新TOEFL寫作市公開課一等獎省賽課微課金獎?wù)n件

新TOEFL寫作（2）1/30考前準(zhǔn)備階段一、作文題目標(biāo)主要題型現(xiàn)在考試只有一個文體：議論文。20世紀(jì)80年代曾經(jīng)有過圖表說明題不再出現(xiàn)。依據(jù)提問形式不一樣我們能夠看到三種主要題型：1比較選擇類（簡稱AorB類型）給出做一件事兩種方法或?qū)δ骋患聝煞N意見，問考生選擇其中哪一個。這是最常見提問方式，慣用提問方式為：CompareAandB,whichdoyouprefer?DoyoupreferAorB?AandB,whichdoyouthinkisbetter?比如：Somepeopleprefertospendmostoftheirtimealone.Othersliketobewithfriendsmostofthetime.Doyouprefertospendyourtimealoneorwithfriends?Somehighschoolsrequireallstudentstowearschooluniforms.Otherhighschoolspermitstudentstodecidewhattoweartoschool.Whichofthesetwoschoolpoliciesdoyouthinkisbetter?Somepeopleliketousecomputerstotypeletters,othersliketowriteletterswithapen.Whichdoyoupreferandwhy?2/302評價觀點類（簡稱A+orA--類型）給出一個待評價觀點，讓考生選擇支持還是不支持。相當(dāng)一部分題目是這類題型，慣用提問方式為：Doyouagreeordisagreewith…比如：Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement.Playinggamesteachesusaboutlife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyourposition.“it’sbettertomakewrongdecisionthanmakenodecisionatall.”Doyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement.Givereasonsorspecificexamplestoillustrateyouranswer.Somesaythattheworldwouldbeabetterplacenowiftheautomobilehadneverbeeninvented.Decideifyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatementandgivespecificreasonsforyourdecision.3/303.自選敘述類題目中給出一個籠統(tǒng)、泛泛話題，讓考生依據(jù)自己經(jīng)驗或觀察，寫出自己感受最深詳細(xì)話題。這類題型考過題目不多。它慣用提問方式為先給出一個前提或范圍，之后讓考生在此基礎(chǔ)上深入發(fā)揮。比如：Sometimesitisfuntothinkoflivinginanothertimeandplace.Ifyoucouldexperienceadifferenttimeandplace,whattimeandwhatplacewouldyouchoose?Usereasonsandspecificdetailstosupportyouranswer.Manyimportantnaturalresourcessuchaswater,forest,oil,etc.,arerunningoutintheworldtoday.Whatshouldwedotoprotectthem?Givespecificexamplestosupportyourideaaboutonekindoftheseresources.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantroominahouse?Whyisthisroommoreimportanttoyouthananyotherroom?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.上面三種題型，不論題干部分是否提出usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer要求，我們大致需要詳細(xì)理由和例子來說明我們立場觀點。所以看題目時，這類形式化內(nèi)容能夠忽略以加緊寫作速度。4/30在TOEFL作文文章結(jié)構(gòu)上，筆者強(qiáng)烈提議考生不要獨辟蹊徑，而應(yīng)該采取最穩(wěn)妥文章結(jié)構(gòu)。即使我們有三種不一樣題型文章，但寫起文章來結(jié)構(gòu)相差不多，對于對比選擇類、評價觀點類和自由敘述類三種都能適用文章結(jié)構(gòu)為五段式：文章首段：引題，表明立場4~8行第二段：第一條理由主題句支持細(xì)節(jié)總結(jié)句6~10行第三段：第二條理由主題句支持細(xì)節(jié)再述本段主題6~10行第四段：第三條理由主題句支持細(xì)節(jié)再述本段主題4~8行末段：總結(jié)全文3~5行5/30在此結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上，我們依據(jù)實際需要做出兩種處理：1增加過渡段請看范文一Topic:Shouldthemoneyinvestedintoauniversitylibrarybeusedtobuybooksortobuycomputers?Whatdoyouthink?Why?Withtheintroductionofcomputerstothemodernworld,books,thetraditionalmedium,aremoreandmorechallenged.Librariesoftenfacethedilemmaofwhethertoinvestoncomputersoronbooks.Withallaspectscarefullyconsidered,Ithinktoinvestoncomputerswouldbeabetterchoice.Whenequippedwithcomputers,alibrarymayrunmoreefficientlythanever.Studentsorfacultiesmaygetusefulinformationasfastasthecomputercan.Astudentmayfinditeasiertotypeinonlyakeywordandgetthedesiredresults,which,ifdonewithbooks,maywellneedalongtimescanningamongmanyrelatedbooks;A(a)researchermayfeelitmoreconvenienttofindanarticleonthoseCDseriesthaninapaperbook.Withthedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,suchastheincreaseofCPUrate,memory,orembeddingofcacheonthemain-board,theefficiencyofdataretrievalcanonlybeaccelerated,whereasaman’sreadingspeedisnormallylimitedtosomeextent.6/30Theefficiencyofgettinginformationisthereader’smajorconcern.Whileforthelibrarians,whattheycaremostishowtostoreasmuchaspossibleinformationwithinlimitedspace.Acomputerhasalargestoragecapacity.Whenabookwith750,000Chinesecharactersisstoredaselectronictext,Ionlytake(takes)about1Mbytesontheharddisk.WhenstoredonanormalCDwith640MBcapacity,whentheseCDsarepackedinlocks,muchpreciousspacewillbesparedforotheruses.Unlikeabook,amortalphysicalmedium,acomputermaykeepalldataonitsdisksafeandsound.Itisveryeasyforustocopy,backup,ortransferthosedatatorecordableCDsorotherrecordingmaterials.Thelastbutnottheleast,Internetmayprovidethesecomputerswithmorecapabilitiesoffutureinformationexchanges.Books,certainly,havetheirownmerits.Peoplehaveenoughreasonstocherishthistraditionalmedium.Booksareeasytocarry,moreaffordableandconvenientlyreadwithoutextraconsumptionofanyothertypeofenergy.However,foramodernlibrary,computers,equippedwithmuchmoreimportantmeritslikehighefficiencylargecapacity,durabilityandInternetaccessibility,canbemorereasonablytreatedasawiserchoice.這是一篇得到滿分作文，以黑體字標(biāo)出第三段是一個比較漂亮過渡段，它把第一個優(yōu)點和第二個優(yōu)點有機(jī)地聯(lián)絡(luò)到了一起。這種寫法使文章結(jié)構(gòu)顯得清楚、過渡自然。考生們在寫漢字作文時對于這種手法應(yīng)該不會陌生，它在英文中也有用武之地，是一個使文章顯得”welldeveloped”絕佳手法。7/302分割末尾成兩段倒數(shù)第二段主要做讓步或?qū)Ψ疵嬗^點進(jìn)行評論，最終一段只做最終總結(jié)。對于對比選擇類、評價觀點類兩種題型，我們在文中必須要對自己所選觀點反面觀點或其它選擇做出敘述，不然分?jǐn)?shù)不會高于4分。因為只有對可能選擇或?qū)α⒂^點都進(jìn)行敘述，才能表現(xiàn)出作者思維縝密、敘述透徹。因為文章中間段落主要用來支持自己立場，所以要等到末尾段才能針對對立觀點進(jìn)行敘述。（還有另外一個可能，考生能夠在第二段就將其它選擇或反面立場加以敘述）。敘述其它選擇或反面立場時，往往要先認(rèn)可對方一部分優(yōu)點，之后再提其缺點。這么文字積累起來也不少，不如從末段分出，成為倒數(shù)第二段。請參考下例，體會這種結(jié)構(gòu)。8/30Topic:Travelingismoreimportantthanreadingbooksinordertounderstandthepeopleandtheworld.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement.Usespecificreasonstosupportyouranswer.Doyouknowthemostpopularpastimeintheworldisreading?Nowthere’revariouskindsofbooksavailableandwecanlearnlotsofthingsfromthem.Booksbecomethemainsourceofknowledgeweobtain.There’reaboutthreeadvantagesinreadingasfollows:First,booksprovideuswithvariousaspectsofknowledge.Wecanlearnphysics,chemistry,mathematicsandphilosophyetc.frombooks.Theseareallnecessaryforus.Withoutthescientificknowledge,apersonwillprobablynotknowhowtooperateawashingmachineandhowtouseacomputer.Withoutallthisknowledge,apersoncan’tliveabetterlifeinthemodernworld.Second,readingmakesusunderstandtheworldmore.Ifwehaveonemonthandonethousanddollars,wecanonlytraveltooneortwoplacestolearnhowpeoplelivethere.Buthowmanybookscanwebuywiththemoneyandhowmanybookscanwefinishinonemonth?Allthesebooksmaycontaininformationaboutdozensofplaces,wecanlearnmorebyreadingthanbytraveling.Third,readingisthemostromanticandthesafestkindoftraveling.Byreading,wecantraveltothenorthpolewithouthavingtoendurethefreezingcold;wecanalsogotothedesertwithouthavingtofearthethreatofthirst.Wecanalsogobacktotheancienttimestohavealookatthepeople’slifewithoutanydifficulty.Ofcourse,travelinggivesusdirectexperiences.It’smuchmoreexcitingandactivethanreading.It’snecessaryforapersontoexpandhishorizon.Whenyouhaveachanceorenoughmoneyandtime,youcantravelaroundtheworld,itwillmakeyourlifemorepleasantandmakeyouhaveadeepunderstandingaboutthepeopleandtheworld.Butasstudents,wedon’thaveenoughtimeandmoneytotravelaround;andstudyingisthemostimportantthingforustodo.Sowhynotreadasmanybooksaspossiblewhenweareyoung?Thiswaywecangetenoughknowledgetoservethepeopleandthesocietybetter.Anywaywewillhaveenoughchancestotravellater.9/30練習(xí)依據(jù)自己喜好，默寫出你要寫某一篇TOEFL作文中可能要用到句套，越多，越充實越好。10/30使用慣用句套寫作在進(jìn)行論文寫作時

比較明智做法是，熟悉這些句套，落筆時隨機(jī)應(yīng)變，配合內(nèi)容寫出好句子。不需要花太多功夫背誦，在平時習(xí)作時就精心演練這些句套。其實只要你模仿著使用過三次，就不會忘記了。這里請大家先熟讀實現(xiàn)各類功效句套，然后做練習(xí)，演練這些句套。注意：下文中出現(xiàn)A,B,“…(某事物)”，“sb(somebody)”，在寫作時要依據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行適當(dāng)替換。1文章開頭Whenitcomesto…,somethink…theothersbelieve…Thereisapublicdebatetodaythat…Aisacommonwayof…,butisitawiseone?Recentlytheproblemhasbeenbroughtintofocusthat…2提出觀點Nowadaysthereisagrowingawarenessthat…Itistimeweexplorethetruthof…Nowhereinhistoryhastheissuebeenmorevisiblethat…3深入提出觀點…butthatisonlypartoftherealityAnotherequallyimportantaspectis…Aisbutoneofthemanyeffects,anotheris…Besides,otherreasonsare…11/304舉普通例子Forexample(instance),……suchasA,B,Candsoon(soforth).Agoodcaseinpointis…Aparticularexampleforthisis…5提出假想例子方式Supposethat…Justimaginewhatitwouldbelikeif…Itisreasonabletoexpect…Itisnotsurprisingthat…6引用Oneofthegreatestearlywriterssaid…“knowledgeispower”,suchistheremarkof…“…”thatishowsomebodycomments(criticizes/praises…“…”,howoftenwehearsuchwordslikethese.7舉例后延續(xù)（先說故事或事例主題），thisstory/caseinnotrare.…,suchdilemmaweoftenmeetindailylife.…,thestorystillhasarealisticsignificance.12/308提出原因Therearemanyreasonsfor…Why…,foronething,…Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.Anydiscussionaboutthisproblemwouldinevitablyinvolve…Thefirstreasoncanbeobviouslyseen.Mostpeoplewouldagreethat…Somepeoplemayneglectthatinfact…Otherssuggestthat…Partoftheexplanationis…9進(jìn)行對比TheadvantagesforAoutweighthanBwhensth.isconcerned.Amaybe…,butitsuffersfromthedisadvantagethat…10承上啟下Tounderstandthetruthof…,itisalsoimportanttosee…Astudyof…willmakethispointclear.11讓步Certainly,Bhasitsownadvantages,suchas…IdonotdenythatAhasitsownmeritsAdmittedly…Ofcourse…12結(jié)尾Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat…Insummary,itiswiser…Inshort…13/30行文規(guī)范階段一、文體要正規(guī)TOEFL作文文體規(guī)范在ETS官方指導(dǎo)中有明確要求，要求考生按照正規(guī)書面文體進(jìn)行寫作。要求考生按照正規(guī)書面文體進(jìn)行寫作。

請看下例：Iwaskindofmadattheguywhosaiddirtywordstome.“kindof”和“mad”“guy”都是口語中使用方法，在正規(guī)書面文體中能夠把這些替換為：Iwasangrywiththeyoungmanwhosaiddirtywordstome.再如：IhaveheardmanywonderfulthingsaboutsuchcosmopolitancitiesasParis,London,Tokyo,andHongKongandIwouldlovetovisitthesecitiestocheckthemout.句中“heardmanywonderfulthingsabout…”，“l(fā)oveto”和“check…out”是口語化使用方法，能夠替換為：IhaveheardmanygoodcomplimentsaboutsuchcosmopolitancitiesasParis,London,Tokyo,andHongKong.Iameagertoverifythesecitiesmyself.另外常見錯誤還有：WhenIgothome,Igottired,soIgotabookandgotintobed.“get”不太正式，意思也過于含糊，不適適用在正規(guī)文體寫作中。應(yīng)將“get”改為一個愈加詳細(xì)詞，如become,receive,find,achieve等等。14/30要杜絕如上述文體格調(diào)錯誤，需要大家從以下幾個方面努力：選取正式書面詞匯區(qū)分正規(guī)書面詞匯和非正式用語基本方法：(1)通常非正式用語多為單音節(jié)，字母也少。比如：Thecopdisappearedatthecorner.(policeman)Hegavemeonebuck(dollar)BikesareverypopularinChina.(Bicycles)AveragelytherearethreekidsinaSiousfamily.(children)Michaelisaprointabletennis.(professional)Studentsworkverylateinthelab.(laboratory)15/30(2)淺易簡短詞多為非正式詞，相同意思詞，普通音節(jié)越多越正式。比較下表內(nèi)單詞：非正式buyChanceDeepend(v)help(n)hugeSamethank(n)try(n)正式PurchaseOpportunityprofoundTerminateAssistanceGiganticIdenticalGratitudeendeavor16/30(3)外來語比古英語更正式。比如：Cafeaulait(法語)=cafewithmilkadded加奶咖啡Biased=prejudiced有偏見Defacto=infact實際上Resume,entree,entrepreneur,naive(4)單詞動詞比短語動詞更正式Thepolicemanisinvestigatingthecase.(lookinto)Abortionshouldbeabandoned.(doawaywith)Hisattitudeishardtotolerate.(putupwith)17/302．正確使用縮略式（1）嚴(yán)格禁用口語中縮略式“can’t,don’t,it’s,we’ll,they’ve”等類似縮略式禁止使用，應(yīng)該使用單詞對應(yīng)完整形式”cannot,donot,itis,wewill,theyhave”等替換。中國人熟知、外國人不知縮寫，比如：CET-4,CCTV,CRI等，其使用方法為：在首次出現(xiàn)時應(yīng)該使用全稱，用括號把縮寫形式附于后面，之后才能夠直接使用。比如：IfirsttookCollegeEnglishTestBand-4(CET-4)in.CET-4isanecessarytestforChinesecollegestudentstoacquireabachelor’sdegree.18/303．不使用俚語、方言、俗語這類錯誤中國學(xué)生犯得較少，主要原因是原來掌握得就少。需要注意是TOEFL聽力中有很多俚語化表示方式，因為備考期間經(jīng)常接觸，有可能被大家不自覺使用在作文中。比如：Holdyourhorses,donotjumptoconclusion.Ifyoubelieveiceiscold,youshouldbelieveme.Herroomisclean,youcaneatonthefloor.練習(xí)：請更正下面句子中非正式用語。I’llputanadonthewallShelikestoshowothersherphoto.He’sworkinginthelab.Mybuddytoldmethetruth.Bikesareeasytobestolenoncampus.參考答案I’llputanadvertisementonthewallShelikestoshowothersherphotograph.He’sworkinginthelaboratory.Myfriendtoldmethetruth.Bicyclesareeasytobestolenoncampus.19/30人稱善使用TOEFL作文絕大部分屬于議論文范圍，而在英文議論文中使用哪種人稱寫作，是一個需要在此明確問題。英漢文章都廣泛使用第一人稱寫作，不一樣之處于于絕大多數(shù)中國人喜歡在議論文中使用第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)“我們”，美國人文章使用第一人稱單數(shù)“I”和“we”情況各半。使用“I”個人情感和主觀意志多一些。使用“we”客觀性、權(quán)威性強(qiáng)一些。在TOEFL文章中，提議不使用“we”。因為使用“we”同學(xué)往往受政治八股影響較深，文章經(jīng)?？吹健癢eshould…”，“Wewill…”等字樣，靠近于官僚講話格調(diào)。許多美國人非?？床粦T，他們可能更愿意在奧巴馬國情咨文中聽到mydaughter怎樣怎樣。對“I”，提議大家也盡可能少用，一篇文章最多三處，少則能夠沒有。提議少用“I”原因很簡單：既為了增加文章說理力度。其實，是考生自己寫文章，自然表示是考生自己觀點，不說“Ithink,Ibelieve,Iprefer,Iagree”等措辭，他人也會知道這是考生想法。寫作水平高超英文論文中，基本上不說“I”。我們更多是被其雄辯力度、巧妙地論辯所折服。請大家先摒棄自卑心理，看下面這篇優(yōu)美議論文，并數(shù)數(shù)看出現(xiàn)幾個“I”。20/30Oldpeoplearealwayssayingthattheyoungarenotwhattheywere.Thesamecommentismadefromgenerationtogenerationanditisalwaystrue.Ithasneverbeentruerthanitistoday.Theyoungarebettereducated.Theyhavealotmoremoneytospendandenjoymorefreedom.Theygrowupmorequicklyandarenotsodependentontheirparents.Theythinkmoreforthemselvesanddonotblindlyaccepttheideasoftheirelders.Eventswhichtheoldergenerationremembersvividlyarenothingmorethanpasthistory.Thisisasitshouldbe.Everynewgenerationisdifferentfromtheoneprecededit.Todaythedifferenceisverymarkedindeed.Theoldalwaysassumethattheyknowbestforthesimplereasonthattheyhavebeenaroundabitlonger.Theydon’tliketofeelthattheirvaluesarebeingquestionedorthreatened.Andthisispreciselywhattheyoungaredoing.Theyarequestioningtheassumptionsoftheireldersanddisturbingtheircomplacency.Theytakeleavetodoubtthattheoldergenerationhascreatedthebestofallpossibleworlds.Whattheyrejectmorethananythingisconformity.Officehours,forinstance,arenothingmorethanenforcedslavery.Wouldn’tpeopleworkbestiftheyweregivencompletefreedomandresponsibility?Andwhataboutclothing?Whosaidthatallthemenintheworldshouldweardrabgreysuitsandconvicthaircuts?Ifweturnourmindstomoreseriousmatters,whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?Whyhavetheoldergenerationsooftenusedviolencetosolvetheirproblems?Whyaretheysounhappyandguilt-riddenintheirpersonallives,soobsessedwithmeanambitionsandthedesiretoamassmoreandmorematerialpossessions?Cananythingberightwiththeratrace?Haven’ttheoldlosttouchwithallthatisimportantinlife?21/30Thesearenotquestionstheoldergenerationcanshrugofflightly.Theirrecordoverthepastfortyyearsorsohasn’tbeenexactlyspotless.Traditionally,theyounghaveturnedtotheireldersforguidance.Today,thesituationmightbereserved.Theold—iftheyarepreparedtoadmitit—couldlearnathingortwofromtheirchildren.Oneofthebiggestlessonstheycouldlearnisthatenjoymentisnot“sinful”.Enjoymentisaprincipleonecouldapplytoallaspectsoflife.Itissurelynotwrongtoenjoyyourworkandenjoyyourleisuretoshedrestrictinginhibitions.Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.Thisemphasisonthepresentisonlytobeexpectedbecausetheyounghavegrownupundertheshadowofthebomb;theconstantthreatofcompleteannihilation.Thisistheirgloriousheritage.Canwebesurprisedthattheyshouldsooftenquestionthesanityofthegenerationthatbequeathedit?（摘自《TOEFL作文選編——高難度范文》）22/30這篇近500字議論文中，作者沒有使用一個“I”，“we”也僅僅出現(xiàn)了兩次，分別是第二段中部ifweturnourmindstomoreseriousmatters,…和文章末句canwebesurprisedthattheyshouldsooftenquestionthesanityofthegenerationthatbequeathedit?”但文章說服力可謂“強(qiáng)悍“，敘述過程可謂”經(jīng)典“，可能用盡我們一生精力也難寫出這么一篇議論文。不過我們也無須自愧不已，畢竟這是西方專欄作家水準(zhǔn)，舉此例證，是希望大家能學(xué)會不用“I”也能侃侃而談。且看文中幾處表現(xiàn)作者觀點地方：首段末：Everynewgenerationisdifferentfromtheoneprecededit.Todaythedifferenceisverymarkedindeed.末段中：Thisemphasisonthepresentisonlytobeexpectedbecausetheyounghavegrownupundertheshadowofthebomb;theconstantthreatofcompleteannihilation.從中你好像能看出，其實不使用“I”訣竅也簡單，就是：有話直說！23/30練習(xí)：請改下下面句子，將“I”隱去。Iagreewiththeopinionthatuniversitystudentsshouldberequiredtoattendclass.Iagreewiththeviewthatgoingtoclassesshouldbeoptionalforuniversitystudents.答案Universitystudentsshouldberequiredtoattendclasslikeanormalstudents.Goingtoclassesshouldbeoptionalforuniversitystudentswhohavetheabilitytostudybythemselves.24/30三、防止性別歧視因為歷史原因，英語中有相當(dāng)一些慣用詞匯有性別歧視之嫌，經(jīng)常為女權(quán)主義者口誅筆伐。因而，對于當(dāng)代英語書面表示，便強(qiáng)調(diào)能用兩性通用詞匯就用兩性通用詞匯，比如，chairman主席一詞，顯然主席不但能夠是男，也能夠是女性chairwoman。假如確切知道是男是女，用詞就應(yīng)分別對待；假如不知道，就應(yīng)該用chairperson。在使用代詞時也應(yīng)該注意盡可能使用泛指兩性詞，比如：Everyoneshouldbringhisownfood.Everyoneshouldbringherownfood.顯然everyone中應(yīng)該包含有女性情況，這么就應(yīng)該說：Everyoneshouldbringhisorherfood.25/30請寫出以下詞匯女性和中性表示方式：HeManMankindManmadeBusinessmanChairmanFiremanForemanPolicemanPostmanStewardSalesmanwaiter26/30請寫出以下詞匯女性和中性表示方式：男性HeManMankindManmadeBusinessmanChairmanFiremanForemanPolicemanPostmanStewardSalesmanwaiter女性SheWomanBusinesswomanChairwomanPolicewomanStewardnessSaleswomanwaitress27/30男性HeManMankindManmadeBusinessmanChairmanFiremanForemanPolicemanPostmanStewardSalesmanwaiter中性PersonPersonHumanbein