專題一名詞與冠詞

1、名詞與冠詞Era名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)專題一1.規(guī)則名詞的6種復(fù)數(shù)變化形式變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況下在詞尾直接加-smouth t mouths houses houses以-s, -x, -ch,-sh結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾加-esglass glasses match t matches以輔音字母+ -y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i，再加-escountry t countries factory t factories以元音字母+ -y結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾直接+ -sholiday t holidays monkey t monkeys以-0結(jié)尾的名詞一般在詞尾加-spiano t pianos photoT photo

2、s有些在詞尾加-esheroT heroes potatoT potatoes一般要變f或fe為v +selfT selves以-f, -fe結(jié)尾的名詞-eswolf t wolves少數(shù)直接加-sroof t roofs belief t beliefs 下列以-f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以變f為v后再加-es,也可以直接在f后加-s：handkerchief 宀 handkerchiefs/ha ndkerchieves, scarf宀 scanfse s 巧記變-f或-fe為v + -es的名詞：巧學(xué)助記為了自己(self)活命(life),小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿著刀子(k

3、nife)和一片樹葉(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成兩半(half)。2.不規(guī)則名詞的3種復(fù)數(shù)變化形式變化規(guī)則例詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft變內(nèi)部元音footT feet, toothT teeth, gooses geese marr men, woman t women, mouses mice外來名詞mediumr mediaphenomenon phenomenaanalysis analyses名師指津fish表示不同種類的魚時(shí)，其復(fù)

4、數(shù)形式為fishes,而表示同一種魚時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同；people指"人們”時(shí)單復(fù)數(shù)同形，指"民族”時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)為people®3.合成名詞的2種復(fù)數(shù)形式(1) 若有主體名詞，則把主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)；若無主體名詞，則把最后一部分變成復(fù)數(shù)。passer-by passersby,sister-in-law 宀 sisters-in-law,grown-up grown-ups,housewife housewives(2) “ man/woman + n."變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，作定語的 man/ woman和主體名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)：womenengineer®

5、命題點(diǎn)感悟單句語法填空 (2018 全國卷 I )Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all(cause).解析：causes此處的cause是可數(shù)名詞，表示"原因”。根據(jù)其前的all可知，應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填causes (2018 浙江 11 月高考)One s

6、tudy showed that(woman) who drank a lot ofcoffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.解析：women根據(jù)該句后半部分的they可知，空格處應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填women。 (2018 浙江 6 月高考)Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especiallytroublesome.解析：dishes此處表示“中國的飯菜”，當(dāng)然不止

7、一種，因此該名詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填dishes (2017 浙江 11 月高考)You wouldn' t think that a few(month) of exercise inyour teens would be enough .解析：months空格前面有a few作限定詞且表示肯定，因此后面的名詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，所以使用 months。 (2017 浙江 6 月高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, LenaPahlsson pulled out a handful of small(carr

8、ot) and was about to throw themaway.解析：carrots 根據(jù)空格前面的 a handful of "可知，此處要用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (2017 全國卷 I )This trend, which was started by the medical community (醫(yī)學(xué)界)asa method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side(effect) such asoverweight and heart disease the very thing the medical

9、 community was trying to fight.解析：effects此處根據(jù)空格前面的some以及空格后面列舉的兩個(gè)例子0verweightand heart disease"可知，應(yīng)用 effect的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (2017 全國卷 n )In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world openedin London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible(crowd) on the

10、roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：crowds根據(jù)空格前面的形容詞 terrible可知此處填名詞，crowd表示"人群”， 是可數(shù)名詞，前面沒有不定冠詞a,所以用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (2017 全國卷 I )The instructor kept repeating the (word) ,"Speedup! "" Slow down!”" Turn left !"解析：words根據(jù)后面的舉例可知，此處應(yīng)用word的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (2016 全國卷 I )The nur

11、sery team switches him every few(day) with hissister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she never suspects.解析：days every few days表示"每隔幾天”，此處應(yīng)該使用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式days。 (2016 全國卷 n )Recent(study) show that we are far more productive atwork if we take short breaks regularly.解析：studi

12、es Recent是形容詞，修飾名詞， Recent"在句中作主語，根據(jù)謂語動詞show可知，主語需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。rrsi|不可數(shù)名詞1 常見的不可數(shù)名詞一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的，因此沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般也不能用a或an修飾。通常只用作不可數(shù)的名詞有： milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange （橙汁）,equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work （工作）,traffic,

13、 furniture, wealth, word （消息）,room （空間）,man （人類）等。名師指津word意為 消息",room意為 空間”，man意為 人類”時(shí)通常不帶任何修 飾詞。2. 抽象名詞的具體化（1）具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí)，可以與不定冠詞連用, ?？嫉挠校簡卧~抽象名詞意義具體化名詞意義success成功成功的人或事物pleasure樂趣令人感到咼興的人或事物attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美麗美麗的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危險(xiǎn)令人感到危險(xiǎn)的人或事物delight高興

14、令人感到高興的事failure失敗失敗的人或事物surprise驚奇令人感到驚奇的人或事物shock震驚令人感到震驚的人或事物pride驕傲令人感到驕傲的人或事物I' m disappointed that the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.我很失望，這次試驗(yàn)證明又是一次完全的失敗。別。(2) 抽象名詞與a/an連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動作、行為或類 Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.

15、在那些艱難的時(shí)期，能夠買得起一杯飲料都會是一件令人感到欣慰的事。 一A serious fire broke out in the village.Yes, news came asa shockto me.一一那個(gè)村莊發(fā)生了一起嚴(yán)重的大火。一一是的，這對我來說是一件令人震驚的事情。LLSI名詞所有格1 .有生命名詞的3種所有格情況構(gòu)成示例不以-s結(jié)尾的名詞加-'sMary ' s e-mail children' s books以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加-'the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading roo

16、m以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~加-'s或-'our boss' officeEngels' s works2. 無生命名詞的2種所有格(1)通常用of所有格表示The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the west on the coast.秘魯?shù)氖锥际抢R， 位于西 部沿海地區(qū)。表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市、機(jī)構(gòu)、節(jié)日等的名詞通常用-'s所有格表示。Beijing's parks北京的公園the factory' s output 工廠的產(chǎn)量3. 雙重所有格雙重所有格的構(gòu)成形式為：名詞+of

17、+名詞的所有格/名詞+ of +名詞性物主代詞。He is a friend of my father' s.他是我父親的一個(gè)朋友。名師指津名詞所有格作定語主要表示事物間的關(guān)系(如所屬關(guān)系、主謂關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系等)，而名詞作定語則主要表示被修飾名詞的特征、性別、用途、功能、內(nèi)容等。不定冠詞的用法及固定搭配1不定冠詞的基本用法(1) 表示類指，或指某類中的“任何一個(gè)”。A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.病毒是一種引發(fā)疾病的微生物。(2) 表示泛指。當(dāng)說話人第一次提及某人或某物時(shí)通常用不定冠詞，因此由不定冠詞構(gòu)成

18、的名詞詞組往往帶有不確定的含義，相當(dāng)于“a certain?！盩he story happened in a small town in Victoria.故事發(fā)生在維多利亞的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上。(3) 表示量指。不定冠詞表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。I watch TV for six or seven hours a day.我一天要看六七個(gè)小時(shí)的電視。表示“每一”，相當(dāng)于per，用在表示價(jià)格、速度、頻率等的短語中。Prices start at £ 13.95 a yard for printed cotton.印花棉布以每碼13.95英鎊的價(jià)格起售。(5)表示“同一，

19、相同"，相當(dāng)于“ the same ”They happen to be of an age and wear clothes of a color.他們碰巧同齡而且穿著同樣顏色的衣服。2.不定冠詞用于固定搭配中as a result因此，結(jié)果as a rule 通常as a whole大體上as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上at a loss不知所措in a hurry 匆忙in a word 總之in a sense在 某種意義上in a way在某種程度上in a short while 不久keep an eye on照看，留意pay a visit to 拜訪p

20、ut an end to 結(jié)束once in a while 偶爾once upon a time 從前all of a sudden 突然be on a diet 節(jié)食have a gift for在某方面有天賦have/catch a cold 感冒make a living 謀生have/take a rest 休息give sb. a lift讓某人搭便車命題點(diǎn)感悟單句語法填空 （2017 浙江 11 月高考）Like many things in life, it' songoing process, andthe best part of the process is th

21、at there's enough room for improvement.解析：an process為可數(shù)名詞，表示"過程”，此處為泛指，又因空格處后面有一個(gè)限定詞ongoing,其發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，故應(yīng)填不定冠詞an。 （2017 浙江 6 月高考）For Pahlsson, its return waswonder.解析：a wonder為可數(shù)名詞，表示"奇跡，奇事”，此處為泛指，故要用不定冠詞 a。 （2017 全國卷I ） When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it

22、 ismissing something. Asresult, people will eat more food to try to make up for thatsomething missing.解析：a as a result為固定搭配，意為"結(jié)果”。 （2017 全國卷川）lnstead, she is earning £ 6,500 a day as model in NewYork.解析：a此處意為"作為紐約的一名模特”，在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 model前應(yīng)該使用不定 冠詞a,表示"一，一名”。 （2017 全國卷n ）They live fa

23、r from the school, and it takes them abouthourand a half to go to work every day.解析：an hour的讀音以元音音素開頭，且是可數(shù)名詞，所以填 an。 （2016 全國卷 n ）Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.解析：a for a while為固定搭配，意為"一會兒”。 （2015 浙江高考）On the right side o

24、f the class was the road.I was always interested tosee the drivers inhurry in the morning.EO3|定冠詞the的用法及固定搭配1定冠詞the的用法(1) 表示特指的人或物，或者雙方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物，或者指上文已經(jīng)提 到過的人或事物。Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?你認(rèn)識那個(gè)站在門口的人嗎？(2) 用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的名詞前。The earth goes around the sun.地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。(3) 用于序數(shù)詞、形

25、容詞的最高級前。Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?這是你第一次游覽青島嗎？China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.在自然資源方面， 中國是世界上最富有的國家之一。(4) 用在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人或夫妻倆；或用于形容詞/分詞前，表示一類人或物。the wounded 傷員 the rich 富人(5) 用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”。in the 1990' s在20世紀(jì)90年代(6) 用在“ by

26、 + the+單位計(jì)量詞”中。I hired the car by the hour.我按小時(shí)租車。(7) 用在表示身體部位的名詞前，表示“打、抓住某人身體的某個(gè)部位”。The police caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。(8) 與形容詞或副詞的比較級連用，一般用于以下兩種情況： 用于“ the+比較級.，the +比較級.”結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“越越”之意。The more we do for the people, the happier we' II be.我們?yōu)槿嗣褡龅迷蕉嗑驮叫腋！?用在“ the+比較級+ of the two”結(jié)構(gòu)中

27、，表示“兩個(gè)中較的一個(gè)”。She is the taller of the two girls.她是兩個(gè)女孩子中個(gè)子較高的那一個(gè)。2. 定冠詞the用于固定搭配中make the most/best of 充分禾 U用in the end 最后by the way順便說一下in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處in the way 擋道on the whole總的來說at the same time 同時(shí)on the other hand 另一方面to tell the truth 說實(shí)話for the time being 暫時(shí)on the spot在現(xiàn)場not in the least 一

28、點(diǎn)也不the other day 前幾天take the place of 代替at the moment此刻，目前to the point中肯，切題in the middle of 在中間all the best 一切順利命題點(diǎn)感悟單句語法填空 （2018 全國卷 n ）Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent overpast25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.解析：the 此處特指過去的25年，故用the。 （2018 全國卷川 Unexpectedly, I' m

29、face-to-face with the gorilla, who beginsscreaming attop of her lungs.解析：the at the top of one's lungs為固定搭配，意為"盡量大聲地，聲嘶力竭地 ”。 （2017 全國卷 I ）1 still remember how hardfirst day was.解析：the/my 表示第幾天，序數(shù)詞前要加定冠詞the或者用限定詞進(jìn)行修飾。 （2017 全國卷 n ）This included digging up the road, laying the track and then

30、 buildinga strong roof overtop.解析：the top是名詞，前面要用冠詞，此處特指在（地鐵的）頂部建造一個(gè)結(jié)實(shí)的頂，所以用定冠詞the。 （2016 浙江高考）Every time he arrived home atend of the day, we ' d greethim at the door.解析：the at the end of “在結(jié)束時(shí)”，為固定搭配。 （2016 全國卷I ）The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so thatwhile one is

31、being bottle-fed,other is with mum she never suspects.解析：the此處表示雙胞胎大熊貓中的另一只，兩者之間的“另一個(gè)”應(yīng)該使用theother。 （2016 全國卷n ）But in that case, we will learn little aboutworld.解析：the此處特指我們所生活的這個(gè)世界。 （2015 全國卷 n ）The adobe dwellings （土坯房）built by the Pueblo Indians of theAmerican Southwest are admired by even most

32、modern of architects andengineers.解析：the在形容詞最高級的前面用定冠詞the。零冠詞的用法及固定搭配1零冠詞的用法(1) 專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前，一般不加冠詞。He is living in Canada now.他現(xiàn)在住在加拿大。(2) 季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。We usually have breakfast at 7 o' clock.我們通常7點(diǎn)吃早飯。(3) 在學(xué)科名稱、球類運(yùn)動、棋類游戲等名詞前不用冠詞。I' m interested in English.我對英語很感興趣

33、。He is fond of playing chess他喜歡下棋。(4) 表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞作表語、同位語或賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其前通常不用冠詞。Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “ Afifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge. ”這所學(xué)校的校長彼得斯彭思博士告訴我們說：“這里五分之一的學(xué)生都會到牛津大學(xué)或者劍橋大學(xué)繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)?！?5) 用于與by連用的表示交通工具、通信工程的名詞前。Are you going there by plane or b

34、y ship?你是乘飛機(jī)還是乘船去那里？(6) 系動詞turn(變成)后跟單數(shù)名詞作表語時(shí)不用冠詞。His brother has turned writer.他弟弟已成為一名作家。在as/though引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句中，零冠詞+單數(shù)名詞+ as/though +主語+謂語”意為“盡管但是”。Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.盡管他是個(gè)英雄，但是他也有一些缺點(diǎn)。(8)用在“名詞+介詞短語”的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中。The teacher came in, book in hand.老師手里拿著一本書走進(jìn)來。2. 零冠詞用于固定搭配中at present 目

35、前take part in 參力口in peace 平靜by chance/accident 碰巧on purpose 故意on second thoughts再一想ahead of time 提前in advance 提前by law根據(jù)法律by mistake由于差錯(cuò)under repair處于維修中l(wèi)ose heart 灰心day and night整日整夜from morning till night 從早到晚out of control 失控out of work 失業(yè)in danger處于危險(xiǎn)之中at risk有危險(xiǎn)專題過關(guān)訓(xùn)練I.單句語法填空1. And it evaluates

36、 how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writingskills (skill) to perform academic tasks.2. Many of these had benefited from the government' s special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses (business)3. My immediate excitement gave in to excuses (excuse)

37、 as the weeks passed.4. The British have many traditions (tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential(典型的)than taking afternoon tea.5. Some people are so rude. Who sends an e-mail or a text message that just says “ Thank you ?6. The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson.7. We a

38、lso visited the Three Gorges Dam, a symbol of Chinese pride and power.8. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.9. Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measures (measure) to limit their children' s Internet tim

39、e.10. This isn't the first time technology has changed our manners (manner).11. Antarctica, tbe coldest place on Earth, is the fifth largest continent in the world.12. When my father bought me a computer as a birthday present last year, I felt very excited.13. The camp is at the bottom of a moun

40、tain close to a beautiful river.14. It is a great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work, and I learn thesignificance of helping others.n .運(yùn)用語法寫靚句1被邀請來參加這次聚會我深感榮幸。(consider, honor)l_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party.2.如果您能幫我，我將感激不盡。(appreciate, hand)I would appreciate i

41、t if you could give me a hand.3. 作為一名英語方面的專家，您能否就如何提升英語寫作技能給我一些建議？(expert,give sb. some advice on)As an expert in English, can you give me some advice on how to improve my w riting skills?4. 都說老師們過著簡樸的生活，但我認(rèn)為當(dāng)老師很有意義。(be said to, live, meaningful)Teachers_are_said_to_live_a_simple_life,_but丄think_bei

42、ng_a_teacher_is_meaningful.5. 張華，我們班的班長，昨天被選為我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生會主席。(monitor, elect, theStudents Union)Zhang Hua, monitor of our class, was elected chairman of the Students' Union o f our school yesterday.6.我寫信是想讓您幫我個(gè)忙。(favor)I_am_writing_to_ask_you_to_do_me_a_favor.川.語法填空(2019 青島調(diào)研)The tea culture of China is _1_ (amaze) and has