各學(xué)校醫(yī)學(xué)內(nèi)分泌考博試題

1、協(xié)和內(nèi)分泌回憶版名解6個(gè)，一個(gè)2分旁分泌，糖異生，骨質(zhì)疏松癥，adrenarche，垂體卒中單選20個(gè)，多選6個(gè)，一個(gè)2分簡(jiǎn)答 一個(gè)5分骨質(zhì)疏松癥的機(jī)制生長(zhǎng)激素治療禁忌癥2型糖尿病和LADA的鑒別診斷庫(kù)欣綜合征的代謝異常泌乳素瘤的治療論述 一個(gè)10分原發(fā)性甲旁亢的臨床表現(xiàn)氧化應(yīng)激在糖尿病中血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生中的機(jī)制庫(kù)欣綜合征定位診斷時(shí)疾病分類男性骨質(zhì)疏松癥的治療2016年上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)考博專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)A真題1. 單選30個(gè)，每個(gè)1分，共30分。2. 多選10個(gè)，每個(gè)2分，共20分。（今年沒(méi)有名解，選擇題相對(duì)較簡(jiǎn)單，多選有幾個(gè)把握不大）3. 簡(jiǎn)答：生理、生化各3個(gè)，每個(gè)5分，共30分。生理：1）呆小癥

2、的原因級(jí)臨床癥狀。2）動(dòng)脈壓力感受器的傳導(dǎo)途徑及生理意義。3）什么是牽張反射？分為哪兩種類型？各自有何生理意義？生化：1）酮體的組成及生理意義。2）什么是嘌呤核苷酸循環(huán)？3）什么是第二信使，及其作用特點(diǎn)？4. 問(wèn)答：生理、生化各1個(gè)，每個(gè)10分，共20分。1）糖尿病患者出現(xiàn)尿糖、多尿、多飲，試從生理學(xué)角度分析原因。2）葡萄糖的分解代謝途徑級(jí)生理作用。英語(yǔ)作文：議論文，自己寫題目，45分300個(gè)單詞。手機(jī)癥候群（其中給了三小段news：手機(jī)癥候群的定義；一個(gè)女性走路時(shí)看手機(jī)掉河里了；英語(yǔ)記憶不是太清楚了）首醫(yī)內(nèi)分泌試題回憶:30個(gè)選擇都很簡(jiǎn)單，都是練習(xí)冊(cè)上的原題大題四道，1.腦垂體激素有幾種？2

3、.尿崩癥3.口服降糖藥有幾種，舉例說(shuō)明4.肢端肥大癥的診斷依據(jù)。3大題四道，腦垂體的激素有幾種？尿崩癥定義?？诜堤撬幬镉袔追N，舉例。肢端肥大癥的診斷依據(jù)，30個(gè)選擇都簡(jiǎn)單，都是練習(xí)冊(cè)上的原題，考了好幾道T3抑制試驗(yàn)的，還有激素的分類，反正感覺(jué)出的題沒(méi)有什么實(shí)用性，提干中還有應(yīng)用甲狀腺素片的，要知道這個(gè)臨床基本不用啦 選擇里有幾個(gè)關(guān)于T3抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)的，還有關(guān)于硫脲類言藥物的主要不良反應(yīng)，甾體激素是哪個(gè)，下面給了幾種要選，還有屬于肽類激素的是哪個(gè)，關(guān)于嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤降壓的，選擇錯(cuò)誤的一個(gè)，剩下的都非常簡(jiǎn)單首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)的內(nèi)分泌學(xué)考試一共30個(gè)選擇題共60分，以糖尿病甲亢為主。二、簡(jiǎn)答題1、簡(jiǎn)述垂體分泌的

4、激素2、何謂尿崩癥3、糖尿病口服降糖藥分幾大類，舉例4、肢端肥大癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)2016年病理生理學(xué)(專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)、完整版)一.簡(jiǎn)答題（40分，每題8分） 1. 什么是發(fā)熱？熱限的病理生理意義。 2. 什么是炎癥？細(xì)胞因子在炎癥發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用。 3. 舉例說(shuō)明微循環(huán)調(diào)節(jié)障礙在休克時(shí)發(fā)生發(fā)展作用及機(jī)制。 4. 疾病與健康的關(guān)系，并舉例說(shuō)明外界環(huán)境因素與遺傳因素對(duì)于疾病發(fā)生的可能作用。 5. 什么是心功能？評(píng)價(jià)心臟泵血功能的指標(biāo)有幾個(gè)，其意義是什么？ 二、問(wèn)答題（60分，每題20分，任選三）1.I型呼衰定義，與 II呼衰在機(jī)理、治療原則上的異同。2.舉例說(shuō)明受體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過(guò)程異常疾病的分子

5、基礎(chǔ)。 3. 什么是細(xì)胞凋亡？細(xì)胞凋亡的細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)改變和生化改變特征，及其分子生物學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。 4.什么是肝性腦??？其發(fā)生的機(jī)制有哪些？2016年南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)，基礎(chǔ)課，生物化學(xué)與細(xì)胞生物學(xué)補(bǔ)充與更正補(bǔ)充：第五題：胰島素，胰高血糖素通過(guò)影響哪些代謝途徑調(diào)節(jié)血糖？更正：第六題：舉例說(shuō)明兩種B族維生素的作用還有氧化磷酸化的影響因素需要舉一例說(shuō)明作用機(jī)制。2016同濟(jì)大學(xué)病理生理學(xué)回憶題型：選擇題其中單選50個(gè) .K型題 15個(gè)各章節(jié)均有涉及。今年沒(méi)有考名詞解釋，讓人感覺(jué)奇怪。😰😰😰😰😰😰😰簡(jiǎn)答

6、3個(gè)每個(gè)5分1 DIC出血的特點(diǎn)和相關(guān)機(jī)制2心臟收縮障礙的機(jī)制3鈣離子超載對(duì)缺血再灌注損傷的機(jī)制病例分析題2個(gè) 每個(gè)10分1車禍盆骨骨折肝破裂相關(guān)問(wèn)題1患者屬于哪種休克，相關(guān)機(jī)制2患者為什么補(bǔ)充碳酸氫鈉？病例2 一位老人嘔吐劇烈，急性機(jī)械性超梗阻，手術(shù)后，患者病情未見(jiàn)好轉(zhuǎn)，具體記不清了問(wèn)題，患者處理前后發(fā)生了那些誰(shuí)電解質(zhì)，酸堿平衡紊亂。依據(jù)是什么？2患者后期的處理是否不合理？為什么？今年病理生理學(xué)和往年難度差不多，最終分?jǐn)?shù)線估計(jì)差不多，主要看英語(yǔ)了。同濟(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)太難了。你懂的！2016重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)病理生理真題回憶一、名詞解釋（題目是英文，中文作答）：1、hypoxic hypoxia(低張性缺

7、氧)2、DIC（彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血）3、dyspnea(呼吸困難)4、calcium paradox(鈣反常)5、CARS(代償性抗炎反應(yīng)綜合征)6、endoplasmic reticulum stress（內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激）7、functional shunt（功能性分流）8、hemorrhagic shock（失血性休克）9、hepatic encephalopathy（肝性腦病）10、metabolic alkalosis（代謝性堿中毒）二、問(wèn)答題：1、高鉀血癥對(duì)機(jī)體的影響；2、應(yīng)激時(shí)兒茶酚胺升高對(duì)機(jī)體的代償意義；3、缺血再灌注導(dǎo)致氧自由基增多的機(jī)制；4、心功能不全時(shí)心臟本身的代償反應(yīng)及意義；5

8、、急性肺損傷引起呼吸衰竭的機(jī)制；6、急性腎衰竭少尿期機(jī)體代謝、功能的變化。三、論述題：1、休克導(dǎo)致MODS的機(jī)制；2、細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與炎癥反應(yīng)；3、細(xì)胞凋亡不足或過(guò)度引起的疾病及意義；4、機(jī)體缺氧對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的影響。哈醫(yī)大內(nèi)分泌專業(yè)考博題一名解糖尿病心肌病 亞臨床甲亢 大劑量地塞米松抑制試驗(yàn) 醛固酮增多癥 胞內(nèi)分泌 obesity 多發(fā)內(nèi)分泌腺瘤I型二簡(jiǎn)答舉例四種特殊類型糖尿病，葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑禁忌證， I131治療甲亢適應(yīng)癥，Tbg水平影響因素，粘液性水腫昏迷搶救原則，高血壓腎上腺疾??？三論述胰島素抵抗？因素哪型？垂體瘤臨床表現(xiàn)。2016年復(fù)旦大學(xué)博士生英語(yǔ)完形填空是時(shí)間簡(jiǎn)史的節(jié)選：A wel

9、l-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits _ the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at the back of th

10、e room got up and said: "_ you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported _ the back of a giant tortoise." The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, "What is the tortoise standing on?" "You're very clever, young man, very clever,"

11、 said the old lady. "But it's turtles all the way _!"Most people would find the picture of our universe as an infinite tower of tortoises rather ridiculous, but why do we think we know better? What do we know about the universe, and how do we know it? Where did the universe come from,

12、and _ is it going? Did the universe have a beginning, and if _, what happened _ then? What is the _ of time? Will it ever come to an end? Can we go back _ time? Recent breakthroughs in physics, and possible in part by new technology, suggest answers may seem _ obvious to us as the earth orbiting the

13、 sun or perhaps as ridiculous as a tower of turtles. Only time (whatever that may be) will tell.around What on down where so before nature in as （有一兩個(gè)空的位置不太確定了）翻 譯：有人說(shuō)，幸福就是一種感覺(jué)。這話沒(méi)錯(cuò)。在農(nóng)耕社會(huì)，風(fēng)調(diào)雨順、莊稼豐收是幸福的，再加上人丁興盛、六畜興旺則更是幸福的；耕讀傳家之家族，有人金榜題 名，整個(gè)家族的人是幸福的，榮耀地幸福著。而在如今這物質(zhì)主義泛濫的年代，每個(gè)人都在追逐著名和利，倘若突然一問(wèn)：你幸福嗎？相信很多人都

14、會(huì)回不過(guò)神來(lái)。 因?yàn)?，過(guò)多的壓力已經(jīng)銷蝕了我們的幸福感。無(wú)怪乎央視在你幸福嗎欄目調(diào)查中，會(huì)有如務(wù)工人員一樣“我姓曾”的回答，更有如莫言一樣“我不知道”的回答 不管是務(wù)工人員，還是莫言，都有各自所面臨的壓力。Some say happiness is but a feeling, and nothing could be truer. In a bygone agricultural society, favorable weather and bumper harvests would bring happiness to a whole community, and a feeling of

15、 being doubly blessed would prevail if there was also a baby boom accompanied by thriving livestock populations. For a clan that valued farming and letters, all its members would be feeling on top of the world if one of them was successful in an imperial exam. However, in todays materialistic world

16、where everyone seems to be in a hot pursuit of fame and wealth, people would be at a loss if asked “Are you happy?” Indeed, too much stress has eroded our sense of happiness. No wonder when some migrant workers were asked if they were happy in a CCTV happiness survey, their answer was “I dont know”,

17、 just like that of Mo Yan, a famed writer. After all, migrant works and folks like Mo Yan are all experiencing stress, albeit in different ways.作文：How I Wrote My First Research Paper. 分三段。閱讀找不著原文，第一篇講日本的低犯罪率，第二篇是移民媽媽幫孩子克服語(yǔ)言困難，最后一篇是介紹動(dòng)物睡眠中山大學(xué) 病理生理學(xué)：中山大學(xué) 病理生理學(xué)：名詞解釋（5分*4題）1.鈣超載 calcicum overload2.陰離子間隙

18、 anino gap3.心室重塑 ventricular remodeling4.SIRS論述題（20分*4題）1.腎性高血壓的機(jī)制2.shock 和DIC如何轉(zhuǎn)化3.COPD與呼吸書衰竭的機(jī)制，為什么？4.線粒體損傷和凋亡的關(guān)系2016年復(fù)旦考博閱讀原文第一篇：(來(lái)源于：新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)2【浙大版】課文Unit2 passage1)Five New Words at a Time Yulan Ying My family came to America in 1985. No one spoke a word of English. In school, I was in an English

19、as a Second Language class with other foreign-born children. My class was so over-crowded that it was impossible for the teacher to teach English properly. I dreaded going to school each morning for fear of not understanding what people were saying and for fear of being laughed at. At the time, my m

20、other, Taiqi, worked part time in a Chinese restaurant from late afternoon until late in the night. It was her unfamiliarity with the English language that forced her to work in a Chinese-speaking environment. Although her job exhausted her, my mother still woke up early in the morning to cook break

21、fast for my brother and me. Like a hen guarding her chicks, she never neglected us because of her fatigue. So it was not surprising that very soon my mother noticed something was troubling me. When I said nothing was wrong, my mother answered, “ You are my daughter. When something is bothering you,

22、I feel it too. ” The pain and care I saw in her moon-shaped eyes made me burst into tears I had held back for so long. I explained to her the fear I had of going to school. “ Learning English is not impossible, ” my mother said. She cheerfully suggested that the two of us work together to learn the

23、language at home with books. The confidence and determination my mother had were admirable because English was as new to her as it was to me. That afternoon, I saw my mother in a different light as she waited for me by the school fence. Although she was the shortest of all the mothers there, her fac

24、e with her welcoming smile and big, black eyes was the most promising. The afternoon sun shone brightly on her long, black hair, creating an aura that distinguished her from others. My mother and I immediately began reading together and memorizing five new words a day. My mother, with her encouragin

25、g attitude, made the routine fun and interesting. The fact that she was sacrificing her resting time before going to work so that I could learn English made me see the strength she possessed. It made me admire my mother even more. Very soon, I began to comprehend what everyone was saying and people

26、could understand me. The person solely responsible for my accomplishment and happiness was my mother. The reading also helped my mother learn English so that she was able to pass the postal entrance exam . It has been seven years since that reading experience with my mother. She is now 43 and in her

27、 second year at college. My brother and I have a strong sense of who we are because of the strong values my mother established for herself and her children. My admiration and gratitude for her are endless. That is why my mother is truly the guiding light of my life. ( 510 words)第二篇 是關(guān)于如何做一個(gè)喜劇演員的要求第三

28、篇 是關(guān)于Tokyo low criminal rate的問(wèn)題第四篇 是關(guān)于animal sleep的問(wèn)題中山大學(xué) 2016 病理生理真題 回憶補(bǔ)充版一名詞解釋（用中文作答）Calcium overloadAnion gapMyocardial remodelingSystemic inflammatory response syndrome二簡(jiǎn)答題1.試述腎性高血壓的發(fā)病機(jī)制2.休克和DIC的相互轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系3.慢性阻塞性肺病與呼吸衰竭的關(guān)系4.線粒體損傷與細(xì)胞凋亡的聯(lián)系2016年青島大學(xué)病理生理學(xué)回憶名詞解釋 英譯漢 4*5個(gè) 20分1反常性酸性尿2呼吸爆發(fā)3 腎性骨營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良論述 分值不等 總

29、分80分(原題可能不如下面所述 但是所涉及到的知識(shí)點(diǎn)差不多)華科2016年博士考試病生真題回憶版1高滲性脫水的表現(xiàn)及機(jī)制2休克1期及2期的特點(diǎn)及機(jī)制3缺血再灌注損傷致使急性腎衰竭的機(jī)制4一患者車禍倒置雙腿被壓 其可能出現(xiàn)的病理變化？為什么？5一長(zhǎng)期肺氣腫嚴(yán)重患者出現(xiàn)昏迷，為什么？6談?wù)勀銓?duì)"微生物-腸腦-大腦軸"的認(rèn)識(shí)？并設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)說(shuō)明"微生物-腸腦-大腦軸"的臨床變化及意義? 20分名詞解釋（10個(gè)，每個(gè)3分）反常性堿性尿、心肌頓抑、疾病、血氧容量、肝功能衰竭、發(fā)紺、發(fā)熱、MODS、post-traumatic stress disorder、死腔樣通氣

30、問(wèn)答題（共9個(gè)，共70分，6-10分）2.低鉀血癥和嚴(yán)重高鉀血癥對(duì)骨骼肌興奮性的影響及機(jī)制。4.慢性腎功能不全時(shí)低鈣血癥的機(jī)制。8.COPD導(dǎo)致呼吸功能 不全的機(jī)制。9.腦死亡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制訂的意義。5.應(yīng)激性潰瘍的機(jī)制。3.休克II期的微循環(huán)特點(diǎn)及機(jī)制。7.DIC廣泛出血的機(jī)制。1.常見(jiàn)的脫水類型有哪幾種，哪種最易導(dǎo)致休克，為什么？6.AG增高型代謝性酸中毒的原因。（以上均非考試順序）廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)病理生理學(xué)名詞解釋：1.應(yīng)激原 2.肝性腦病 3.循環(huán)性缺氧 4.DIC 5.真性分流簡(jiǎn)答：1.鈣超載在缺血再灌注損傷的機(jī)制2.休克初期腹腔及皮膚血管收縮的機(jī)制3.肺通氣血流不足、彌散障礙引起呼吸衰竭的病因

31、和機(jī)制，血?dú)庾兓繂?wèn)答：1.右心衰竭體循環(huán)淤血的臨床表現(xiàn)和機(jī)制2.自由基在缺血再灌注損傷的機(jī)制3.濾過(guò)分?jǐn)?shù)？何時(shí)升高？如何致水鈉潴留？上海交通大學(xué) 臨床基礎(chǔ)A 牽張反射定義，兩種方式，各自生理意義從內(nèi)分泌角度分析呆小癥原因及臨床表現(xiàn)酮體組成及生理作用糖尿病糖尿多飲多尿產(chǎn)生機(jī)制葡萄糖代謝途徑及生理意義嘌呤核苷酸循環(huán)第二信使定義及作用方式北京協(xié)和病理生理2016年南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)考博病理生理（專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)）真題一、簡(jiǎn)答題。（6*10分）1.鈣超載發(fā)生缺血-再灌注的機(jī)制。2.應(yīng)激性潰瘍的機(jī)制。3.腺苷酸環(huán)化酶信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑及功能。4.應(yīng)激時(shí)交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)興奮對(duì)機(jī)體的影響。5.臨床輸血和輸液時(shí)發(fā)生高熱的機(jī)

32、制。6.心力衰竭患者出現(xiàn)心率加快的機(jī)制及心臟的影響。二、問(wèn)答題。（2*20分）1.嚴(yán)重酸中毒造成血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷引起DIC的機(jī)制，并闡述其出血原理。2.何謂肝性腦?。扛涡阅X病時(shí)血氨升高的原因？臨床常用降血氨的措施？2016首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)內(nèi)科學(xué)（專博）生理學(xué)C名詞解釋1.鈉泵2.heterometric autoregulation3.recepter potential4.腎糖閾5.hypothalamic regulatory peptides簡(jiǎn)答1.鈉離子通過(guò)細(xì)胞膜的幾種方式2.舉例說(shuō)明主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和被動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的區(qū)別3.興奮在神經(jīng)-肌肉接頭傳遞的特點(diǎn)及其機(jī)制4.血清和血漿有何區(qū)別？如何獲?。?.胃

33、酸的作用？6.甲狀腺激素分泌水平對(duì)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育有哪些影響？舉例說(shuō)明論述1.心肌細(xì)胞膜上的鉀離子通道有哪些種類？各自的特點(diǎn)、作用？2.后負(fù)荷對(duì)骨骼肌收縮張力和縮短速度的影響及機(jī)制。南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)考博 專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課 病理生理學(xué)1.簡(jiǎn)答題（6*10）：1.1 鈣超載導(dǎo)致缺血再灌注損傷的機(jī)制；1.2 應(yīng)激性潰瘍發(fā)生機(jī)制；1.3 腺甘酸環(huán)化酶介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)途徑及其功能；1.4 心衰時(shí)心率加快的影響；1.5 應(yīng)激時(shí)交感神經(jīng)興奮對(duì)機(jī)體的影響；1.6 輸血輸液引發(fā)高熱的機(jī)制;2.問(wèn)答題（2*20）2.1 酸中毒時(shí)毛細(xì)血管損傷導(dǎo)致DIC和出血的機(jī)制；2.2 何為肝性腦??？血氨升高的機(jī)制?降低血氨的措施？2016上交考博真題

34、臨床基礎(chǔ)B選擇題30題單選（1分每題），10題多選（2分每題）部分多選回憶應(yīng)激血糖變化結(jié)節(jié)性淋巴細(xì)胞為主型的特點(diǎn)（cd20 30陽(yáng)性，爆米花，雙核RS）微小病變性腎小球腎炎（足突融合？）病理生理學(xué)部分試題1.如何定義健康與疾?。?分2.簡(jiǎn)述肝功能不全容易感染的原因。5分3.分子病的定義，舉例說(shuō)明。5分（論述題）試論急性DIC凝血功能亢進(jìn)和繼發(fā)性纖溶亢進(jìn)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系。10分病理學(xué)部分試題1.簡(jiǎn)述大腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展的 多步過(guò)程及相關(guān)基因改變 5分2.膜性增生性腎病的病理特點(diǎn)。5分3.克羅恩病與潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的鑒別。5分（論述題） 試述心肌梗死的定義，病理分型以及合并癥。10分英語(yǔ)作文試題2016年解

35、放軍301醫(yī)院博士研究生考試病理生理學(xué)試題簡(jiǎn)答及論述題1、缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)和缺血后適應(yīng)的區(qū)別2、簡(jiǎn)述收縮性心力衰竭的機(jī)制3、簡(jiǎn)述高血壓引起的血管重塑的機(jī)制4、簡(jiǎn)述生理性心肌細(xì)胞肥大的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制5、論述病理性心肌細(xì)胞肥大的神經(jīng)體液信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制6、論述血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙引起的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的機(jī)制南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)病理生理學(xué)(專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課）簡(jiǎn)答題1. 發(fā)熱定義及病理生理意義2. 炎癥定義及細(xì)胞因子在其中作用3. 休克微循環(huán)變化4. 健康與疾病關(guān)系，舉例說(shuō)明外界環(huán)境在疾病發(fā)生中作用5. 心動(dòng)能定義，評(píng)級(jí)指標(biāo)及各指標(biāo)臨床意義問(wèn)答題1. I型呼吸衰竭和II型呼衰區(qū)別及治療2. 信號(hào)通路3. 肝性腦病的病理生理改變根

36、據(jù)同學(xué)回憶整理 .2016年廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)病理生理學(xué)專業(yè)真題回憶：一、名詞解釋（每題5分，共15分）應(yīng)激原肝性腦病循環(huán)性缺氧真性分流DIC二、簡(jiǎn)答題（1、2題8分，第3題9分，共25分）1、 鈣超載引起再灌注損傷的機(jī)制2、 休克初期引起腹腔內(nèi)臟及皮膚血管收縮的機(jī)制是什么？3、 通氣不足及彌散障礙引起呼吸衰竭的原因及機(jī)制，以及血?dú)飧淖內(nèi)?、論述題（每題20分，共60分）1、右心衰竭時(shí)體循環(huán)淤血引起的臨床表現(xiàn)及其機(jī)制2、自由基在缺血-再灌注損傷機(jī)制中的作用3、什么是濾過(guò)分?jǐn)?shù)，什么情況下濾過(guò)分?jǐn)?shù)會(huì)增高，濾過(guò)分?jǐn)?shù)增高引起水鈉潴留2016年南開腎內(nèi) 病生名解：鈣超載，夜間陣發(fā)性呼吸困難，ARDS，MODS，

37、自噬。簡(jiǎn)答：DIC引起微循環(huán)障礙的機(jī)制；血液性缺氧的分型和病理生理進(jìn)展；肺通氣功能障礙分型和病理生理；休克代償期的機(jī)制；低鉀引起酸堿功能障礙的類型和機(jī)制。論述：缺血再灌注造成損傷的機(jī)制；血管新生的概念、意義和治療靶點(diǎn)；精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)的定義、提出背景以及臨床應(yīng)用；干細(xì)胞的定義、應(yīng)用以及病理生理學(xué)。的機(jī)制華科內(nèi)科內(nèi)分泌部分原發(fā)性甲狀旁腺的診斷與鑒別診斷GLP受體激動(dòng)劑的適應(yīng)癥和禁忌癥庫(kù)欣綜合征的分類和臨床表現(xiàn) 抗甲狀腺藥不良反應(yīng)2016 山大腎內(nèi)專業(yè)課名詞解釋（4分/個(gè)）1. ARDS2.Faconi綜合征3.滲透性腎病4.急性間質(zhì)性腎炎5.ESRD簡(jiǎn)答題（10分/個(gè)）1.滲出液和漏出液的鑒別2.高血壓

38、腎損害與腎性高血壓鑒別3.過(guò)敏性紫癜與血小板減少性紫癜鑒別4.尿路感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)5.狼瘡性腎病病理分型6.急性腎衰透析指征及目的論述題（20分）慢性腎臟病進(jìn)展的因素和機(jī)制2016年山東大學(xué)考博病生1.抑癌基因與促癌基因各舉一例并說(shuō)明相互關(guān)系2.高鉀對(duì)機(jī)體的影響3應(yīng)激時(shí)各系統(tǒng)的變化4.缺血再灌注時(shí)氧自由基升高的機(jī)制5.內(nèi)皮損傷造成血栓形成的機(jī)理6.休克I期的機(jī)理7.低張性缺氧心血管系統(tǒng)變化、機(jī)理、意義8.粘附分子與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系9.血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化中的作用10肝性腦病假性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)學(xué)說(shuō)2016年 福建醫(yī)科大學(xué) 博士研究生入學(xué)考試 英語(yǔ)A卷(2016. 3.19 8:3011:30)

39、Part I. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET. Passage One（在網(wǎng)上居然找到原題，是高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)題）Scientists discovered 163 new species in Southeast Asias Greater Mekong region last year

40、，but all are at risk of extinction due to climate change，the WWF said in a report released Friday.The newly discovered creatures include a birdeating frog with fangs ，a bird that would rather walk than fly and a gecko whose alien appearance inspired the reports title of “Close Encounters”，the conser

41、vation group said.The report was released ahead of major UN talks on climate change in Bangkok next week，which are being held before a makeorbreak summit in Copenhagen this December.“Some species will be able to adapt to climate change，and many will not，potentially resulting in massive extinction，”

42、Stuart Chapman，director of the WWF Greater Mekong program，said in the report.“Rare and endangered species like those newly discovered are especially vulnerable because climate change will further shrink their already restricted habitats，” he said.“The new discoveries in 2010 include 100 plants,28 fi

43、sh,18 reptiles,14 amphibians,2 mammals and a bird，”the WWF report said.The area spans Cambodia，Laos，Myanmar，Thailand，Vietnam and Chinas Yunnan Province.“Among the new species is the birdeating fanged frog，which remains hidden in a protected area of Thailand despite the fact that scientists are study

44、ing there for 40 years，” the report said.The tigerstriped pit viper was discovered accidentally on an island off the coast of Vietnam when a scientist was looking for a lizard and his son pointed out that his hand was on a rock right next to the snakes fangs.“We caught the snake and the gecko and th

45、ey both proved to be new species，” researcher Lee Grismer of La Sierra University in California was quoted as saying in the report.The leopard gecko，found on another Vietnamese island，has the coloring of a leopard and bizarre orange，catlike eyes and thin legs.The Greater Mekong region has proved a r

46、ich area for scientists.The WWF said in December 2010 that it had found 1,068 new species there between 1997 and 2009.1 What is special about the newly discovered bird?AIt usually walks.BIt likes walking and flying.CIt can eat other birds.DIt can eat frogs.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第二段第一句可知，這種新發(fā)現(xiàn)的鳥的獨(dú)特之處是它喜歡行走，而

47、不是飛翔。2 Stuart Chapman believes that_.Amost of the newly discovered species can adapt to climate changeBclimate change can cause massive extinction of the newly discovered speciesCthe newly discovered species are not so vulnerable to climate changeDmany species have already died out because of climat

48、e change答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第四段可知，這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種很少能適應(yīng)氣候變暖，因此會(huì)出現(xiàn)大量滅絕的情況。3 When Lee Grismer discovered the tigerstriped pit viper，he probably felt_.Afrightened BdisappointedCexcited Dpuzzled答案C解析推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段可知，這種蛇的發(fā)現(xiàn)很偶然，而且后來(lái)被證明是一個(gè)新的物種，因此發(fā)現(xiàn)者應(yīng)該感到“驚喜”，故選excited。4 The tigerstriped pit viper is probably a kind of_.A

49、frog BlizardCgecko Dsnake答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句和第二句可知，這種tigerstriped pit viper是一種新的蛇類。因?yàn)槲闹杏忻鞔_的提示“the snakes fangs”及“We caught the snake and the gecko.”，而the gecko的介紹在后面出現(xiàn)了。5 What does the passage mainly tell us?AThe Greater Mekong region is a rich area for scientists.BMany rare species remain to be

50、discovered in the Mekong region.CScientists have discovered many new species in the Mekong region.DClimate change threatens Mekong new species.答案D解析主旨大意題。由文章第一段可知，本文重點(diǎn)在于說(shuō)明大湄公河次區(qū)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種面臨受氣候變暖瀕臨滅絕的危險(xiǎn)，而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)新物種的發(fā)現(xiàn)，故選D項(xiàng)。Passage Two醫(yī)學(xué)科普題。講述anthax的在歐洲的起源、流行及研究，并講述heroin和anthax的關(guān)系，沒(méi)有找到原題。試題難度和選項(xiàng)都很有迷惑性，個(gè)人感覺(jué)比

51、國(guó)家卷難。 Passage Three人體電子工程學(xué)科普題。講述Tongue Drive System的工作原理和應(yīng)用前景，也沒(méi)有找到原題，試題難度和選項(xiàng)都很有迷惑性。比較難。 Passage Four醫(yī)學(xué)科普題，由Dolly講到克隆技術(shù)，再引申到Pluripotent stem cells，最后講到neural stem cell，embryonic stem cell，以及一種能運(yùn)用皮膚基底干細(xì)胞以實(shí)現(xiàn)組織修復(fù)和器官再生的技術(shù)，沒(méi)有找到原題，試題難度和選項(xiàng)都很有迷惑性。比較難。 Part II Vocabulary ( 15% )Directions: There are 30 incom

52、plete sentences in this part. Choose the one that best complete the sentence. And write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. 21.40. 醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯BladderPelvicAudileMetabolismSepsisNecrosissystemic ；Systematic時(shí)間太緊張，記不起來(lái)了，很多不懂，靠猜。 41.50. 公共英語(yǔ)Anything but； nothing but考意義Which；that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句考語(yǔ)法時(shí)間太緊張，其他的記不起來(lái)了。Part III

53、 Cloze Test ( 10%,0.5×20)關(guān)于gene sequencing在Anti tumor drugs中的運(yùn)用，可以減少副作用，提高療效，降低耐藥率。Part IV Translation ( 10% )Directions: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.Key words :the causes of anemia, Physician, ulcer, tumor, gastrointestinal tract, endoscope, Colonoscopy, Esophageal hernia etc.只要經(jīng)常有看英文文獻(xiàn)，難度不是很大。Part V Translation ( 10% )Directions: Translat