滬教牛津八年級(jí)下 UNIT Helping those in need

1、 Unit 1 Helping those in need一、重點(diǎn)詞匯講解1. raise v. 籌集；提升；增加第三人稱單數(shù)：raises 過去式：raised 過去分詞：raised 現(xiàn)在分詞：raising搭配：raise money 籌款；raise money for 為籌款 raise ones voice 提高嗓門； 例如：They raised money for homeless people. raise price 提高價(jià)格；raise ones spirits 打起精神 raise = keep 有“飼養(yǎng)，撫養(yǎng)”的意思，如： raise cattle = keep ca

2、ttle（飼養(yǎng)牲口）和raise children（撫養(yǎng)孩子）辨析：raise, rise(rise-rose-risen)的區(qū)別(1) 這兩個(gè)詞都有“提高，上升，增加”的意思，但其用法不同。 raise是及物動(dòng)詞，其主語通常是人；而rise是不及物動(dòng)詞，其主語通常是物。例如：The sun rises and bathes the earth. 太陽升起，普照大地。Bath n. 沐浴，浴室 bathe v. 沐浴，洗，（光線）充滿(2) raise和rise用于同一事物時(shí)含義不同。例如： The price of TV sets has been raised recently. 最近電視

3、機(jī)提價(jià)了。（政府或廠家主動(dòng)行動(dòng)） The price of TV sets has risen recently. 最近電視機(jī)提價(jià)了。（市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)）2. permission n. = agreement 準(zhǔn)許；批準(zhǔn)搭配：Ask permission 報(bào)請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn) Write a letter to the head teacher to to raise money. 給校長(zhǎng)寫一封信請(qǐng)求允許籌錢。同根詞：permit v. = allow you to do it 許可，準(zhǔn)許；默許 The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape record

4、er.知識(shí)拓展：(1) 表示請(qǐng)求某人允許自己做某事，通常與動(dòng)詞ask, ask for, request連用。 She asked for permission to leave work early.她請(qǐng)求許可早點(diǎn)下班。(2) 表示允許某人做某事，通常與動(dòng)詞give連用。Who gave you permission to come here? 誰準(zhǔn)許你到這里來的 (3)表示不允許某人做某事，通常與動(dòng)詞refuse/ deny 連用。 The school has been refused permission to expand.學(xué)校擴(kuò)充未得到允許3. disabled adj. 喪失能力

5、的；有殘疾的 I taught disabled children to sing. 我教殘疾的孩子唱歌。 同根詞：disable v. = make (sb.) unable to do sth. 使殘廢，使傷殘 He is disabled from voting. 他失去了選舉資格。 enable v.  n'eb()l  = make (sb.) able to do sth. 使（某人）能夠做某事 The new test should enable doctors to detect the disease early. 新的檢測(cè)手段應(yīng)該能夠使醫(yī)生們盡早

6、查出這種疾病。 搭配：mentally disabled 有智力缺陷 learning disabilities 學(xué)習(xí)障礙4. offer v. = be willing to do something 主動(dòng)提出搭配： offer to do sth. 主動(dòng)提出去做某事，愿意做某事Peter offered to teach them water-skiing. 彼得主動(dòng)提出教他們滑水。搭配：offer ones hand 伸出友好的手 offer sb. sth. 為某人提供某物They have offered me a large sum of money to go away. 他們?cè)?/p>

7、為我提供一大筆搬遷費(fèi) 辨析：provide, offer的區(qū)別： provide用于表示無主動(dòng)慷慨之意地為人或物提供需要或有用的東西，僅僅是出于某種責(zé)任，強(qiáng)調(diào)提供必須用的東西，尤其是生活用品,多數(shù)情況是免費(fèi)的。常用于provide sb. with sth. 或provide sth. for sb. 的固定搭配中。offer表示主動(dòng)提供服務(wù)、工作等，對(duì)方可以接受，也可以不接受。常用于offer sb. sth.或offer sth. to sb. 固定搭配中。例如：offer sb.主動(dòng)提出幫助某人；offer sb. a good salary 給某人一個(gè)好工資。 Somehow she

8、managed to provide her children with food and clothing. 她總算設(shè)法使她的孩子有飯吃，有衣穿。 He offered me a glass of wine. = He offered a glass of wine to me. 他端給我一杯酒。 5. illness n. （某種）病 The children there all suffer from serious illness. 那里的孩子都遭受疾病的折磨。 同根詞：ill adj. 有病的 （比較級(jí)：worse, 最高級(jí)：worst） 辨析：ill, illness, sick的

9、區(qū)別：illness是ill的名詞形式，是可數(shù)名詞。ill和sick都有“生病的；有病的”之意，但用法并不完全相同。 ill表示“生病的；有病的”這一意思時(shí)，一般用作表語，不能作定語；sick既可以作表語又可以作定語，如“病人”可以說a sick man或the sick, 但不能說an ill man或the ill。例如： She is ill/sick in bed. 她臥病在床。 She is looking after her sick father. 她在照顧她生病的父親。 sick 有“惡心的；厭倦的”之意。例如：The smell makes me sick. 這氣味使我感到惡

10、心。 ill作定語修飾名詞時(shí)是“壞的；邪惡的”之意。例如： He is an ill man. 他是一個(gè)邪惡的人。一言辨異：Although I am ill, I have to look after my sick sister at home today. Because of illness, she cant go to school.盡管我病了，但是今天我必須在家照看我生病的妹妹。因?yàn)榧膊?，她沒有去上學(xué)。 6. organize v. 組織 In the end, we all decided to organize a concert for Easter. 最終，我們一致決定組

11、織一場(chǎng)復(fù)活節(jié)音樂會(huì)。同根詞：organization n. 組織；機(jī)構(gòu) organizer n. 組織者organized adj. 有組織的 What do you know about our organization? 關(guān)于我們的組織你知道些什么？ Students need organized activities. 學(xué)生們需要有組織的活動(dòng)。 Who is the organizer of the exhibition? 誰是這次展覽會(huì)的組織者？ 7. express v. 表達(dá)；表露 This helps them express their feelings. 這有助于他們表達(dá)他們

12、的情感。 同根詞：expression n. 表現(xiàn)，表示，表達(dá)；表情 She gave expression to her sadness. 她流露出了悲傷之情。 8. lonely adj. 孤獨(dú)的；寂寞的；荒涼的 （比較級(jí)：lonelier最高級(jí)：loneliest） It felt like the loneliest place in the world. 感覺這就像是天底下最荒涼的地方。 辨析：lonely, alone的區(qū)別： alone為形容詞，意為“單獨(dú)的”，只作表語，不能作定語。側(cè)重說明獨(dú)自一人，沒有助手或同伴，沒有感情色彩的只表示客觀的狀態(tài)。 lonely意為“孤獨(dú)的”，表

13、示主觀上感到孤獨(dú)、寂寞，有較濃的感情色彩，指因缺少朋友、同情、友誼等產(chǎn)生的一種悲傷和憂郁的感情。它為形容詞，在句中作表語或定語。作定語時(shí)，意為“荒涼；偏僻”，多修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。 alone還可以作副詞。 alone adv. 單獨(dú)；獨(dú)自 She went home alone.= She went home by herself. 她獨(dú)自回家去了。 The old man lives in a lonely town, he lives alone but he doest feel lonely. 這位老人住在偏僻的鎮(zhèn)上，他獨(dú)自一人住著，但他并不感到孤獨(dú)。一言辯異: I didnt fe

14、el lonely though I was alone. 我雖孤身一人，但并不感到寂寞。9. friendship n. 友情；友誼 同根詞：friend n. 朋友 復(fù)數(shù)：friends. True friendship is worth more than money. 真正的友誼比金錢更有價(jià)值。 friendly adj. 友好的 Robert has a friendly relationship with his customers. 羅伯特和他的客戶之間關(guān)系處得很好。 friendliness n. 友善 She also loves the friendliness of th

15、e people. 她也喜歡人們的友善。 10. difficulty n. = be not able to do something easily 困難；費(fèi)勁 The country is facing great economic difficulties. 該國(guó)正面臨巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難。 同根詞：difficult adj. = hard to do 困難的 The child is going through a difficult phase. 那孩子正經(jīng)歷困難的階段。 Its difficult for me. 對(duì)我來說這很難。 搭配：have difficulty (in) doi

16、ng something 做有困難 I had no difficulty (in) making myself understood. 我毫不費(fèi)力地表達(dá)了自己的意思。 in difficulty/difficulties 處境困難 The bank is in difficulty/difficulties. 這家銀行處境困難。 11. joy n. = a feeling of great happiness 愉快；喜悅 I taught them to sing because music can bring them joy and peace. 我教他們唱歌，因?yàn)橐魳纺軒Ыo他們喜悅與

17、寧靜。 同根詞：joyful n. 快樂的，高興的；令人開心的，使人喜悅的 He was excited and joyful at the success. 他因成功而激動(dòng)欣喜。 搭配：to ones joy 令人高興的是，使某人高興的是 To her joy her son was permitted to a key university. 12. peace n. 平靜；寧靜 the Nobel Peace Prize 諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng) One more question and Ill leave you in peace. 再問一個(gè)問題，我就不打擾你了。 同根詞：peaceful ad

18、j. 和平的；愛好和平的；安靜的；平靜的 Evening in the country is a very peaceful time. 鄉(xiāng)村里的今晚是平靜安謐的時(shí)刻。 13. hurt v. = injure 'nd 使疼痛；受傷 Tim hurt his legs in an accident, but he has lots of courage. 提姆在一次事故中傷了腿，但他很勇敢。 同根詞：hurt adj. 受傷的；痛苦的；（受）損壞的 They did not seem to be badly hurt. 他們看起來沒有受重傷。 搭配：hurt oneself

19、自己受傷 Have you hurt yourself? 你傷著自己了嗎？ 注意：身體傷害重用badly修飾。精神、感情受到創(chuàng)傷用 very much/ rather/ deeply修飾 The driver hurt himself badly in the accident. 那位司機(jī)在事故中傷得很重。 Your words deeply hurt her. 你的話深深地傷害了她。 14. courage n. 勇氣；勇敢 同根詞：encourage v. 鼓勵(lì)，鼓舞；支持；促進(jìn)；鼓動(dòng) My English teacher often encourages us to read Engli

20、sh aloud. 我的英語老師常常鼓勵(lì)我們大聲讀英語。 搭配：take ones courage in both hands 鼓起勇氣去做；敢作敢為 gather courage鼓足勇氣 lose courage 失去勇氣 gather 'gæð vt. 收集；收割 Taking her courage in both hands, she opened the door and walked in. 她壯著膽打開門，走了進(jìn)去。 Failure is the mother of success. Keep up your courage.失敗是成功之母。鼓起你的勇

21、氣來。15. Spirits n. 情緒，心境他回到家里是情緒非常好。He felt in excellent spirits when he arrived home.Spirit n. 精神，勇氣，意志。盡管他已經(jīng)不再人世，但他的精神卻至今還在。Even though he is no longer living, his spirit lives on today.固定搭配：in spirit 在心里， 在精神上 16. pay v. 付款；償還 We paid 35 pounds for each ticket. 我們每張票付了35英鎊。 同根詞：pay n. 工資；薪水；報(bào)答 The

22、y complained about their pay and conditions. 他們抱怨他們的薪水和工作條件。 搭配：pay off 償清（債務(wù)）；支付（債務(wù)）的全部數(shù)額 pay attention to 注意 pay a visit to 去參觀，拜訪 pay for 為付款 辨析：take, spend, cost和pay的用法區(qū)別： 總結(jié)： take一般用it作主語，例如：it takes sb. sometime to do sth. spend一般是人作主語，例如：I spend an hour finishing my homework. cost表示某物值什么的（價(jià)值或

23、錢），例如：The book cost 200 yuan. pay一般是人作主語，例如：I pay lots of money for books. spend的主語必須是人，常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)： (1)spend time/money on sth. 在上花費(fèi)時(shí)間（金錢）。例如： I spent two hours on this math problem. 這道數(shù)學(xué)題花了我兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 (2)spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花費(fèi)時(shí)間（金錢）做某事。例如： They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造這座橋花了

24、他們兩年時(shí)間。 (3)spend money for sth. 花錢買 例如： His money was spent for books. 他的錢用來買書了。 cost的主語是物或某種活動(dòng)，還可以表示“值”，常見用法如下： (1)sth. costs (sb.) + 金錢，某物花了（某人）多少錢。例如： A new computer costs a lot of money. (2)(doing) sth. costs (sb.) + 時(shí)間，某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少時(shí)間。例如： Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了

25、大量時(shí)間才記住了這些單詞。 注意：cost的過去式及過去分詞都是cost，并且不能用于被動(dòng)句。 take后面常跟雙賓語，常見用法有以下幾種： (1)It takes sb. + 時(shí)間 + to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少時(shí)間。例如： It took them three years to build this road. 他們用三年時(shí)間修完了這條路。 (2)doing sth. takes sb. + 時(shí)間，做某事花了某人多少時(shí)間。例如： Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修車。 pay的基本用法是： (1)p

26、ay (sb.) money for sth.付錢（給某人）買 例如： I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每個(gè)月要付20英鎊的房租。 (2)pay for sth. 付的錢 例如： I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不賠丟失的書款。 (3)pay for sb. 替某人付錢 例如： Dont worry! Ill pay for you. 別擔(dān)心，我會(huì)給你付錢的。 (4)pay sb. 付錢給某人 例如： They pay us every month. 他們每月給我們報(bào)酬。 (

27、5)pay money back 還錢 例如： May I borrow 12 yuan from you? Ill pay it back next week. (6)pay off ones money 還清錢。 17. voluntary adj.自愿的；志愿的 He made a voluntary statement to the police.他自愿為警方作供。18. be used for doing 被用來做（某事） be used to do 被用來去做 be used as 把······用作，被用來當(dāng)作·

28、;····· be used by (某物)被某人使用，by后接動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者 *be used to (doing) sth. 習(xí)慣于（做某事）*used to do sth. 過去常常做某事This medicine is used for curing cancer. 這種藥物是用于治療癌癥的。Clothes are used to keep warm. 衣服是用來保暖的。The box is used as a table. 這個(gè)箱子被當(dāng)作桌子用。 This car is used by Mr. Li.這是李先生的專用轎車。My fath

29、er is used to getting up early. 我爸爸習(xí)慣于早起。I used to dance after school. 我過去常常放學(xué)后跳舞。In the past, people used to use horses as their transport. 過去人們常常使用馬匹作為他們的交通工具。18. since then 自從那時(shí)起since I was born 自從我出生時(shí)since+ 時(shí)間點(diǎn)（用于完成時(shí)）l 自從5點(diǎn)開始他就在等了。l He has waited since 5 oclock.l 陳先生自從2歲起就住在這兒。l Mr. Chen has liv

30、ed here since 2 years old.l 我們自從七年前開始就學(xué)習(xí)英語了。l We have learned English since 7 years ago.新詞強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練：1. They will give a concert to (籌款) for charity.2. You must (報(bào)請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn)) if you want to leave early.3. -Excuse me, would you (幫我個(gè)忙)？-Sure, What would you like me to do?4. He is (因受苦) nervous tension(神經(jīng)緊張).5. Wil

31、l you go to the park to (拍照) with me this afternoon?6. Who knows what will happen （將來）？7. He is (不健康). He is often sick.8. You must (照顧) yourself and keep healthy.9. My grandma is ill （住院）now. My aunt is taking care of her.10. We have a golf course in the _(社區(qū))。11. -How much did you p_ for the sweat

32、er?-Eight dollars.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. People dont allow (teenager) to drive a car.2. He didnt go to the meeting because of his (ill).3. We had no (difficult) in finding the house.4. Tom, dont be afraid of (speak) in front of people. You are the best one.5. Some boys of Class One enjoy (listen) to music.

33、6. He used to (play) football.7. According to(根據(jù)) the passage, which of the following (follow) is true? 8. Though it was raining, they continued working (work) in the fields.9. Tom, dont be afraid of speaking (speak) in front of people. You are the best one.10. Some boys of Class One enjoy listening

34、 (listen) to music.11. He used to play (play) football.單項(xiàng)填空。1. The young man offered his seat an old lady on the crowded bus.A. with B.to C. for D. at2. Though his grandmother lives , she never feels .A.alone, alone B.lonely, lonely, C. alone, lonely D. lonely, alone3. We have activities after class

35、. You can take part in them.A. kind of B. a kind C. many kinds of D. a kind of4. Tomorrow is _. The students want to buy some flowers for their teachers.A. Teacher Day B. Teachers Day C. Teachers Day D. the Teachers 5. Old Henry is so lonely that he hopes to know about _ every day.A. special somethi

36、ng B. special anything B. C. something special (肯定句用sth.) D. anything special6. I dont know how to begin a talk with Betty. She can sit all day long _a word.A. by B. with C. in D. without 7. Scientists are trying their best to come up with ways to treat(治療) the terrible disease(疾病) _ H7N9.A. called

37、B. call C. name D. was call 8. He was born in 1956 and _ in 2012.A. death B. dead C. died D. die 9. -How is your English study?-Not bad. But I _ learning English grammar.A. am interested in B. am good at C. have difficulty D. have no trouble10. -Sam, my mobile phone is in my bedroom. Could you _ if

38、for me? -No problem.A. bring B. get C. take D. carry重點(diǎn)句子：1. Cindy is in hospital because she suffered from serious illnesses.2. She wanted to paint a picture of the park near her home.3. .I went there and took some photos of it4. Her parents died in a car accident, and she is unhappy and very lonely

39、.5. He hurt his legs in an accident, but he has lots of courage.6. We need to help children like Tim and raise their spirits.Grammar 動(dòng)詞不定式（1）基本形式： to+動(dòng)詞原形 （在某些情況下可以不帶 to）（2）特點(diǎn) ： A .沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化B .可以有自己的賓語和狀語 C .有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化（被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式為 to be + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞）D.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式直接在不定式的前面加not. （3）動(dòng)詞不定式用法A、 作主語 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，句子的謂語

40、動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種： (1) 把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour. To learn a foreign language is not easy. = Its not easy to learn a foreign language.(2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。It is good to help others. 幫助他人是件好事。It is exciting to surf the Internet. 上網(wǎng)是件令人興奮的事。 B、作表語 （表語是用來說明主語

41、的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的，表語常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing、從句來充當(dāng)，它常位于系動(dòng)詞（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等詞）之后。如果句子的表語也是由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)?shù)?，那么這個(gè)充當(dāng)表語的句子就叫做表語從句）The important thing is to finish the work on time. (完成工作) What you have to do now is to clean the classroom. (打掃教室).C 作賓語 1) 動(dòng)詞 + to do 常見動(dòng)詞有 agr

42、ee, choose, decide, forget, fail, go on, learn, hope, mean (意味；想要) need, offer, plan, regret, require, remember, seem, stop, try, wish, want等注意：部分動(dòng)詞后接不定式與接動(dòng)名詞的含義不同。如stop, forget, remember1. He decided to buy (buy) the camera.2. I want to listen to (listen to) some music after class.3. I hope to trav

43、el (travel) all over the world one day.2) 動(dòng)詞+疑問代（副）詞 + to doI dont know what to do. （做什么） how to do it / that. （怎么做） where to go (去哪里) when to leave (什么時(shí)候出發(fā))Which one to choose (選擇哪個(gè))例：I havent decided when to take a holiday yet.A. took B. taking C. to take D.take3) 動(dòng)詞 + it(形式賓語）+賓補(bǔ) +to doI find it

44、important to learn English我發(fā)現(xiàn)很難和他好好相處. I find it hard to get on well with him.我發(fā)現(xiàn)在炎熱的夏天很容易入睡. I find it easy to fall asleep in hot summer.動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)1) 動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 +to do Li Mei asked me to show her the new dictionary.注：有以上結(jié)構(gòu)的常用動(dòng)詞有 tell. wish, ask, want，like, beg(請(qǐng)求), invite（邀請(qǐng)）, warn（警告，提醒）, allow, encour

45、age, advise 等。2) 動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + do (不帶 to 的不定式)注：常用的動(dòng)詞是:感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice； 使役動(dòng)詞 have ,make, let.（如果將其改成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，必須將不定式符號(hào)to還原。）例：Colors can change our moods(情緒) and make us feel happy or sad.A. Feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling固定搭配：make sb. do sth.E、作狀語（可以表目的、表結(jié)果、表原因）。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的， 有時(shí)可以把不定式放在句首，或在

46、不定式前面加in order to或so as not toI came here to tell you good news. ( 告訴你一個(gè)好消息)She stydied hard to pass the exam.她刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，以便通過考試。F、作定語 （必須后置）我們每天有很多作業(yè)要做. We have a lot of homework to do every day.我有個(gè)好消息要告訴你. I have good news to tell you.不帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)以下幾種情況使用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式:1.在固定詞組had better之后。注意:had better的否定形式是h

47、ad better not do sth.。例如:You had better go home now.你最好現(xiàn)在回家。It's cold outside. You'd better not go out.外面很冷,你最好不要出去。2.will (would) you please之后動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to.Would you please say it again more slowly? 請(qǐng)你再慢慢說它一下好嗎？2.在感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, feel, hear, look at, listen to和使役動(dòng)詞have, make,let后要跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如:I made them give me the money back.我迫使他們把錢還給我。I didn't see you come in.我沒看見你進(jìn)來。3.在引導(dǎo)疑問句的why not之后。&quo