《技術(shù)與商務(wù)交流英語(yǔ)（第二版）》課件Chapter 11 Technical Description

ObjectivesandOutcomesLearnhowtodescribeintechnicalwriting:SpatialorstructuraldescriptionFunctionalorprocessdescriptionChronologicaloroperationaldescriptionGraphicsUsedinDescriptionI.IntroductionTodescribeistocreateamentalpictureinwords.Atechnicaldescriptiongivesanaccountof:anobject(e.g.anatomoraheart),amechanism(e.g.anengine),aplace(e.g.aconstructionsite),aprocess(e.g.theoperationofacomputer).Thesedescriptionsoftenfollowatwo-partstructure:(1)Anintroductionthatincludeseitheranoverviewofthedescriptionorastatementofthefocusofthedescription.(2)Apart-by-partdescriptionofwhatisbeingdescribed.II.IntroductorySectionofTDTheintroductionoftechnicaldescriptiongivesanoverviewofthedescription,whichmayincludesomeorallofthefollowinginformation:De?nitionoftheobjecttobedescribedOverviewofthedescriptionincludingfunctions,uses,specialfeatures,etc.對(duì)描述的概述，包括功能、用法、特性等等。Purpose(ofamechanism)Location(ofaplace)Thephysicalcharacteristics(ofanobject)includingsize,shape,weight,color,material,etc.ExampleofanIntroductionofTechnicalDescription

1Amicroscopeisaninstrumentusedforviewingsmallobjects,especiallyobjectsthataretoosmalltobeseenbytheunaidedeye.2Itisanimportanttoolofsciencebecauseitiswidelyusedinexaminingsmallspecimenssuchasbacteria,cellsandcrystalsinmetals,etc.3Microscopescanbegenerallyclassifiedintothreecategories:opticalorlightmicroscopes光學(xué)顯微鏡,electronmicroscopes電子顯微鏡,andscanningprobemicroscopes掃描顯微.4Thisarticlemainlydiscussestheopticalmicroscope.Thisintroductiongivesanoverviewofthedescription,whichincludesthefollowinginformation:S1:ThedefinitionofamicroscopeanditspurposeS2:TheusagesofthemicroscopeS3:TheclassificationofmicroscopesaccordingtotheirfeaturesS4:Therangeofdescription描述范圍inthisarticleIII.SectionofPart-by-PartDescriptionThemajorsectionofadescriptionisapart-by-partdescriptionoftheobject.Therearegenerallythreewaystoorganizethepart-by-partdescription:SpatialorganizationFunctionalorganizationChronologicalorganization1.FunctionalOrganization按功能組織信息Afunctionalorganizationisusedtodescribehowsomethingworks.Ifyouorganizeadescriptionfunctionally,youwoulddescribeamechanismaccordingtohowitworks按照工作原理描述一個(gè)機(jī)械裝置.

Theopticalmicroscope(oftenreferredtoasthelightmicroscope)istheoldestandsimplestofthemicroscopes.Thesimplestopticalmicroscopeisamagnifyingglass,aconvexlensthatbendsorrefractsthelightraysfromtheobjecttoproduceanenlargedimage.一個(gè)凸球面鏡，它可以折射來自物體的光線以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)放大圖像.Acompoundmicroscopeconsistsmainlyoftwolenses:anobjectivelens物鏡andaneyepiece目鏡(alsocalledtheocularlens).Theobjectivelensisahigh-poweredmagnifyingglass—alenswithaveryshortfocallength.物鏡式高倍放大鏡，—個(gè)焦距很短的透鏡.Itcanbebroughtveryclosetothespecimenbeingexaminedsothatthelightfromthespecimencomestoafocusinsidethemicroscopetube.可以把它移動(dòng)到離檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)本很近的位置，從而使來自于標(biāo)本的光線在顯微鏡筒中聚焦。Thiscreatesanenlargedimageofthesubject.Theocularlensthenmagni?esthisimage,producinganevenlargerimage.這樣會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)放大的標(biāo)本影像。目鏡對(duì)這一影像進(jìn)行放大，從而產(chǎn)生一個(gè)更大的影像。Example:FunctionalOrganizationDescriptionFeaturesofthepreviousexample:Inthedescriptionofthemicroscope,theauthorfollowsageneral-to-speci?corder從特殊到一般的順序.Theauthordescribesthegeneralworkingprincipleofthesimplestopticalmicroscope?rstandthenacompoundmicroscopeinmoredetails.2.SpatialOrganization按照空間位置組織信息Aspatialorganization(orstaticdescription靜態(tài)描述)describestheappearance,layout,structureororganizationofsomething.Itincludestwomajorsteps:(1)Analyzetheobjectbypartition—separatetheobjectintoitsparts.(2)Describethestructureoftheobjectfromoneparttothenextinalogicalorder:fromlefttoright(orrighttoleft);fromtoptobottom(orbottomtotop);frominsidetooutside(oroutsidetoinside).Opticalmicroscopesgenerallyconsistofthreeparts:thetube,thearmandthefoot,鏡筒、鏡臂和鏡座.asisshowninFigure11-6.Thefootisthebaseonwhichthearmstands.Thearmistheuprightsupportthatholdsthetube.Thetubecontainsthelensesformagni?cation.鏡座是支持鏡臂的基礎(chǔ)。鏡臂式鏡筒的垂直支柱。鏡筒中裝有進(jìn)行放大的透鏡。ThearmishingedtotheU-shapedfootsothatitcanbetiltedtoallowtheviewingangletobeadjusted.Thearmconsistsofastage,amirrorandtwoadjustmentknobs.Thestageisaplatformonwhichthespecimenisplaced.Themirror,?xedunderthestage,re?ectslightthroughanopeninginthestagetoilluminatethespecimen.Ontheupperpartofthearmisacourse-adjustmentknob,whichisusedtofocusthemicroscopebymovingthetubewithinthearm.Onthelowerpartofthearmisa?ne-adjustmentknob,whichmovesthetubeasmalldistancefor?nalfocusingofahigh-powerlens.鏡臂鉸鏈在U型鏡座上，以便鏡臂能夠傾斜以調(diào)整觀察角度。鏡臂由一個(gè)鏡臺(tái)、一個(gè)反光鏡和兩個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)鈕組成。鏡臺(tái)式一個(gè)放置標(biāo)本的平臺(tái)。反光鏡安裝在鏡臺(tái)下面，通過鏡臺(tái)上的一個(gè)小孔（通光孔）用反射光照亮標(biāo)本。鏡臂的上部是粗調(diào)節(jié)旋鈕，通過移動(dòng)鏡臂內(nèi)的鏡筒使顯微鏡聚焦。鏡臂下部是細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)旋鈕，對(duì)鏡筒距離進(jìn)行細(xì)微調(diào)節(jié)，以便對(duì)高倍鏡進(jìn)行最后聚焦。Thetubeismainlycomposedoftwoparts:theupperpartandthelowerpart.Theupperendofthetubeholdstheeyepiece(orocularlens).Thelowerpartofthetubeholdstheobjectivelens.Inmostcases,twoormoreobjectivelensesofdifferentpoweraremountedonarevolvingnosepiecethatcanberotatedtobringthedesiredlensintoplace.鏡筒主要包括兩個(gè)部分：上部和下部。目鏡安裝在鏡筒的頂端，物鏡安裝在鏡筒的下部。在多數(shù)情況下，兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不同倍數(shù)的物鏡安裝在一個(gè)換鏡旋座上，通過旋轉(zhuǎn)來調(diào)換所需要的物鏡Example:SpatialOrganizationDescription按照空間位置進(jìn)行組織描述Thisdescriptionfollowsthegeneral-to-specific

從一般到特殊andoutside-to-inside從外至內(nèi)order.P1:Describeshowmanymajorpartsamicroscopehasandhowtheyareconnectedtooneanother.P2:Describingspecificallythemechanicalpartsonthearm.P3:Describesthestructureofthetubethatisheldbythearm.3.ChronologicalOrganization

按照時(shí)間先后順序組織信息Achronologicalorganizationisadescriptionthatfollowstheorderoftime.Itdescribeshowtodosomethingandthusisalsocalledaninstructionaloroperationaldescription使用或操作描述.Itiswidelyusedinthefollowtypesofwriting:Usermanuals:toexplainstepsapersonshouldfollowResearchreports:todescribeactionstheresearcherstookFeasibilitystudies:toexplaintestsconductedProposals:todescribeworktobedone

Amicroscopeisanexpensiveanddelicateinstrumentthatshouldbehandledwithcare.Toprepareamicroscopeforuse,turnthenosepiecesothattheobjectivelenswiththelowestpowerisintheviewingposition.Next,lowerthetubebyturningthecoarse-adjustmentknobuntiltheobjectivelensisjustabovetheopeninginthestage.Finally,lookthroughtheeyepieceandadjustthemirrorsothatabrightcircleoflightappearsintheeyepiece.Themicroscopeisnowreadyforuse.準(zhǔn)備使用顯微鏡時(shí)，首先旋轉(zhuǎn)物鏡轉(zhuǎn)換器，使最低倍數(shù)的物鏡處于觀察位置。接著，通過轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)粗調(diào)節(jié)鈕使鏡筒下降，直到物鏡正好位于鏡臺(tái)的通光孔上方。最后，通過目鏡觀看，并調(diào)節(jié)反光鏡，使一個(gè)明亮的光環(huán)出現(xiàn)在目鏡里。此時(shí)，顯微鏡已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好可以使用了。Topreparespecimensforviewing,makesurethatthespecimensaretransparent,orhavebeenmadetransparent,sothatlightcanshinethroughthem.Placethespecimentobeviewedonaglassslidethatmeasures76mmlongand25mmwide.在準(zhǔn)備觀察標(biāo)本時(shí)，確認(rèn)標(biāo)本時(shí)透明的，或者把標(biāo)本做成透明的，以便光線能夠透過標(biāo)本。把觀察的標(biāo)本放在一個(gè)76毫米長(zhǎng)、25毫米寬的玻片上。Toviewaslide,placeitonthestagewiththespecimendirectlyovertheopening.Holdtheslideinplacewiththeclipsonthestage.Lookthroughtheeyepieceandturnthecoarse-adjustmentknobtoraisethelensupfromtheslideuntilthespecimencomesintofocus.觀察玻片標(biāo)本時(shí)，把它放在鏡臺(tái)通光孔的正上方。用鏡臺(tái)上的彈簧夾夾住玻片標(biāo)本。通過目鏡觀看，旋轉(zhuǎn)粗調(diào)節(jié)鈕使透鏡從玻片處升起，直到使標(biāo)本聚焦。Toviewmoredetailsofthespecimen,turnthenosepiecetoanobjectivelenswithhigherpower,andthenfocustheobjectivelenswiththe?ne-adjustmentknob.Youcanalsomovetheslideonthestagetobringdifferentpartsofthespecimenintoview.要觀察標(biāo)本的更多細(xì)節(jié)，把物鏡轉(zhuǎn)換器轉(zhuǎn)向一個(gè)更高倍數(shù)的鏡頭，然后通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)調(diào)旋鈕使物鏡聚焦。你也可以移動(dòng)鏡臺(tái)上的玻片標(biāo)本來觀察標(biāo)本的不同部分。Example:ChronologicalOrganizationDescriptionofaMicroscopeInthisexample,thedescriptionfollowsthetimeorder(whattodofirst;whattodonext...)exactly.P1:Provideswarningsonhowtohandlethemicroscopebeforetheoperation.P2:Stateshowtopreparethemachineforwork.P3:Stateshowtopreparethespecimenforviewing.P4:Describeshowtoviewthespecimenthroughthemicroscope.P5:Explainshowtoviewdetailsanddifferentpartsofthespecimen.Hereyoucanfindthatboththedescriptionofparagraphsandthedescriptionwithineachparagraphfollowthechronologicalorder.IV.CombinationMethodofOrganizationInactualtechnicaldescription,thesethreemethodsthefunctionaldescriptionthespatialdescriptionthechronologicaldescriptioncanbeusedeitherseparatelyorincombination.Acompletedescriptionofamechanismmayincludeallthethreemethodstodescribeitsstructure(whatitlookslike),itsfunction(howitworks),

anditsoperation(howtouseit).IV.GraphicsUsedinDescription

Graphicscanmakedescriptioneasiertounderstandbyshowingrelationshipsmoreclearlythanwordsalone.Theyhelpreadersfocusonkeyportionsofthedescription,andprovidedetailedinformationefficiently.Commonlyusedgraphicswithtechnicaldescriptionareasfollows:PhotographsDrawingsDiagrams1.PhotographsShowingthereaderexactlywhatanobjectlookslike.Providinganaccuratesenseofproportionandrelationbetweentheparts.Showingonlytheoutersurfacefeaturesofthething.Providingmoredetailsthanisnecessary,whichmightleadtoconfusion.Figure1AphotocopierFigure2AmotorinavideotaperecorderGuidelinesforUsingPhotographs:1)Trimthephotographtoeliminateneedlessdetails.Figure3AphotowithtoomanydetailsFigure4Thecroppedversion

ReplacingtheMicrofilterActivationUnit.2)Takethephotographattherightangleofvisionsothatreaderswouldbeabletoidentifyorviewtheitemtheyaresupposedtosee.3)Provideaframeofreferencebyincludingaperson,ahand,atool,orotherfamiliarobjectsinthephoto.Figure5ShowinganangleofvisionFigure6Showinghowtheworkisdone

Titrationinmeasuringelectron-spinresonance.Antibodyscreeningprocedure.4)Labelallthepartsreadersneedtoidentify.5)Numberthephotographinitsorderofappearance,andifnecessary,includeaprosecaption.Figure7:AphotographwithlabelstoindicatefunctionalpartsStandardflightdeckforalongrangejet.2.Drawings繪圖Drawingshavethreeadvantagesoverphotographs:Directthereader’sattentiontospecificpartsoftheobject.Provideclearerandmoreusefuldetailsbyremovingunessentialdetails.Presenttheobjectinathree-dimensionalview三維圖像.Figure1AphotographFigure2AdrawingshowingthelensesandlightpathinamicroscopeThedrawingontheleftshowstheexternalpartsofamicroscope.Anoperatoradjuststhesepartstoviewaspecimen.Thecutawaydrawingontherightshowsthepaththatlightfollowswhenpassingthroughthespecimenandthenthroughthelensesandtubesofthemicroscope.Thedrawingsmakeitmuchsimplerande