高考英語閱讀理解專項技巧主旨大意課件

高中英語閱讀理解技巧主旨大意考察方向題型技巧點撥01PARTONE考察方向主旨大意題考察方向點擊添加標題選項特點正確選項的特征：1.涵蓋性強：覆蓋全文或全段。2.范圍恰當(dāng)：既不太大，也不太小。3.精確性強：不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩。點擊添加標題干擾項特點點擊添加標題干擾選項的特征：1.以偏概全：選項內(nèi)容原文中有提及，但只是細枝末節(jié)，不能代表全文的整體意思，犯了以局部代替整體，用片面的觀點看待整體問題的錯誤。2.斷章取義：孤立地取原文中的一句或幾句話的意思，而不顧全篇文章的主旨或中心思想，引用與原意不符或歪曲了原文所表達意思。3.主題擴大：選項所述內(nèi)容或?qū)υ膬?nèi)容進行過度歸納、概括，或?qū)κ虑榘l(fā)生的范圍過分擴大，超出了文章實際所表述的內(nèi)容。4.張冠李戴：選項所述內(nèi)容弄錯了事實和對象，把此人的事情或觀點錯加到彼人身上，或把此事物的特性錯加到彼事物上。5.無中生有：所述內(nèi)容或是憑空捏造的信息，或是生活常識，或是普遍接受的真理，但都脫離了原文，在文中找不到支持的依據(jù)。6.因果倒置：凡事有因才有果，有果必有因。選項混淆了事物間的因果關(guān)系，或?qū)⒛骋唤Y(jié)果產(chǎn)生的原因作為結(jié)果，或?qū)⒔Y(jié)果作為原因。解題技巧：抓主題句。點擊添加標題位于段首：一般而言，以演繹法撰寫的文章，主題句往往在文章的開頭，即先點出主題，然后圍繞這一主題作具體的陳述。判斷第一句是否為主題句，可具體分析段落的首句與第二，三句的關(guān)系；如果從第二句就開始對第一句進行說明，論述或描述，那第一句就是主題句。有些段落，在主題句后面有明顯引出細節(jié)的信號詞，如forexample,anexampleof;first,second,next,last,finally;tobeginwith,also,besides;one,theother;some,others等。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用上述信號詞來確定主題句的位置。主題句-段尾點擊添加標題位于段尾：有些文章會在開頭列舉事實,然后通過論證闡述作者的核心論點。因此，如果第一句話不是概括性的或綜合性的話，最好快速讀一讀段落的最后一個句子，看看它是否具備主題句的特征。如果它具備主題句的特征，段落的主題思想就很容易確定了。一般說來，當(dāng)一種觀點不易向人解釋清楚或不易被人接受時，主題句便會到段落的末尾才出現(xiàn)。學(xué)生可以充分利用引出結(jié)論的信號詞。如so，therefore，thus，consequently；inconclusion，inshort；inaword,tosumup等來確定主題句的位置在段尾。當(dāng)無明顯的此類信號時，學(xué)生可在段落的最后一句話前面添加一個引出結(jié)論的信號詞，以確定其是否是主題句。主題句-段中點擊添加標題位于段中：有時段落是先介紹背景和細節(jié)，接著用一句綜合或概括性的話概括前面所說的內(nèi)容或事例，然后再圍繞主題展開對有關(guān)問題的深入討論。這種文章的主題句往往會在段落中間出現(xiàn)。歸納起來主要有兩種情況：先提出問題，然后給予回答(主題句)，最后給予解釋；或者，先提出問題，然后點出主題思想(主題句)，最后給予解釋。主題句-首尾呼應(yīng)、無明確主題句首尾呼應(yīng)：主題句在段落的開頭和結(jié)尾兩個位置上先后出現(xiàn)，形成前呼后應(yīng)的格局。這兩個主題句敘說的是同一個內(nèi)容，但用詞不盡相同，這樣不但強調(diào)了主題思想，而且顯得靈活多變。這兩個句子并非簡單重復(fù)，后一個主題句或?qū)υ撝黝}作最后的評述，或?qū)σc作一概括，或使之引申留給讀者去思考。無明確主題句：找關(guān)鍵詞（出現(xiàn)頻率較高）,歸納總結(jié)。點擊添加標題02PARTTWO抓主題句技巧點撥主題句-文首（2018·新課標卷I）Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcentres,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation.Especiallyglbalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish.SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot.wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Languages:theAmericasabout1,000.Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6.000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatistheminideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.

B.PeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguagesC.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages

D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了隨著社會的發(fā)展人類語言越來越少及其原因?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的主題句Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.可知，語言的產(chǎn)生和消失進行了幾千年，但最近時代語言產(chǎn)生的少，消失的太多。故選C。加標題主題句-文尾點擊添加標題ThefamousAmericangorilla(大猩猩)expertDianeFosseyhadacompletelynewwaytostudygorillas—shepretendedtobeoneofthem.Shecopiedtheiractionsandwayoflife—eatingplantsandgettingdownonherhandsandkneestowalkthewayagorilladoes.Itwasanewrelationship.DianeFosseywasmurderedinRwandain1985andherstorywasmadeintothepopularfilmGorillasintheMist.ItwasalongwayfromKingKong,whichisaboutagorillaasamonster(afrighteninganimal),andhelpedtoshowanewidea:therealmonsterisman,whilethegorillaistobeadmired.Todaytherearethoughttobearound48,000lowlandgorillasandmaybe400—450mountaingorillasinthewild.FromtheCongoinWestAfrica,toRwandaandUgandafurthereast,theyareendangeredbyhuntingandbythecuttingdownoftheirforesthomes.Sometimeago,IfoundinmyletterboxalittlemagazinefromtheWorldWideFundforNature.Ithadtwophotossidebyside.Onewasofayounggorilla.“Thisisaspeciesofmammal(哺乳類動物),”saidthewordsbelowit.“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”Theotherphotoshowedahumanbaby.Thewordsalsoread,“Thisisaspeciesofmammal,”butthenwenton:“Itisthemostdestructive(破壞性的)onearth.Wemustretrainitforitsowngood.”56.Thetextmainlytalksabout________.A.DianeFossey

B.thegorillasinRwandaC.theprotectionofthegorillas

D.thefilmGorillasintheMist【答案】C【解析】文章第一段談到DianeFossey對大猩猩的研究；第二段談到根據(jù)她的事跡所拍攝的影片；第三段談到了大猩猩數(shù)量減少的原因；最后一段談到保護大猩猩的宣傳的措施。前面三段都是為最后一段做鋪墊的，從最后一段的“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”可知，最主要的目的還是要人們保護大猩猩。首尾呼應(yīng)點擊添加標題Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，顯然選項D最符合短文的主題。沒有明確的主題句點擊添加標題【2019·全國卷II，C】MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel’s“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she’snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself,”shesaid.Justtwoseatsover,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe’sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday’sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.“It’sachanceforself-reflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone，butthosedaysareover.Now,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn’tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealtheadvancesintechnology,”saidLaurieDemerit,whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.

B.Theimportanceofself-reflection.C.Thestressfromworkingovertime.

D.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.【語篇解讀】本文通過一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，很大比例的人選擇獨自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作氛圍，或者反思自己，但是獨自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢。31.A【解析】主旨大意題。本文通過一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，很大比例的人選擇獨自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作氛圍，或者反思自己，但是獨自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢，故選A。文章的中間點擊添加標題TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance....67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】從文中第二段第一句話“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開幕式上的活動。答案選A。03PARTTHREE題型技巧題型1：段落大意題點擊添加標題【題型1】段落大意題

【真題示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇節(jié)選)Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.答案：A點擊添加標題【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,Paragraph2,is...mainlyabout第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(第二段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,第一段引出了“群體智慧”效應(yīng),并解釋什么是“群體智慧”效應(yīng),即大量人獨立做估計,如果把這些獨立估計平均起來,得到的平均數(shù)還是很準確的。緊接著,第二段分析為什么會這樣,原因是有些人會高估,有些人會低估,如果足夠多的高估和低估做一下平均,高估和低估引起的誤差就會相互抵消,而最終導(dǎo)致一個比較準確的結(jié)果。第二段的內(nèi)容其實是“群體智慧”效應(yīng)運作的一個深層次的邏輯,故選

B。

反思：解題時,考生很容易誤選A項。文章第二段中多次提到有關(guān)“估計”的概念,有的是“高估”,有的是“低估”,還有“精確估計”等,其目的是分析“估計的準確性”,可見本段并不是介紹方法,故排除A項。段落大意技巧提示點擊添加標題【技巧提示】概括段落大意。要準確概括某段的大意,務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：如果該段是按總分結(jié)構(gòu)組織,主題句就在段首;如果按分總結(jié)構(gòu)組織,主題句就在段尾;如果按分總分的結(jié)構(gòu)組織,則主題句在中間;如果按總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)組織,我們可以很明顯地看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致,正確答案就呼之欲出了;如果按并列式行文,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會在一段中討論兩個平行的內(nèi)容,整個段落可以從中間處分開,前后是平行關(guān)系,這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)的答案通常也會是很明顯的并列關(guān)系;如果對比各事物,那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。揣摩段落大意。有時,作者可能不直接寫出主題句,而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者,這就需要讀者充分發(fā)揮想象力與判斷力,揣摩段落大意。題型2：文章大意點擊添加標題

【真題示例】(2023年1月·浙江高考·B篇)

Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadyto

jumponthatbandwagon.

IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.

Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.

Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.

Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou’redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.答案：C點擊添加標題【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,thetext,is...mainlyabout第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.(第一段)I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.(第二段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出問題的具體情形,第二段提出了問題解決的可能性,下文敘述了具體的做法,據(jù)此可知文章主要講述了作者如何在家庭中過零浪費的生活方式。故選C。

反思：解題時,考生很容易誤選A項。文章中涉及處理和家庭成員的關(guān)系,但是確實是圍繞著文章主題展開的,也就是作者如何讓家人能夠配合過一種零浪費的健康生活,這樣A項明顯是錯誤的,需要排除。文章大意技巧提示【技巧提示】用瀏覽法(skimming)找主題句:段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however、but、infact、actually等)時,該句很可能是主題句；首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨；作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點,通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語,一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞；表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等詞,通常是主旨。

題型3：標題歸納點擊添加標題【真題示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworki