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GastrointestinalVirusesViralGastroenteritisItisthoughtthatvirusesareresponsibleforupto3/4ofallinfectivediarrhoeas.Viralgastroenteritisisthesecondmostcommonviralillnessafterupperrespiratorytractinfection.Indevelopingcountries,viralgastroenteritisisamajorkillerofinfantswhoareundernourished.Rotavirusesareresponsibleforhalfamilliondeathsayear.Manydifferenttypesofvirusesarefoundinthegutbutonlysomeareassociatedwithgastroenteritis.

AssociatedwithgastroenteritisRotavirusesAdenoviruses4041Caliciviruses嵌杯病毒NorwalklikevirusesorSRSV(SmallRoundStructuredViruses)AstrovirusesSRV(SmallRoundViruses)CoronavirusesTorovirusesFoundinthegutasopportunisticinfectionCMVHSVVZVHIVGastrointestinalVirusesVirusGenomeTypicaldiseaseincubationDurationRotaviruses:GroupA,B,Cds-segmentedRNAMajorcauseofdiarrheainchildren1-3days24-56h5-8days3-7daysCalicivirusesNorwalkagentsssRNAInfectsadultsandchildrenEpidemicviralgastroenteritis1-3days18-24h1-3days12-48hEAd40,41LineardsRNAdiarrheainchildren7-8days8-12dAstrovirus+ssRNAInfectsmainlychildrenandelderly1-4days1-4dGastrointestinalVirusesInfants:RotavirusA;Adenovirus40,41;CoxsackieA24virusInfants,children,andadultsNorwalkvirus;Calicivirus嵌杯病毒;astrovirus;RotavirusB;Reovirus.HumanRotavirusPathogenesisGroupA:MainpathogenofinfantilediarrheaGroupB:CauseepidemicadultdiarrheaGroupC:CausehumanoranimalsporadicdiarrheaImmunity:sIgALab.DiagnosisIEM,Cellculture,PAGEofRNAsegments,PCRLatexagglutinationELISATreatmenttreatmentofdehydrationbyoraland/orintravenousfluidsandelectrolytesPreventionNonspecificfactors:improvedhygiene,education,cleanwater

Specific-Breastfeedinghelpstoprovidepassiveimmunityinthenewborn(frommaternalantibodies),

Vaccinationisstillexperimental.AstrovirusesSmallRNAviruses,namedbecauseofstar-shapedsurfacemorphology,28nmindiameter.Associatedwithcasesofendemicgastroenteritis,usuallyinyoungchildrenandneonates.Cancauseoccasionaloutbreaks.Responsibleforupto10%ofcasesofgastroenteritis.Similardiseasetorotaandadenoviruses.Mostpeoplehaveantibodiesbytheageofthree.Diagnosedbyelectronmicroscopyonly,often

verydifficultbecauseofsmallsize.CalicivirusesSmallRNAviruses,characteristicsurfacemorphologyconsistingofhollows.particles35nmindiameter.Associatedmainlywithepidemicoutbreaksofgastroenteritis,althoughoccasionallyresponsibleforendemiccases.LikeNorwalktypeviruses,vomitingistheprominentfeatureofdisease.Majorityofchildrenhaveantibodiesagainstcalicivirusesbytheageofthree.Diagnosedbyelectronmicroscopyonly,oftendifficulttodiagnosebecauseofsmallsize.OtherPossibleDiarrhoealVirusesCoronavirusesRNAviruseswithacrown-likeappearanceNotconvincingassociatedwithgastroenteritisatpresentSmallRoundVirusesSmallvirus-likeparticleswithasmoothsurface,22-2

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