英語學(xué)習(xí)筆記

1、soup soap adopt adaptleafturn over a new leafboard 木板，董事會，登船boarding gatepart apart from 除了。 。 。之外apartment 公寓departdepartment部門take part in participate inpartial 部分的，偏頗的impartial 公正的ice box movie1. 連詞2.非謂語動詞3.虛擬Chinadaily 英語點津21st2005 年喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮的演講magicianStay hungry, stay foolishBeginnerhand i

2、n hand overrun down a henpull down the building時態(tài)1. 過去1） 一般過去時（只存在于過去）My mother taught English for twenty years.2）過去進行時（暫時）3）過去完成時（過去的過去）When the police found the man, he had wandered out of his home for five years.2. 現(xiàn)在1. 一般現(xiàn)在時（長期）I teach English in Fuzhou.2. 現(xiàn)在進行時（暫時）I am teaching English in Xiame

3、n these days.3. 現(xiàn)在完成時（以現(xiàn)在為參照）I have taught English for more than fifteen years.4. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時（一直）I have been teaching college English for more than fifteen years.3. 將來（主將從現(xiàn)）1） 一般將來2） 將來進行3） 將來完成（參照）When the professor comes back from Africa, his son will have finished school._過去 現(xiàn)在 將來 注意：1. by 到。 。 。為止 b

4、y yesterday, by now, by the end of this month2. 定語從句修飾的詞前有序數(shù)詞，最高級，only, 從句謂語用完成時It is the third time that he has ever cheated on an exam.3. in the past five years, in the last two weeks 用完成時The prices rose dramatically 急劇地 in the past.The prices have risen dramatically in the past five years.近五年來4.

5、find, see, know, hea，rlove, hate 等沒有進行時主動：被動startbe started過去完成：had started had been started一般過去：started , was/ were started過去進行：was/ were starting, was/ were being started一般現(xiàn)在：start、 starts, am/ is/ are started現(xiàn)在進行：am/is/ are starting現(xiàn)在完成：has/ have started現(xiàn)在完成進行：has/have been starting一般將來：will star

6、t, am/is/ are going to start, am/is/ are to start, beabout to start 即將將來進行：will be starting將來完成：will have startedSchool ends on January 12.The film begins at 8 p.m.被動語態(tài)注意：by某些動詞沒有被動形式：1. 系動詞 be, become, turn, get, come, go, fall,remain, look, sound, taste, smell, feel come true/ successfulgo bad/ bl

7、indfall asleep/ unconsciousThe queen remained single all her life.2.cut, read, sell, write 與 easily，well, smoothly 連用The knife cuts easily.The pen writes smoothly.The book sells well.By far 。 。 。得多，最最。 。So far 迄今為止-ceed 走proceed 繼續(xù)，precedent之前的succeed接續(xù)，接替，成功Mr Cook succeeded Mr Jobs and became CEO

8、of the Apple.succeeding 后續(xù)的successive連續(xù)的successful成功的process 過程 successcentury百年centimeter centigradepress impress express depress 壓抑 compress 擠壓 company公司compound復(fù)合，綜合樓 deal with, cope with, handle1A 2B 3C4 C 5C 6D 7C 8B 9D 10Dno sooner過去完成 than, hardly when, scarcely when 一。 。 。就I have read your n

9、ovel.I have been reading your novel.11 D12 D 13B 14A 15B 16C 17C 18A情態(tài)動詞1. can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, dare, ought to, had better, had rather, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 寧可， 寧愿， may/ might as well 也可以，不妨， cannot but, cannot help but不得不，不能不2. mi

10、ght，may, could, can, must表可能性may not 也許不，could not, can not不可能，must not 禁止She must have a Russian origin, does nt she?She must be from a European country, isnt she?She must have worked for the Russian intelligence department, hasn t she?She must have worked for the Russian intelligence department in

11、 the past, didn t she?3. would you please= will you pleasecan- could, may-might, shall- should, will-would過去時用過去形式現(xiàn)在時可用過去形式、現(xiàn)在形式The dangerous murderer must live in your neighborhood.The dangerous murderer must have lived in your neighborhood in the past.must主觀I must be going now.ought to 責(zé)任 The doct

12、or ought to have sent the patient to a safe place first.should/ shallHave you paid the fare?needn t have done= didn t have togas station gasolineclass hour lab hourapparent, evident, obviousspecial特別的， 專用的， 專門的specialize in專門從事specialty 特色的。 。 。specific 具體的，詳細的specify 指定 specification 詳細的說明particula

13、r 特定的，be particular about/ over對。 。挑剔peculiar怪異的，獨特的The dish is peculiar to Chinese cuisine.Chew mien1C 2C 3D 4C 5C 6B 7D 8B 9C 10C 11B 12B 13D 14C 15D西方的思維：線性主題段落主題句 70% 在首句，20%在末句東方的思維：環(huán)狀beat around the bushYoung pioneerIsolation 孤立Hope projectWorldwide nationwidedistribute 分發(fā) attribute to 把。 。 。歸

14、因于contribute to 貢獻smoking contributes to his death.Distribute: deliverTransport import exporttransplanttransformtranslatetransfer調(diào)動transmit 傳輸adapt to 調(diào)整。 。 。以適應(yīng)adjust to accustom tobe adapted to, be adjusted to , be accustomed to, be used to doin習(xí)慣于 goverradical 激進的organ器官 organic有機的 foodmental 大腦的

15、diseases metal 金屬capacity容量capability 能力the hall has a capacity of 500 peoplebe capable ofbe able tovary 變化，不同various variety 不同種類a variety ofThe style of marketing varies from ages to ages.The style of marketing today differs from what it was in the past.distinguish from,distinguish good from evilI

16、t stands to reason that we pay more attention to our mental healthlook into , look after, look up to 仰視source 來源 human resources資源costtakespend on sth/ in doingpay 付錢 pay the fare, pay the rent/ the billpay for the serviceHave you paid_ the boy who painted the house for you?charge sb forThey charged

17、 me 200 dollars for the service.affordI could not afford it so I offered 150 dollars.DolphinAdmittedly, today s people suffer greater pressure and stress. number numerous drama戲劇opera歌劇comedy喜劇 tragedy 悲劇live survive 存活 revive 復(fù)蘇C ACorigin original 最初的，有創(chuàng)意的originate from 起源于 DCAD 語法-主謂一致，代詞一致1. 語法形式

18、一致A book is sold.Many books are sold.Many a book _is_ sold.More than a book _is_ sold.A book and a paper are sold.注意：1 ).police, people, poultry(家禽), cattle(牛群，家畜)是復(fù)數(shù)名詞The poutry are in the yard.The police have found the hiding place of the suspect.2)physics, maths, economics, measle水痘是單數(shù)名詞s3)fish,

19、deer, sheep, species, means這些詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形，看數(shù)量詞 4)the girl as well as her three roommatesh as reserved the seat.Nothing but the two magazines_is_ sold.5)一個人多重身份，一個物品多個組成部分The writer, scientist and sociologist is calling for attention to the phenomenon.Another fork and knife_is_ needed here.Bread and butter

20、 is what he has for breakfast.Law and order is the most serious problem.2 .概念一致1) most, all, 50%, two thirds 的單復(fù)數(shù)看其內(nèi)容One third of the cars are damagedOne third of the car is damaged.All _are_ (is/are) present and all _goes_(go, goes) well.2) 金錢， 距離， 時間看成單數(shù)Ten dollars is enough.4) family, class, team

21、, group, committee, government, party, audience, population當(dāng)看成概念是單數(shù)，當(dāng)看成成員是復(fù)數(shù)China s population is the largest in the world and 70% of the population are in the farming industry.The group _are_ waiting to enter the stadium.2. 就近原則There be, not only but also, neither nor, either or, orHow are you?Fine

22、, thank you and you?Me, too.Who are you?I am Bill Clinton, husband to this lady.Me, too.(either you or I am mad. Either he or you are mad)代詞一致Nobody has done the work, has he? have they?1B 2C 3B 4C 5A 6A 7B 8A 9A 10A11 C12 C 13B 14A 15BThat is only one of those books thati nterest me.Foolfewa fewI h

23、ave little on me.I have a little on me.favor in favor of 對。 。 。有利 do sb a favorfavorite 最喜歡的favorable有利的assist resist抵制insist on 堅持 persist in 堅持省略句，強調(diào)句，倒裝句1. 省略句1)Why didn t you go to the lecture?I had been to the lecture.I had.2) -you broke your promise again.so I did.2. 強調(diào)句1) 對謂語的強調(diào)Do come on tim

24、e.The man does live on the island.2) 對其他成分的強調(diào)It is/ was . that/ whoMy classsmates held a Christmas party in the auditorium from 6p.m. to 8 p.m. last night.It was my classsmates that/ who held a Christmas party in the auditorium from 6p.m. to 8 p.m. last night.It was a Christmas party that my classsm

25、ates held in the auditorium from 6p.m. to 8 p.m. last night.It was in the auditorium that my classsmates held a Christmas party from 6p.m. to 8 p.m. last night.3. 倒裝句A temple stands on the top of the hill.The lawyer never visits his parents.1） 全部倒裝a. 表示方位的介詞詞組提前On the top of the hill stands a temple

26、.b. up, down, here, there, now，then 提前（主語必須是名詞）Now comes the manager.Yes, here he comes.2） 部分倒裝a.否定詞提前seldom, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, in vain 徒勞， stillless更不用說, by no means, under no circumstancesNever does the lawyer visit his parents；nor does he visit his friends.Not until he locked the

27、doordid he realize that he had left the key inside.b. so that, such thatso heavy a bag did the boy carry that he could hardly move.c. so, nor, neitherYou broke your promise again and was rude toward your mother.So it was with Tom.d.虛擬語氣中if 從句有助動詞had, were, should 時， if 可以省略，Had you made a plan, you

28、wouldn t have missed all those opportunities.If you had made a plan, you wouldn t have missed all those opportunities.e.though she was a girl,Girl as she was, she was daring and ambitious.Though I might try, I would never make a successful businessman.Try as I might, I would neverf. only in the way

29、can you achieve successg.more rest is what I need.What I need is more rest.Unidentified flying objectHow+adj+ 冠詞+名詞SoWhat+ 名詞詞組How fine the weather is!What fine weather it is!Hardly whenScarcely whenNo sooner thanhurt 傷痛 I didn t mean to hurt you by that.injure 外傷 The accident left five dead and fou

30、r injured.wound 刀槍 the last relationship wounded him and he felt it difficult totake up another relationship.harm 損害 our interestsdamage損壞destroy毀壞spoil 寵壞 The only child is spoiled.ruin 毀壞， 使。 。 。變成廢墟machines machinery1-10 BDDAD DABCB11-15 DDCDCCulture shock 文化沖擊，文化震蕩World wide webLastMultilingual

31、multiple multiply 成倍增長figure 數(shù)字，人物figureout 算出，明白obtain maintain 保持，保養(yǎng)retain 保留 physical and mental healthaverage 平均 the average/ top studentsordinary : specialcommon 常見的 common senseusual placeurgent急切的，迫切的emergent 緊急的emergency roomshare of the marketturn a blind eye toHis action pleases us present

32、.His action does please us present.What he does does please us present.What pleased students they wer e16-20 CDDDC 21-25 BDABD26-33 DCDCC BDB 語法 從句與連詞一個英語句子中有且只有一個獨立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。It upsets the public.That many officials are involved in the scandal upsets the public.1. 定語從句關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who, whom, whose關(guān)

33、系副詞：where, when, why(for which)A beautiful flowerA flower in the vaseA flower which was picked this morningWe are looking for a person _who/ that_ can manage the department well.The person _whom/ who/ that_ you are looking for is nowhere to find.The person_whose_ former experience is rich enough wil

34、l be qualified for the post.I am reading the book which/ that the students sent to me as a gift.I would like to live in the room in which / where the former president ever lived.I would like to live in the room whose window opens to the lake.The guy had an awful accident, which is reported in todays

35、 newspaper.We should never forget the times _in which/ when_ we received help from our friends.We should never forget the times_which/ that_ we spent in the small village.I have read a lot about the city_(which/ that)_ you mentioned in the letter.I have read a lot about the city_in which/ where_ gre

36、at changes have taken place in the last five years.Would you please give us a reason_for which/ why_ you were absent from the lecture?Will you accept the reason _which_ she gave for her absence from the lecture?只能用 that:1) 被修飾詞前有最高級，the only, 序數(shù)詞，the veryIt is the rarest coin that he has collected.T

37、his is the very post that fits you well.2) 被修飾詞本身是不定代詞nothing, everything, something, all3) 被修飾部分有人和物The people and the things that you came across in the past will stay in the memory.不能用that：1. 介詞后面2. 逗號后面I am reading my only book, which survived last fire.As a citizen, we have to fulfil some oblig

38、ations.定語從句中的as1.主句中 the same, so, suchYou have to buy the same boo kas I tell you.It isnt such a good book as you boasted.It isnt so good a book as you boasted.They appointed such a bad-tempered man to our office that we were annoyed.They appointed to our office such a bad-tempered man as we could

39、not accept.3. as 連接的非限制性定語從句放在句首，句中As is described in the newspaper, the CEO is a dictator.The CEO, as is described in the newspaper, is a dictator.Is this the factory_we visited last week?Is this factory_the one_ we visited last week?連詞的用法比較：1. as 的用法1) As a person grows, his wisdom will develop. 隨

40、著與 when, while 比較As/ when/ while I stayed in Paris, I picked up some French.When 強調(diào)時間的點， “就在此時”I was about to give up the project when he appeared and gave me timely help.While 強調(diào)一段時間I talked on while she was taking notes.while: though, as long as， 而While he was born into a rich family, he was never

41、 happy.While you sign a contract with us, you are entitled to use it whenever you like.2)as: thoughThough he is president of the company, he is quite easy-going among his staff.President of the company as he is, he is quite easy-going among his staff.3)as as4) 方式 Do it as I told you to.in spite of,

42、despite, for all+ 名詞詞組though he is poor,一 。 。就On hearing the news, the audience cheered.At 一看到。 。 。 the terrible sight, she fainted.At 一聽到 the sound, the dog barked.1-10 ABDDC ABDCBBe afraid of the possibility of failureBe afraid that he might failurewhat break outbreak down分解，（機器，車）壞了，崩潰break up（關(guān)系

43、，婚姻）破裂break off （聚會，晚會） 終止，解散break away frombreak into a cry/ laughterAll work no play makes Jack a dull boy.peeping Tom 偷窺狂Dear John s letterlest, in case, for fear that以免you work as hard as he.unit 單元 uniform transform formal 正式的 formulate 規(guī)定whoever=anyone whowhoever= no matter whoNo matter who co

44、mes late, he will be punished.11-20 DABBC AABDC21-30 ABADB BBBBDdue to: owing to, thanks to, because ofDue to what he has achieved, he is awarded a prize.Because he has achieved a lot, he is awarded a prize.語法 -虛擬語氣主將從現(xiàn)I have no money on me. Will you please lend me 5000 yuan?If I can raise the money

45、, I will lend it to you. 真實If I could raise the money, I would lend it to you. 虛擬If I had beenb orn in America, I would have learnt English well.1)從句 謂語 過去完成，主句 would have doneIf I lived in America now, I would learn English well soon.2) 從句 一般過去時，主句 would doIf I were to/ should become minister of ed

46、ucation in the future, I would cancel all English tests.If you had had breakfastt his morning, you would not be hungry now.3) 從句 should/ were to do , 主句 would do條件句的省略1. Were, should, had2. 用介詞詞組或者otherwise等代替If there were not your parents, you would not enjoy such a good life.Without your parents,

47、you would not enjoy such a good life.But for your parents,I have retired. Otherwise, you would be promoted to such an office soon.3. 虛擬語氣的兩個大類(從句)4. 從句謂語用過去時態(tài)：過去完成，一般過去，過去將來a. ifb. if only 要是。 。 。就好了If only I had not come back alone.c. wishI wish I had not come back alone.d.as if, as though似乎He is g

48、iving orders as if he were the boss.e. would rather/ had rather, would sooner, would just as soon從句只 (有過去完成、一般過去)I would rather you didn t borrow money from me in the future.f. It is about/ high time we did some exercises.2) 從句謂語用(should) doa. it is 形容詞 thatIt is strange that she (should) stare at m

49、e that way.b. lest, in case, for fear that 以免，以防，萬一He explained everything over again lest anyone (should) misunderstand him.c. 命令，要求，建議的內(nèi)容order, demand, require, request, insist, urge, ask, prefer, suggest, propose, recommend, advice, move動議second附議The expert proposed that a monitoring body (should

50、) be set up.The expert put forward the proposal that a monitoring body (should) be set up.1-5 BBDAD 6-10 DDCAD11-15 CDCAA16-20 ACAADif, provided that, suppose, supposingtake aparttake in 吸收，接收take to 喜歡上take over 接手，接管take after 長得像。 。 。take up 占據(jù)Mida s finger/thumb21-25 DBCCC26-30 DCCCD31-35 DDCCB3

51、6-40 DCACAlie lay lain 躺著lie lied lied 撒謊lay laid laid 使。 。 。躺下，平放，下蛋hang hung hung 掛，懸掛hang hanged hanged絞死but I have no moneypreserve 保存，保護reserve預(yù)留deserve 值得observe觀察，遵守enrich encourage enlargewiden, lengthen, heighten, deepenhold back 阻止 hold down 保住 hold up to 堅持 hold in/ back 克制 住take into acc

52、ount/consideration考慮。 。but, therefore, yet, however, nevertheless , as a result,mistake misguidehowever= no matter howwhatsoever 常與 nothing, nobody等詞not at allNobody whatsoever is willing to take up the responsibility.assign account allocatechair a meetingoppose opposite opponent對手that=in the way, a

53、t the timecontrolled experimentuntil 直到。 。 。為止not until 直到。 。 。才_until_ he successfully defended the poor young man, he was a little-known lawyer.Not until he successfully defended the poor young man did he become well-known.Try as he would, he might never succeed.從句與連詞答案31-40 CBDCC DBDAC41-50 DABDA

54、 BCDDB51-60 CBCCD BBCDD61-70 BBCAD BCBCC非謂語動詞1. 不定式to start to be starting to have startedto be started to have been startedHe coaches the child to swim.He seems tos ing well .He seems tob e starting a business of his own.He seems toh ave started a business of his own.A business is saidt o have been

55、 startedin our town.1) 有動作的執(zhí)行者用主動，沒有則被動I have some clothest o wash.I have some clothest o be washed.2) 不定式與所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成完整的動賓結(jié)構(gòu)，不及物動詞后要加介詞I have some books to read.I have a form to fill in.I want to rent a room to live in.Give me a pen to write with.4) 聽，觀，感，使， 讓 +賓語 + 不帶“ to”的不定式listen to, hear, watch, see, look at, stare at, notice, feel, smell, make, let, haveI saw the suspect get on a bus.2. 現(xiàn)在分詞starting, having startedbeing started(正在被。 )，having been startedWhen I was driving down the beach, I saw a rare bird.Driving down the beach, I saw a rare bird.Having f