnationdevotesso portionofitswealthtopublicassistanceandhealththantheCStatesDTherearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefence-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementin thestandardoflivingor,alternay,todomuchtoprotectCDIfindividualsareawakenedeachtimeastheybeginadreamphase sleep,theyarelikely eirritableeventhoughtheirCamountofsleephasDPartCBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearechoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(10points)Inthatcountry,gueststendtofeeltheyarenotiftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate. tothemayorforapproval.Amanhastomake forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.Thenewly-builtScienceBuildingseems enoughtolastahundredyears.Itiswell-knownthattheretiredworkersinourcountryarefreemedicalcare.entitledinvolvedassociatedassignedThefarmersweremoreanxiousforrainthanthepeopleinthecitybecausetheyhadmoreat I todeathbecauseIcouldmakenothingofchairman’stofindwhatwasat Youradvicewould valuabletohim,whoisatpresenthiswiHefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehasto theconsequences.answerrunabidestepTheriveris itsbanksbecauseparallellevelflatflush ofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.forlanguagelearningpurposes,thereisyetnocomprehensivesystematicprogrammeforthereadingThemothersaidd hersonwashingthedishesifhecouldfinishhisassignmentbeforesupper.letletletletbitterregrets.

decisionsoftenleadJohncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralinthe thisfieldisclimbing.Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit hegaveusanideaabouthisplan.atininatTheirdemandforapayraisehasnottheslightest It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina wheninafuriousstate.SectioClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,arefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(10points)Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedkindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleeptoservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepiseven .Thenewexperiments,suchas forthetimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is100percentfataltorats,yet,47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompleynormal.Aresearcherhasnow48themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,50theirimmunesystems--theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease--hadhebywiththeforthepaidattentioncaughtsightlaidemphasiscastlightasifonlyif[D]if ReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.letterinthebracketswithncil.(40points)TextMoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byheltoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewsprwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamenternthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatiedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knownevisionalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.HewasdrawingIfitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation--andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenasuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knownevisionalitywants.Bythesentenceofthepassagetheauthormeans heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofeverybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyadvertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingitisworthwhiletospendmoneyonInthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?SecuringgreaterProvidingmoreEnhancinglivingReducing rTheauthordeemsthatthewell-known ality verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentoninterestedinnothingbutthebuyers’ correctinlingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandobviouslypartialinhisviewsonIntheauthor’s advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemthereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthethebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanTextTherearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Thewhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,thewholearnsanewlanguage--alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirBycontrast,theprocessofalgrowthismuoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”at.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doerceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandetheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifrotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Weetrappedinsideasofourown55.rsonisgenerallybelievedto algrowth.hehasgivenuphissmokinghehasmadegreateffortsinhisheiskeenonleaninganythinghehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisIntheauthor’seyes,onewhoviews algrowthasaprocess succeedinclimbingupthesocialjudgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownfacedifficultiesandtakeupaimhighandreachhisgoaleachWhentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing”(Line2~3,Para.3)isreferring anewapproachtoexperiencingtheanewwayoftakinganewmethodofperceivinganewsystemofadaptationto algrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowing.curiosityaboutmorepromptnessinself-nesstonewavoidanceofinternalfearsandTextInsuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarethecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingtyofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.municationsdevelopmenablemailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Saliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethrougheconferencing,theirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledgeispower”maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.Theword“it”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefers thelackofstablethebreakdownofinformalinformationtheincreasedmobilityofthegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplaceto.theyhavetolearnnewthingstheylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthytheyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationFromthepassagewecaninfer electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingitwill emoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationerapeoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsoreventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsaWecanlearnfromthelastparagraph itisnecessarytoobtainasmucowledgeaspeopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformationweshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulating itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationTextalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytoeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe“winatallcosts”moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,themarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:“Rejoice,weconquer!”Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’salitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbyandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsare Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause thepressureistoogreatonthesomestudentsareboundtofailureratesaretootheresultsofexanimationsareTheselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybased.candidates’academiccompetitivesurerFromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusion alityofachildiswellestablishedatfamilyinfluencedominatestheshaofone’sthedevelopmentof alityisduetomultipleB-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitiveTextThatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledinligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overriodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobefotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenfettingbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytofetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadtoseriousanxiety,fettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessoffettingsurvivednaturalselection.Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Fettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutfetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)fotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.ThusfettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandtheAnotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughfetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andfetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsfetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.Fromtheevolutionarypointof ettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviously rsongetsveryf etfulallofasuddenhemustbeverythegradualprocessof ettingisanindicationofindividual’ssudden ettingmaybringaboutadaptiveAccordingtothepassage, rsonnever hewouldsurvivehewouldhavealotofhisabilitytolearnwouldbetheevolutionofmemorywouldFromthelastparagraphweknow etfulnessisaresponsetothememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputmemoryisacompensationfor thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecause ettingoccursInthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunction. SectionIVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarynelhavebeentheofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.71)Theiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorpetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetool