(通用版)高考英語三輪寫作沖刺02 宏觀與微觀：高考英語寫作的結(jié)構(gòu)與表述

高考英語寫作的結(jié)構(gòu)與表述宏觀與微觀閱讀共識▲了解段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)部邏輯關(guān)系，分析文章的體裁類型及其結(jié)構(gòu)，將有助于我們對文章的整體理解?！I(lǐng)悟語篇，了解作者的寫作意圖、思路、目的，挖掘文章字里行間所隱藏的深層意思，把握全局，從鑒賞的角度來理解文章的深刻內(nèi)涵，才是在進(jìn)行真正意義上的閱讀。他山之石▲段落是文章的縮影，幫助我們把文章分割為各個(gè)小部分，便于我們對文章進(jìn)行正確的理解?！c漢語的螺旋式思維不同，英語段落的一個(gè)基本特點(diǎn)是按照直線展開，即先陳述段落的中心意思，然后分別敘述說明?！⒄Z文章在展開中心意思的過程中，段落中的一個(gè)句子應(yīng)該順其自然地從它前面的句子產(chǎn)生出來。段落構(gòu)成▲段落是由彼此關(guān)聯(lián)的一組句子構(gòu)成的。這些句子并非隨意堆砌在一起，而是遵循一定的邏輯，組織在一起，共同表達(dá)一個(gè)中心思想。▲段落一般包括三個(gè)部分：主題句、推展句和結(jié)論句?！黝}句是表達(dá)段落主題的句子；推展句式主題句的支持者，通常以事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)、證據(jù)以及觀點(diǎn)的形式存在，其作用是證明并澄清主題句；結(jié)論句主要發(fā)揮總結(jié)、重申或強(qiáng)調(diào)主題的作用?！黝}句所出現(xiàn)的位置不同，作用也不同：在段首時(shí)，它統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段；在段中時(shí)，它承上啟下；在段尾時(shí)，它概括全段。段落構(gòu)成▲主題句在段首主題句推展句1推展句2推展句3結(jié)論句段落構(gòu)成▲主題句在段中主題句推展句1推展句2推展句4推展句3段落構(gòu)成▲主題句在段尾推展句1推展句2推展句3結(jié)論句/主題句段內(nèi)邏輯Everystudentwillbefacedwiththequestionwhenhepassesthecollegeentranceexaminations:Shouldwechooseagoodmajororagooduniversityfirst?（1）Somestudentsprefertoconsidermajorsfirstsothattheycanlearnwhattheyareinterestedin.（2）Itwillalsomakeitpossibleforthemtotaketheirfavoritejobsinthefuture.（3）

However,thosewhothinkdifferentlybelievethattheenvironmentisimportanttoone’sdevelopmentandthatgraduatesfromleadinguniversitiesareoftenmorelikelytofindagoodjob.（4）Inmyopinion,thebestchoiceisagoodmajoratagooduniversity.（5）思考：五個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系怎樣？（主題句？推展句？結(jié)論句？）文本1段內(nèi)邏輯▲比較與對照法句子1提出問題句子2句子3分析問題1（專業(yè)優(yōu)先）句子4分析問題2（學(xué)校優(yōu)先）(However)觀點(diǎn)對比句子5得出結(jié)論（Opinion）分析1專業(yè)vs.大學(xué)▲比較與對照法比較法側(cè)重兩種事物之間的相似之處。常用標(biāo)志詞語：also,like,same,as...as...,similarto,resemble,likewise,comparedwith,etc.對比法側(cè)重兩種事物之間的不同之處。常用標(biāo)志詞語：but,while,however,unlike,incontrast,notso...as...,ontheonehand...ontheother...,comparedto,etc.Whatshouldthevolunteersforthe2008OlympicGamesinBeijing?（1）Firstly,theyshouldbepoliteandfriendlytotheathletesandvisitorsfromallovertheworld,andavoidimproperbehaviour.（2）Secondly,theyshouldsticktotheirposts,offeringgoodservices,satisfyinganyreasonableneedsandbeingreadytohelpthoseindifficulty,andneverfailtodotheirduty.（3）Thirdly,theyshouldintroducetheChinesecultureandhistorytoforeignerssothattheymayknowChinabetter,andneversayordoanythingthatharmstheimageofourmotherland.（4）So,aboveall,beingavolunteershouldputresponsibilityfirst.(5)文本2段內(nèi)邏輯思考：五句話的內(nèi)在關(guān)系怎樣？段內(nèi)邏輯▲順序法分析2So,aboveall,......Whatshouldthevolunteers...？Secondly......Thirdly......Firstly......提出問題分析問題解決問題▲順序法在英文段落和文章中，事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展都是按照一定的時(shí)間、空間以及邏輯等順序來組織的。閱讀者頭腦中有了一個(gè)明確的邏輯順序，把握了事件的時(shí)間、空間發(fā)展上的連續(xù)性，有助于快速地理解和抓住中心思想。▲順序法時(shí)間順序first(ly),second(ly),atfirst,then,next,after,later,finally,atlast,intheend,etc.空間順序on,in,under,above,below,beside,to,behind,inthemiddle,ontheleft(right),nextto,opposite,over,up,down,ontopof,atthebottom,etc.邏輯順序and,also,besides,furthermore,inaddition,mostimportantly,primary,top,chief,etc.

Therearethreekindsofbookowners.(1)

Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbestsellers---unread,untouched.

(2)Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks---afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.

(3)Thethirdhasafewbooksormany---everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenbycontinualuse,markedandscribbledinfromfronttoback.(4)段內(nèi)邏輯文本3思考：你屬于哪種書的擁有者？分析3段內(nèi)邏輯▲分類法afew/readthrough,most/dippedinto,all/ascleanandshinyThethird...Thesecond...Thefirst...Threekindsofbooksdog-eared,dilapidated,shaken,scribbledunread,untouched分述[層次1]總述分述[層次2]▲分類法分類的基本原則▲依據(jù)同一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類▲所分類別之間互不包容▲所分類別完整▲依據(jù)熟悉程度排列▲使用分類詞和例舉符號表示分類關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞：kind,type,group,thought,way,class,part,element,factor,aspect,division,reasons,characteristics,subdivision,category,etc.Knowledgeandpowerarethetwothingsmostdesiredbyman.(1)

Ontheonehand,powerdependsonknowledge.(2)Knowledgetopowerisjustlikeacompasstoaship,bywhichhersailingismadesafelyacrossanunknownocean.

(3)Agreatstatesmanoralearnedscholarcangivehisgoodservicestohiscountryjustbecausehehasperfectandprofoundknowledge.(4)Ontheotherhand,poweronlyfollowsknowledge.

(5)Amancannotdoanythingwellunlesshehassomeinformationashowtodoitwell.(6)Amanwillsometimeslosehiswayinastrangeland;anapprenticecannotproduceanydelicatework.(7)Whyaretheseso?(8)Becausetheyareinwantofknowledge.(9)Butallinall,howcanwefulfillourfuturetasks?(10)

Togetmoreknowledgeistheonlyanswer.(11)段內(nèi)邏輯文本4段內(nèi)邏輯分析4▲因果關(guān)系

Knowledgeandpower//mostdesiredbyman.Powerdependsonknowledge.Poweronlyfollowsknowledge.

Knowledgetopower//acompasstoaship.Amancannotdoanythingwellunless...Togetmoreknowledge陳述觀點(diǎn)解釋[層次1]解釋[層次2]得出結(jié)論▲因果關(guān)系表示因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)記詞：because(of),as,for,so,since,dueto,owingto,nowthat,inthat,onaccountof,resultfrom/in,therefore,asaresult,inconsequence,accordingly,thus,hence段內(nèi)邏輯文本5Aforeigner'sfirstimpressionoftheU.S.islikelytobethateveryoneisinarush---oftenunderpressure.

(1)Citypeoplealwaysappeartobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoingrestlessly,seekingattentioninastore,andelbowingothersastheytrytocompletetheirerrands(任務(wù)).(2)Racingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinthiscountry.(3)Workingtimeisconsideredprecious.(4)Othersinpubliceatingplacesarewaitingforyoutofinishsothattheytoocanbeservedandgetbacktoworkwithinthetimeallowed.(5)Eachpersonhurriestomakeroomforthenextperson.(6)Ifyoudon’t,waiterswillhurryyou.(7)Youalsofinddriverswillbeabruptandpeoplewillpushpastyou.(8)Youwillmisssmiles,briefconversations,andsma