2023屆高考英語作文預(yù)測傳統(tǒng)文化講義

高考英語作文猜測中國傳統(tǒng)文化篇【傳統(tǒng)文化高頻詞匯】01節(jié)氣“二十四節(jié)氣〞是中華文明悠久歷史的重要組成局部。在國際氣象界，二十四節(jié)氣被譽為“中國的第五大制造〞。2016年11月30日，二十四節(jié)氣被正式列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄。

“二十四節(jié)氣〞始于立春，最終大寒。讓我們一起來看一看這些節(jié)氣精確?????又美麗的英文表達方法吧！

首先，節(jié)氣的英文叫做“solarterm"。solar意為“太陽的〞，term表示“期間，期限〞。二十四節(jié)氣之中，立春為第一個節(jié)氣(1stsolarterm)，大寒為第24個節(jié)氣(24thsolarterm)。1stsolarterm：Feb.3,4,or5立春theBeginningofSpring

2ndsolarterm：Feb.18,19or20雨水RainWater

3rdsolarterm：Mar.5,6,or7驚蟄theWakingofInsects

4thsolarterm：Mar.20,21or22春分theSpringEquinox

5thsolarterm：Apr.4,5or6清明PureBrightness

6thsolarterm：Apr.19,20or21谷雨GrainRain

7thsolarterm：May5,6or7立夏theBeginningofSummer

8thsolarterm：May20,21or22小滿LesserFullnessofGrain

9thsolarterm：Jun.5,6or7芒種GraininBeard

10thsolarterm：Jun.21or22夏至theSummerSolstice

11thsolarterm：Jul.6,7or8小暑LesserHeat

12thsolarterm：Jul.22,23or24大暑GreaterHeat13thsolarterm：Aug.7,8or9立秋theBeginningofAutumn

14thsolarterm：Aug.22,23or24處暑theEndofHeat

15thsolarterm：Sep.7,8or9白露WhiteDew

16thsolarterm：Sep.22,23or24秋分theAutumnEquinox

17thsolarterm：Oct.8or9寒露ColdDew

18thsolarterm：Oct.23or24霜降Frost"sDescent19thsolarterm：Nov.7or8立冬theBeginningofWinter

20thsolarterm：Nov.22or23小雪LesserSnow

21thsolarterm：Dec.6,7or8大雪GreaterSnow

22thsolarterm：Dec.21,22or23冬至theWinterSolstice

23thsolarterm：Jan.5,6or7小寒LesserCold

24thsolarterm：Jan.20or21大寒GreaterCold02節(jié)日名稱春節(jié)：ChineseNewYear'sDay/ChineseLunarNewYear

/theSpringFestival

除夕：NewYear'sEve

正月：lunarJanuary

初一：thebeginningofNewYear

元宵節(jié)：theLanternFestival

春龍節(jié)：theDragonheadraisingFestival(龍?zhí)ь^)

寒食節(jié)：theColdFoodFestival

清明節(jié)：TombSweepingDay

端午節(jié)：theDragonBoatFestival(龍舟節(jié))

七夕節(jié)：theMagpieFestival/DoubleSeventhDay(中國情人節(jié))

中元節(jié)：theHungryGhostFestival

中秋節(jié)：theMidAutumnFestival

重陽節(jié)：theDoubleNinthFestival

臘八節(jié)：theLabaFestival

潑水節(jié)：theWaterSplashingDay03相關(guān)節(jié)日活動剪紙：papercutting書法：calligraphy對聯(lián)：couplets紅雙喜：doublehappiness紅包(壓歲錢)：redenvelope壓歲錢：luckymoney04傳統(tǒng)飲食小吃攤：SnackBar/SnackStand

元宵：sweetricedumpling

火鍋：hotpot

春卷：springroll(s)

蓮藕：lotus〔荷花/荷葉〕root

北京烤鴨：Beijingroastduck

餛飩：wonton

花卷：steamedtwisted〔扭曲的〕rolls

羊肉泡饃：pitabreadsoaked〔浸〕inlambsoup

冰糖葫蘆：astickofsugarcoatedhaws

八寶飯：eighttreasurericepudding〔布丁/甜食〕

粉絲：glassnoodles

豆腐腦：jellied〔煮成膠凍狀的〕beancurd〔凝乳〕

東坡肉：DongpoPork

咸水鴨：boiledsaltedduck

鴨血粉絲湯：duckbloodandsilknoodlessoup05傳統(tǒng)建筑長城：TheGreatWall

故宮博物院：ThePalaceMuseum

天壇：TheTempleofHeaven

敦煌莫高窟：MogaoCaves

兵馬俑：CottaWarriors/TerracottaArmy06文學藝術(shù)?詩經(jīng)?：TheBookofSongs

?史記?：HistoricalRecords/RecordsoftheGrandHistorian

?紅樓夢?：ADreamofRedMansions(公館)

?西游記?：TheJourneytotheWest

孔子：Confucius孟子：Mencius

京?。築eijingOpera/PekingOpera

黃梅戲：HuangmeiOpera

秦腔：CryingofQinPeople/QinOpera

太極拳：TaiChi

文房四寶(筆墨紙硯)：theFourTreasureoftheStudy/Brush,Inkstick,Paper,andInkstone

宣紙：ricepaper

相聲：crosstalk/ic〔滑稽的〕dialogue

木偶戲：puppet〔木偶〕show

小品：witty〔機靈的〕skits〔滑稽劇。幽默短文〕

武術(shù)：Wushu/ChineseMartialArts

中庸：thewayofmedium/goldenmeans

火藥：gunpowder

指南針：pass

造紙術(shù)：Papermaking

印刷術(shù)：PrintingTechnique【中華傳統(tǒng)文化主題分支介紹】Part1：對龍圖騰的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有興奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團結(jié)分散的精神。ChineseDragonDragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000year.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orlong)afetishthatbinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwithcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.餃子是深受中國人民寵愛的傳統(tǒng)特色食品。相處為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景制造。餃子的制作是包括：1〕搟皮、2〕備餡、3〕包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，外形獨特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子〞的俗語。中國人接親待友、逢年過節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習俗，寓意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來講，“更歲餃子〞吃餃子，更是歡慶除夕、辭舊迎新必不行少的內(nèi)容。DumplingsDumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople’sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaintZhangZhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There’sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings.〞DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.針灸是中醫(yī)學的重要組成局部。依據(jù)中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來到達陰陽歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點是“內(nèi)病外治〞。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的肯定穴位，或用艾火的溫熱刺激燒灼病人的穴位，以到達刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨特的優(yōu)勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽為中國的“新四大國粹〞。AcupunctureAcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels〞theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupunctureistodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebody’syinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy〞.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepatient’sbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatient’sacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtraditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.〞中國功夫即中國武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統(tǒng)體育工程，承載著豐富的中國民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國武術(shù)源遠流長、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵?、?nèi)外兼修，蘊含著先哲們對生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。ChineseKungFuChinesekungfu,orChinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.ItisatraditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenceinbatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillsandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekingfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony〞and“cultivatingqi〞(otherwiseknownasnourishingone’sspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmultivarioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainsancientgreatthinkers’ponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsinwieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbarehandedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,twoedgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongsandsoon.漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡潔圖畫，經(jīng)過不斷演化開展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意、韻的獨特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)受了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方〞，源于古人“天圓地方〞的觀念。漢字有五種根本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。ChineseCharactersChinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquesystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsontortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare“—〞(thehorizontalstroke),“︱〞(theverticalstroke),“丿〞(theleftfallingstroke),“丶〞(therightfallingstroke),and“乙〞(theturningstroke).中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子古時稱為箸，它看似簡潔，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民間視筷子為桔祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝愿等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成雙結(jié)對的筷子含有“和為貴〞的意蘊。西方人贊譽筷子是古老的東方文明。ChineseChopsticksTheChinesewayofeatingwithchopsticksisuniqueintheworld.Therecordedhistoryofchopsticksstartedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.ChopstickswerenamedzhuinancientChinese.Theylookdeceptivelysimpletouse,butpossessmultivariousfunctions,suchasclamping,turningover,liftingup,raking,stiring,scooping,poking,tearing,andsoon.ChopsticksweretakenasanauspiciousmascotbyordinarypeopleinancientChina.Forexample,thepartialtoneofchopsticksisoftenusedbypeopleasametaphorasweddingstoindicateablessingorbenedictionforthecoupletohaveababysoon.Unlikeusingaknifeandforkorone’sownhands,apairofchopsticksalsoimpliesthemeaningof“Harmonyiswhatmatters.〞ChopsticksarehighlypraisedbyWesternersasahallmarkofancientorientalcivilization.印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國時代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而成，外形以圓、方為主。印章用朱色鈐蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識，漸漸成為中國特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。ChineseSealAsealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynastieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptandsoon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybeingoneofChina’suniqueartworks.天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測朔望月，發(fā)覺月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，而兩個朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的挨次依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個輪回。干支紀年法從古沿用至今。按干支紀年法，2011年便是辛卯年。ChineseEraTheChineseeraisthesymbolthattheChinesecalendarusesforrecordingandnamingyears.ThetenHeavenlyStemsare:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,gui.ThetwelveEarthlyBranchesare:zi.chou,yin,mou,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Afterobservingthelunarmonth,theancientsfoundthatthemoonalwayswazesandwanesroughly12timesayear,andtwolunarmonthsaccountforabout60days,sotheorderofthetenHeavenlyStemsandtheorderofthetwelveEarthlyBranchesareproperlymatchedinturn.Intermsofrecordingdate,60yearsisconsideredtobeafulltimecycle.TheChineseerachronologywasfirstinventedinancienttimesandisstillinusenow.accordingtothechronologyofthe“tenHeavenlyStems,〞2011istheyearof“theseventhofthetenHeavenlyStems〞and“thefifthofthetwelveEarthlyBranches〞.Part2：中國是絲綢的故土。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國古代人民的宏大制造。商周時期〔前1600—前256〕絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已經(jīng)開展到相當高的水平。西漢〔前206—公元25〕時張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來，開拓了中外溝通貿(mào)易的新紀元。從今中國的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精致的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵著名于世，成為中國文化的象征、東方文明的使者。Chinesesilk

Chinaisthehomeofsilk.Mulberryplanting,sericulture,silkreelingandthickeningareallgreatinventionsoftheancientChinese.AsearlyastheShangandZhouDynasties(1600BC—256BC),theChinesepeople’ssilkweavingtechniqueshadreachedanextremelyhighlevel.DuringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BC—25BC),ZhangQian,anoutstandingdiplomat,traveledaroundcentralAsiaandconnectedChinawiththePersianGulfandtheMediterranean,openingupaneweraofSinoforeigntrade,exchangeandmunication.Fromthenon,China’ssilkbecamewellknownforitsextraordinaryquality,exquisitedesignandcolor,andabundantculturalconnotations.Hitherto,ChinesesilkhasbeenacceptedasasymbolofChinesecultureandtheemissaryoforientalcivilization.中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶。其建筑原那么是“妙極自然，宛自天開〞。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)會“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣〞的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽為世界造園史上的淵源之一。TheChineseClassicalgarden

TheChineseClassicalgardenisaprecioustreasureofourancientChinesearchitecture.Itisakindofenvironmentalart,whichsystematicallybinesartificialmountainsandrivers,plantsandbuildingswiththenaturallandscape.TheconstructionstandardofaChineseclassicalgardenis“artificialasitis,thegardenmustlookingeniousandnatural.〞WhenyougosightseeinginaChineseclassicalgarden,youshouldbeabletoappreciateitsartisticconceptwhich“makesuseofthenaturallandscapetocreatetherealfunofmountainsandriversforviewers.〞Oftheworld’sthreemajorgardensystems,theChineseclassicalgardenishailedasoneoftheoriginsoftheworld’sgardenduetoitslonghistoryandabundantconnotations.筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房中必備的珍寶，被稱為“文房四寶〞。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追溯到五千年前。秦〔前221前206〕時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代〔前206—公元220〕以人工制墨替代了自然?墨；有了紙張之后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺那么隨筆墨的使用而開展?！拔姆克膶毃暤剿纬?601279〕以后特指湖筆〔浙江湖州〕、徽墨〔安徽徽州〕、宣紙〔安徽宣州〕、端硯〔廣東肇慶，古稱端州〕可以說文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。FourTreasuresoftheStudyThewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstone,andpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy.〞ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC—206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC—220AD),manmadeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD—1279AD),the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy〞particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhangjiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuanpaper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhapqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy〞havewrittenthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.對聯(lián)又稱楹聯(lián)或?qū)ψ?，是以中文語言一字一音的特征撰寫的一種民族文體。中國對聯(lián)的哲學淵源及深層民族文化心理，乃是古代中國人把握和熟識事物的陰陽二元觀念。對聯(lián)的特征是“對仗〞：字數(shù)相等，詞性相當，平仄相合，內(nèi)容相關(guān)，節(jié)奏相應(yīng)。對聯(lián)習俗多樣，有春聯(lián)、婚聯(lián)、壽聯(lián)、挽聯(lián)、茶聯(lián)等。Theantitheticalcouplet

Theantitheticalcouplet(alsocalledduilian)isalsoknownasyinglianorduizi.Anantitheticalcoupletisakindofnationalwritingstyle,whichisposedbytheskillfulmanipulationofthecharacteristicoftheChineselanguagethatonecharactercorrespondswithonesyllable.Thephilosophicaloriginandnationalculturalpsychologyoftheantitheticalcoupletarethenotionofyinyangduality,accordingtowhichtheChineserecognizeandmasterthings.Thefeatureoftheantitheticalcoupletisan“antithesis〞:equalcharacters,thesamepartofspeech,thelevelandobliquefittingwitheachother,thecontentbeingrelated,andtherhythmscorresponding.Therearemanytypesofantitheticalcouplets,suchasSpringFestivalcouplets,marriagecouplets,birthdaycouplets,elegiaccouplets,andantitheticalcoupletsabouttea,etc.中國古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫〞的“棋〞特指圍棋。圍棋可謂中國的國棋。故稱為弈，別稱坐隱，手談。圍棋規(guī)那么簡潔而玄妙無窮。棋盤方圓不及二尺，有十九紋棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。外表上對弈雙方是對黑白棋子的排布，實那么是個人心智、膽識、耐力的比拼。圍棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象數(shù)易理，兵法策略、治國安邦等無窮的哲理，充分表達了中國文化中的才智與靈性。ChineseWeiqi.ThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndchessparticularlyreferstoChineseWeiqi.WeiqicouldbecalledthenationalchessofChina.Inancienttimes,Weiqiwascalledyi,withthealternativenamesZuoyinandShoutan.TheregulationsofWeiqiarebothsimpleandplexatthesametime.Afullweiqisethas361playingpiecesandisplayedonaboardwitha19by19grid.Thecircumferenceoftheboardislessthan2/3meter.PlayingWeiqimaylooklikeanarrangementoftwosides’blackandwhitepieces.However,itisactuallyapetitionbetweentwoplayersanditteststheirwisdom,courage,andpatience.WeiqisymbolizesHeavenandEarth.Itcontainsphilosophicaltheories,suchasthetheoriesembodiedintheimagenumerologyinTheBookofChanges,theartofwar,andtheoriesonstateadministrationandnationalsecurity,whichembodiesthewisdomandthespiritofChineseculture.京劇被譽為"東方歌劇"，是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特殊是南方的"徽班"。到了19世紀末，京劇形成并成為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱〔唱歌〕、念〔念白〕、做〔表演〕、打〔武〕、舞〔舞蹈〕為一體，通過程式化的表演手段，表達故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生〔男性〕、旦〔女性〕、凈〔男性〕、丑〔男性女性皆有〕四大行當。BeijingOperaPraisedas"OrientalOpera",BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,beingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts——song,speech,performance,acrobaticfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).是中國土生土長長的。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學家、思想家老子。以老子所著的?道德經(jīng)?為主要經(jīng)典。主見“重人貴生〞。崇尚清靜無為，修身養(yǎng)性?！暗揽傻?，特別道。名可名，特別名。無名天地之始；出名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼〞便是老子的至理名言。ChineseTaoismTaoismfirstoriginatedinChina.ThefounderofTaoismisLaozi,aphilosopherandthinkerwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC476BC).TaoTeChingwhoseauthorshiphasbeenattributedtoLaozi,isconsideredtobethemainTaoistclassic.Taoismadvocatesthevalueofahumanbeing’slife,remendsthediscardingofalldesiresandworriesfromone’smind,andencouragesthecultivationofmoralcharacterandthenourishmentofhumannature.ThefollowingisanexampleofLaozi’sgoldensaying:Thewaythatcanbetoldofisnotanunvaryingway;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.ItwasfromthenamelessthatHeavenandEarthsprang;Thenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Truly,onlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseethesecretessences;Hethathasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheoutes.中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語?！俺烧Z〞中的“成〞既是商定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當于詞的語言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發(fā)。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一局部。ChineseIdiomsChineseidiomsrefertoprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandmonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextractedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwellknown

sayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.Part3：傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日以中國的農(nóng)歷為依據(jù)。農(nóng)歷年的歲首為春節(jié)，俗稱“過年〞，有祈年等多種習俗，是中國人民最隆重的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，象征團結(jié)興盛。其他主要的節(jié)日有元宵節(jié)、清明節(jié)、端午節(jié)、七夕節(jié)、中秋節(jié)、重陽節(jié)、冬至節(jié)、臘八節(jié)等等。每個節(jié)日都有其來源講究和風俗習慣。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日和農(nóng)歷中的二十四節(jié)氣不同。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日是中華民族分散力和生命力的表達。TraditionalChineseFestivalsTraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1onthelunarcalendarhasbeendesignedastheSpringFestival(generallyreferredtoasguonian).ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchasprayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeotherChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDoubleSeventhFestival,theMidAutumnFestival,theDoubleNinthFestival,theWinterSolstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChina’scohesionandvitality.茶是中華民族的舉國之飲，發(fā)端于神農(nóng)，興盛于唐宋〔6181279〕。開門七件事，柴米油鹽醬醋茶，是中國人日常生活的寫照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文雙重屬性的引申與概括。中國的茶道精神將儒釋道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助飲茶藝術(shù)來修煉身心，體悟大道，提升人生境界。ChineseteaAsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,ChineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwithChineseEmperorShenNong,andflourishedintheTangandSongDynasties(618AD1279AD).Makingteawasconsideredoneofthesevenbasicdailynecessitiesalongwithfuel,rice,oil,salt,soysauce,andvinegar,whiledrinkingteaisanaptportrayalofdailylifeinChina.Teacultureistheextensionandgeneralizationofthescienceandhumanitiescharacteroftea.InChina,theteaspiritblendsthethoughtsofConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,anditaimstohelppeoplecultivatebothmindandbody,prehendthetruth,andelevatetherealmoflifethroughtheartofdrinkingtea.中國古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫〞的“畫〞特指國畫。其繪畫形式是用毛筆蘸水、墨、顏料作畫于絹、帛、宣紙之上，古代稱之為水墨丹青。為區(qū)分于西方的油畫而稱之為“中國畫〞，簡稱“國畫〞。其題材有人物、山水、花鳥等。技法可分為工筆和寫意。國畫的藝術(shù)特質(zhì)在于“筆墨〞，強調(diào)以形寫神，畫盡意在。國畫在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上反映了中華民族的審美意識和情趣。

TraditionalChinesePaintingThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndpaintingparticularlyreferstotraditionalChinesepainting.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdonewithabrushdippedintoblackorcoloredinkandispaintedonsilkorxuanpaper.InancientChina,itwascalled“inkpainting〞.InordertodistinguishitfromWesternoilpaintings,theChinesepeopletermtheirworks“traditionalChinesepainting〞(abbreviatedto“Chinesepainting〞).ThesubjectmattersofChinesepaintingsaretypicallyfigures,landscapes,birdsandflowers.ThedrawingskillsandtechniquesemployedbyChinesepainterscanbedividedintotwoforms:finebrushworkandfreehandbrushwork.Theartisticcharacteristicsliein“thewritingbrushandink〞.Chinesepaintingemphasizesusingtheshapetoconveythefeelingsofthepainter.Eventhoughapaintingisafinishedproduct,itendlesslyconveysameaning.Intermsofartisticcreation,traditionalChinesepaintingisareflectionoftheaestheticconsciousnessandartisticsentimentoftheChinesepeople.中國是酒的故土。古人將酒的作用歸納為治病、養(yǎng)生、禮儀三類。酒文化是中華飲食文化的重要組成局部，它的精神文化價值表達在社會政治生活、文學藝術(shù)乃至人生態(tài)度、審美情趣等諸多方面。無酒不成宴，酒籌文化是中國合餐制的產(chǎn)物。宴席上的酒令五花八門，猜拳、文字令、籌令等都富有豐厚的文化內(nèi)涵，假設(shè)胸中很多，那么難以自如應(yīng)付。ChineseWineandSpiritsCultureChinaisthehomeofwineandspirits.Thefunctionsofwineandspiritswereclassifiedbytheancientsintothreekinds:treatingpatients,keepingingoodhealth,andshowingpolitenessandrespecttoothers.China’swineandspiritscultureisanimportantpartofChinesefoodculture,anditembodiesitsvaluesinmanyrespects,suchasinsocialandpoliticallife,literatureandart,lifephilosophies,aesthetics,andsoon.Thereisanoldsayingwhichgoes,“Itisnotabanquetwithoutwine.〞UnderthecustomofhavingdinnertogetherinChina,drinkinggameswerethereforeintroduced.Therearemanykindsofbanquetbettinganddrinkinggames,likethemorra(afingerguessinggame),wine/spiritswords,wine/spiritschips(adrinkinggame),allwithrichculturalconnotations.Inreality,itisdifficulttowinunlessyouhaveacardupyoursleeve.

中國石窟主要反映的是佛教文化藝術(shù)。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽龍門石窟、天水麥積山石窟，號稱中國四大石窟藝術(shù)景觀。佛教石窟隨山雕鑿、彩繪，形象生動自然，將崇高美與世俗融為一體，把自然?造化與人工制造有機結(jié)合，是由建筑、繪畫、雕塑等組成的博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術(shù)殿堂。其藝術(shù)成就為世界所矚目，已成為重要的世界文化遺產(chǎn)。ChineseGrottoesChinesegrottoesmainlyreflecttheartofBuddhistculture.InChina,therearefourmajorartlandscapesofgrottoes:theMogaoGrottoesatDunhuang,theYungangGrottoesatDatong,theLongmenGrottoesatLuoyang,andtheMaijishanGrottoesatTianshui.Carvedandpaintedonmountains,theBuddhistgrottoesminglebothsublimityandsecularfeelingstogether,presentingusavividandnaturalappearance.Theyembodythesystematicbinationofboththeexceptionalartistryofgreatnatureandtheextremelyfinecraftsmanshipofmankind.TheChineseBuddhistgrottoesareregardedasaprofoundandstunninggeneralartgallery,whichareposedofarchitecture,painting,sculptures,etc.TheartisticachievementsofChinesegrottoeshaveattractedtheattentionoftheworld,andhavebeeimportantinternationalculturalheritage.中國古典文學包括詩歌、散文、小說以及詞、賦、曲等多種文體，藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法豐富各異。而小說中的?三國演義?、?水滸傳?、?西游記?、?紅樓夢?那么被稱為中國四大古典文學名著，至今在國內(nèi)外都有著廣泛而深遠的影響。研讀四大名著能夠了解中國傳統(tǒng)人文社會、民俗之心理，是吸取古代文明精粹、處事為人策略與才智的重要途徑。ChineseClassicalLiteratureChineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fiction,andci(newlyricswrittentopreexistingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems〞ofprosepoetry),

qu(freerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyother

styles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureareRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,WaterMargin,JourneytotheWest,andDreamofRedMansions,whichhaveextensiveandfarreachingsignificancebothonanationalandinternationallevel.Throughreading“thefourfamousnovels〞carefully,youcanexperiencetraditionalChinesesocietyandhumanculture,andfolklorecustoms.AnditisanimportantwaytoabsorbthequintessenceoftraditionalChinesecultureaswellastopickupstrategiesandwisdomonhowtogetalongwithothers.

中藥主要由植物藥〔根、莖、葉、果〕、動物藥〔內(nèi)臟、皮、骨、器官〕和礦物藥組成。因以植物藥為主，故也稱中草藥。中藥的應(yīng)用理論獨特，認為中藥有四氣五味?！八臍猕曋杆幮缘摹昂疅釡貨雳?，“五味〞指藥物的“辛酸甘苦咸〞。中國人探究中草藥已有幾千年的歷史，如今中醫(yī)藥及其診療方法已傳播到世界各地。ChineseHerbalMedicineTraditionalChinesemedicinemainlyconsistsofplantmedicine(roots,stems,leaves,fruits),animalmedicine(viscera,skins,bones,organs),andmineralmedicine.Chineseherbalmedicineisbasedonplantmedicine.AccordingtotheuniqueapplicationtheoryoftraditionalChinesemedicine,itisbelievedthatitcontains“fournaturesandfiveflavors.〞“FourNatures〞referstothepropertiesof“coldness,heat,mildness,andcoolness,〞while“fiveflavors〞referstothepropertiesofbeing“pungent,sour,sweet,bitter,andsalty.〞ItissaidthatChinesepeoplehavebeenconductingresearchintoherbalmedicineforthousandsofyears.Nowadays,traditionalChinesemedicineanditstherapeuticmethodshaveextensivelybeenspreadtothefarcornersoftheglobe.瓷器是中華民族對世界文明的宏大奉獻。早在八千年前的新石器時代，中國的先民就制造使用了陶器。商代〔前1600前1046〕中期制造出了原始瓷器。漢代〔前206公元220〕末期燒制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中國傳播到世界各地，中國也博得了“瓷之國〞的稱號。英文中“瓷器(china)〞一詞已成為“中國〞的代名詞。ChinesePorcelainPorcelainisregardedasoneofChina’soutstandingcontributionstotheworld’scivilization.AsearlyastheNeolithicAgeabout8,000yearsago,theChineseancestorsinventedandbegantousepottery.ProtoporcelainwasinventedinthemidShangDynasty(16