考研考博-英語-北京師范大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京師范大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

SectionAEnglishtoChinese(15points)

Directions:TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

56.Incomparisonwithmilitary,politicalandeconomicsecurity,ecologicalsecurityhasawiderinfluenceonthecommonpeoplelivinginacountry.Onceitsecologicalenvironmentisdestroyed,thefuturesurvivalofthewholenation,especiallythepoorwillbehorriblyundermined,anditwillbeextremelydifficultforageneration,oreventensofgenerationstoreclaimtheenvironmentonceecologicaldeteriorationgoesbeyondacertainthreshold.AlthoughprotectionoftheenvironmenthaslongbeenamatterofbasicstatepolicyfortheChinesegovernment,itisaundeniablefactthat,onthewhole,effortstoimprovetheenvironmenthavelargelyfailedtomatchdestructiveforcesworkingagainstthem.

57.Thisbookderiversfromdecadesofteachinginvariousschoolsacrossthecountry.Itisbasedonthebeliefthatphilosophyisagenuinelyexcitingsubject,accessiblenotonlytospecialistsandafewgiftedundergraduatemajorsbuttoeveryone.Everyoneisaphilosopherwhetherenrolledinaphilosophicalcourseornot.Thedifferenceisthatsomeonewhohasstudiedphilosophysystematicallyhastheadvantageofhavingencounteredstrongerandmorevariedargumentsthanmighthavebeenavailableotherwise.Whatisspecialaboutthisbookisthatisoffersintroductorystudentstheotherwiseopportunityofhavingdirectcontactwithsubstantialreadingsfromsignificantbooksonphilosophy,butwithouttheunreasonabledemandthattheyconfrontthesebooksinfull,whichareoftenincomprehensible.

58.What’sstrangeaboutmanisthathehasyettolearntosettledisputesbysomemeansotherthanwar.Notonlydoeswartakeaheavytolloflives,butleadstoincreasedtension.Theuseofsophisticatedweaponsisapttobringaboutdisasterstohumanhealthalthoughthereluctancetoeliminateweaponsofmassdestructiononthepartofthebigpowerswillnotnecessarilyendupwithconflicts.Thechancesarethatmanwillhavehisowncivilizationdestroyedifthenotionofthesurvivalofthefitteststillappliestotheinternationalcommunity.Wecannothelpwonderinghowmanyyearsitwilltakefortheworldtoeliminatewaronceforall.

SectionBChinesetoEnglish(20points)

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

59.擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的長期戰(zhàn)略方針和基本立足點(diǎn)，也是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)均衡發(fā)展的根本途徑和內(nèi)在要求。(5points)

60.近年來我國收入差距不斷擴(kuò)大已成為不爭的事實(shí)，收入分配的公平問題越來越受到公眾的高度關(guān)注。(5points)

61.實(shí)現(xiàn)義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展已經(jīng)成為社會共識，但是，我國目前財(cái)政教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入不足，教育資源分配結(jié)構(gòu)也不合理，地區(qū)教育公共服務(wù)的提供依然存在較大的差異。(6points)

62.文化是某一特定人群所有傳統(tǒng)、習(xí)俗、信仰和各種生活方式的總和。(4points)

【答案】SectionAEnglishtoChinese

56.一旦生態(tài)環(huán)境遭到破壞，整個(gè)國家，尤其是窮人將來的生存將會受到極大的損害，而且一旦生態(tài)惡化超過一定限度，那么一代人，甚至幾十代人要想重新修復(fù)環(huán)境都極為困難。盡管保護(hù)環(huán)境一直是中國政府制定的一項(xiàng)基本國策，然而一個(gè)不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)是，總的來說，改善環(huán)境的種種努力很大程度上未能抵抗破壞環(huán)境的力量。

57.它基于以下觀點(diǎn)：哲學(xué)的確是一門有趣的學(xué)科，不僅專家和有的具有天賦的本科生可以理解哲學(xué)，人人都可理解。不論是否上過哲學(xué)課，每個(gè)人都是哲學(xué)家。區(qū)別在于：系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)過哲學(xué)的人具有這樣的優(yōu)勢，他們遇到的論點(diǎn)要比以其他方式遇到的論點(diǎn)更有說服力、種類更多。該書的特點(diǎn)是：它使初學(xué)者有機(jī)會直接接觸選自重要哲學(xué)著作并有實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容的讀物，但并不過分地要求學(xué)生必須通讀這些很難讀懂的書籍。

58.盡管大國不愿意銷毀大規(guī)模殺傷性武器的心理不一定導(dǎo)致沖突，但尖端武器的使用會給人類健康帶來災(zāi)難。如果適者生存（或優(yōu)勝劣汰）這觀念仍使用于國際社會，那么人類的文明就很可能遭到毀滅。我們不禁要問世界需要多少年才能徹底消滅戰(zhàn)爭。

SectionBChinesetoEnglish

59.Expansionofdomesticdemandisalong-termstrategicapproachinourcountry’seconomicdevelopmentandbasicstandpoint,andalsotopromotebalancedeconomicdevelopmentwithinthefundamentalapproachandtherequired.

60.Inrecentyears,thewideningofincomegaphasbecomeanindisputablefact,andthefairnessofincomedistributionhasbeenpaidmoreandmoreattentionbythepublic.

61.Ithasbecomeasocialconsensustorealizethebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducation.However,becausenationalexpenditureoneducationisinsufficient,andthedistributionstructureofeducationresourcesisunreasonable,therearestillgreatdifferencesintheprovisionofeducationalpublicservicesindifferentregions.

62.Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.

2.翻譯題

人們最初是怎樣發(fā)明文字的現(xiàn)在依然不為人所知。換句話說，語言的起源是個(gè)謎。我們所了解的人們與動物不同，他們不知用何種方法發(fā)明了一些聲音來表達(dá)思想和感情、行為和事物，以便能互相交流。后來他們在一些稱作字母的符號上達(dá)成一致意見，這些字母可以合在一起代表這些聲音，而且可以書寫。這些聲音，無論是以口頭還是字母的形式出現(xiàn)，都稱作單詞。

【答案】Howdidmenfirstlearntoinventwords?Itisstillunknowntopeople;inotherwords,theoriginoflanguageisamystery.Allwesupposeisthatsomeearlymeninventedcertainsounds,inonewayoranother,toexpressthoughtsandfeelings,actionsandthings,sothattheycouldcommunicatewitheachother;andthatlatertheyagreeduponcertainsigns,calledletters,whichcouldbecombinedtopresentthosesounds,andwhichcouldbewrittendown.Thosesounds,whetherspokenorwritteninletters,wecallwords.

3.單選題

Ministersalsohopedthatemployerswouldcutoutovermanningandrootoutinefficiency,evenifthisledtoatemporary（

）inunemployment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.excess

B.surge

C.lure

D.spur

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)excess“超過，過量”；B選項(xiàng)surge“洶涌；波濤；激增”；C選項(xiàng)lure“誘惑；餌”；D選項(xiàng)spur“馬刺；鞭策；支線”。句意：部長們還希望雇主們能減少人員過剩，根除低效率，即使這會導(dǎo)致失業(yè)人數(shù)短暫······。句中“cutourovermanningandrootoutinefficiency（減少人員過剩，根除低效率）”會造成失業(yè)人口猛增，因此B選項(xiàng)符合句意。

4.單選題

Itisnotuncommonforclosesynonymstobeunderstoodtosharethesamemeaning.Thedifferencebetweenwordslike“hard”and“difficult”,forexample,goestragicallyunnoticed.Onemayemployoneortheotherwithcompleteindifference,postulatingnodiscrepancybetweenthem.Ingeneralthisiswellandgood;mostpeoplelackthescrupulouspedanticalnesstoquibbleoversuchtrifles.Nevertheless,forthoseofuswithamplecompulsiveness（andtime）,itisofsignificantvaluetocomprehendsuchnuances.

Takeforexamplethefollowingsentences:1）Thetestwashard.2）Thetestwasdifficult.Isthedifferencebetweenthesesynonymsreadilyapparent?Isthereanoticeabledifferencebetweenthematall?Indeed,thesequestionsarevalidandwarrantanswer.For,whatwouldbethepointtohavingmultiplewordswiththeexactsamemeaning?No,thatwouldbesuperfluous;theEnglishlanguagebeingfartooeconomical.Whilemanyclosesynonymssharesimilar,ifnotthesame,dictionarydefinitions,thefeeling,ormood,theyconveyisutterlysingular.Althoughadictionarycanprovideinformationaboutwordmeanings,pronunciations,etymologies,inflectedforms,derivedforms,etcetera,itcannotcommunicatehowitfeelstouseaword.

So,ifthereisindeedatdifferencebetweenwordslike“hard”and“difficult”,whatisit?Tobegin,“hard”ispragmaticandrealistic,firmlygroundedinreality.Itisautilitarianwordthatgetsthejobdoneanddoesn’tapologizeforitsbrusque,uncouthnature.Ontheotherhand,“difficult”iseloquentandrefined.Itiscivilized,willingtoexpendtheeffortnecessarytoappearurbane.Why,themeredifferenceinsonicqualitybetweenthemisstrikingenough.“Hard”makesaquick,unassumingsound,havingbutasinglesyllable（voicedundercertaininflections,itcanevencomeacrossasharsh）,while“difficult”ismorelengthyandmelodic,itsnumberofsyllablestotalingthreetimesthatofitscounterpart.Furthermore,“hard”ismorelikelytobeusedincasual,informalcircumstances,ortocommunicateanidea“onthego”orsimplyto“getitout”asthesayingsgo.Itisusedwithoutpretense,anddoesnotmaintainafeelingofbeingoverlyconcerned.Intermsofdailyusage,“hard”maybeemployedbyanexhaustedbrickmasonwhenposedwiththequestion,“Howwasyourday?”Conversely,“difficult”maybeusedbyamilitarygeneraluponexplainingtohisorhersuperiortheprogressionofaparticularlytaxingcampaign.

Similarto“hard”and“difficult”,thewords“weird”and“strange”tooareclosesynonyms,andmayseeminglybeusedinterchangeably.Takeforinstancethefollowingsentences:1）Seamonkeysareweird.2）Seamonkeysarestrange.Contrarytopopularbelief,thesesentencesarenottautologous.Sohowdotheydiffer?Theirdictionarydefinitionsarenearlyidentical,sothedifferencedoesnotliethere.Rather,thedifferenceinvolvesthefeeling,ormood,thatthesewordsconvey.Noticethatwhile“weird”and“strange”bothhavebutonesyllable,thelatterhasaremarkablydistinguishedfeel.Similarto“hard”,“weird”conveysamorebasic,amorecrude,sentiment.Something“weird”iscrassorgross,andistypicallyundesirable.Noonewantstobeassociatedwithsomething“weird”.Iftryingtoimpresssomeone,oneprobablydoesn’twanttobecategorizedamongthe“weird”.Ontheotherhand,ifsomethingislabeledas“strange”,itisnotnecessarilybad.Rather,something“strange”issimplyabnormal,orunusual——adeviationfromwhatisexpected.Thisdistinctionbetween“weird”and“strange”issopronouncethatthelattercanbeusedasaeuphemismfortheformerincertainsituations.Forexample,noticehowasimplesubstitutionisabletomakethefollowingsentencelessoffensive:“Yourmother’scookiestasteweird”comparedto“Yourmotherscookiestastestrange”.Intheformersentence,thespeakersoundsasthoughheorsheisinsultingyourmother’scookies,statingthattheytastebad.Inthelattersentence,however,thespeakersoundsasthoughthecookiessimplytastedifferent,orunusual,comparedtowhatheorsheisusedto—thedifferenceowingtotheinnocuousadditionoftoomuchflourperhaps.

Finally,let’slookatthesynonyms,“happy”and“glad”.Asintheaforementionedcases,thesewordsseemtohavelittleornodiscernibledifferencebetweenthem.Takeforexamplethefollowingsentences:1）Tommyishappybecausehegotanewbike.2）Tommyisgladbecausehegotanewbike.Mostunderstandthesesentencestohavethesamemeaning.Andagain,uponconsultingadictionary,onewillfindhighlysimilar,ifnotthesame,definitions.Butthesedefinitionslackthefeeling,theuniqueemotionalchargethatthesewordsconvey.Theword“happy”conveysasenseoflevity,oracarefreeattitude.Thethoughtofsomeonewhois“happy”conjurestheimageofabright-eyes,ruddy,smilingface.Oneis“happy”onthemorningofhisbirthday,discoveringanewpuppyboundingintohisbedroom.Ontheotherhand,theword“glad”conveysasenseofrelieforcontentment.Thethoughtofsomeonewhois“glad”conjurestheimageofamanstandingcrossed-armed,noddinggently,astoicgrincrossinghisface.Oneis“glad”whenheseesthatthechild’slostpuppyhasbeenfound,andwasmerelyfrolickingtoofarfromhome.

Granted,thenotionthatclosesynonymscanbeusedinterchangeablyisprevalentamongEnglishspeakers.Andalas,thedictionary—thetextpurportedtoberesponsibleforclarifyingsuchissues—isoflittleassistance.Intheend,itislefttousthespeakersofthelanguage,thoseactivelyresponsibleformaintainingitssustenanceandgeneration,tounderstandhowthesewordsmakeusfeelandwhatmoodweareinclinedtoattachtothem.Usingtheexamplesandinsightsdescribedabove,onemaycometorecognizethesesubtle,yetcrucial,differences.

Granted,thenotionthatclosesynonymscanbeusedinterchangeablyisprevalentamongEnglishspeakers.Andalas,thedictionarythetextpurportedtoberesponsibleforclarifyingsuchissues——isoflittleassistance.Intheend,itislefttous,thespeakersofthelanguage,thoseactivelyresponsibleformaintainingitssustenanceandgeneration,tounderstandhowthesewordsmakeusfeelandwhatmoodweareinclinedtoattachtothem.Usingtheexamplesandinsightsdescribedabove,onemaycometorecognizethesesubtle,yetcrucial,difference.

1.Asusedinparagraph1，whatismostlikelymeantby“scrupulouspedanticalness”？

2.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingdescribessomeonewhoisutilitarian?

3.Whichofthefollowingsentencesfromthepassagerepresentsafact,ratherthananopinion?

4.Theauthorwrites:“Tobegin,“hard”ispragmaticandrealistic,firmlygroundedinreality.Itisautilitarianwordthatgetsthejobdoneanddoesn’tapologizeforitsbrusque,uncouthnature.Ontheotherhand,‘difficult’’iseloquentandrefined.Itiscivilized,willingtoexpendtheeffortnecessarytoappearurbane.”Whichofthefollowingliterarydevicesisusedinthisquotation?

5.Withrespecttothewayinwhichclosesynonymsarecommonlyunderstood,theauthor’stonecanbestbedescribedas（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Mildcuriosity.

B.Wryskepticismof.

C.Passionateindignation.

D.Excessiveconcern.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Withoutfail,Edgarrisesatdaybreak,catstwoeggsforbreakfast,drinksaglassoforangejuice,lacesuphisbootsandheadsoutintothefield.

B.Inhopesofimpressingtheirclassmates,moststudentsweartheirnewwinterjacketstotheplay,Alyosha,however,knowsitwillbewarminthetheaterandthereforeleaveshisjacketathome.

C.Nikkosparkshiscarsothatothercarscannotgetout.Uponreturningtohiscar,awomaniswaitingthereonhimtomove.Shelooksupset.Hetellsherit’snothisproblem,getsinhiscaranddrivesoff.

D.Amytakestimetolookniceinthemorning.Shebrushesherhair,putsonlightmakeup,andpicksouttheclothesshewillwearfortheday.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Onemayemployoneortheotherwithcompleteindifference,postulatingnodiscrepancybetweenthem.

B.Thethoughtofsomeonewhois“happy”conjurestheimageofabright-eyed,ruddy,smilingface.

C.Noonewantstobeassociatedwithsomething“weird”.

D.Althoughadictionarycanprovideinformationaboutwordmeanings,pronunciations,etymologies,inflectedforms,derivedforms,etcetera,itcannotcommunicatehowitfeelstouseaword.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Onomatopoeia.

B.Hyperbole.

C.Personification.

D.Metaphor.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.conscientious

B.supercilious

C.rueful

D.belligerent

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:1.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第四句“mostpeoplelackthescrupulouspedanticalnesstoquibbleoversuchtrifles.”，大多數(shù)人缺乏一絲不茍的學(xué)究精神，對這種小事吹毛求疵。由此可知scrupulouspedanticalness表示過分的關(guān)注，意思與excessiveconcern相近。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:2.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第三段“Itisautilitarianwordthatgetsthejobdoneanddoesn’tapologizeforitsbrusque,uncouthnature”，這是一個(gè)功利性的詞，能完成工作，但不能為其唐突、粗魯?shù)男袨榈狼浮＿x項(xiàng)A“埃德加必須得在黎明時(shí)分起床，他拿了兩個(gè)雞蛋當(dāng)早餐，喝了一杯橘子汁，用帶子系緊靴子，然后朝田野走去”。選項(xiàng)B“為了給同學(xué)留下深刻印象，大多數(shù)學(xué)生都穿著新的冬季夾克去看戲。然而，阿約沙知道劇院里會很暖和，所以他把夾克留在家里”。選項(xiàng)D“艾米為了早晨看起來氣色不錯(cuò)，精心打扮著：梳頭、化了淡妝、穿上她特意為這一時(shí)刻準(zhǔn)備的衣服”。選項(xiàng)A、B、D均與原文不符。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:3.判斷推理題。題干的意思是問“下列哪一個(gè)句子陳述的是事實(shí)，而非觀點(diǎn)？”由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章后五段。選項(xiàng)A“使用者假定兩個(gè)詞之間不存在差異時(shí)，可以任意地使用其中一個(gè)或另一個(gè)?！边x項(xiàng)B“一想到‘快樂’的人，腦海中就會浮現(xiàn)出一個(gè)明亮的眼睛、紅潤的笑臉”。選項(xiàng)C“沒有人愿意和‘奇怪’的事情聯(lián)系在一起”。選項(xiàng)A、B、C均與題意不符。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:4.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第三段。題干問“以下哪一種文學(xué)手法在題干所引用的句子中被使用？”選項(xiàng)A“擬聲?！边x項(xiàng)B“夸張”。選項(xiàng)C“擬人”。選項(xiàng)D“暗喻”。選項(xiàng)A、B、C均與題意不符。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章最后一段“Usingtheexamplesandinsightsdescribedabove,onemaycometorecognizethesesubtle,yetcrucial,differences”，通過以上的例子和見解，人們可能會逐漸認(rèn)識到這些細(xì)微但至關(guān)重要的差異。由此可知，關(guān)于近義詞的普遍理解方式，作者需要認(rèn)真謹(jǐn)慎的描述。選項(xiàng)A“認(rèn)真的，盡責(zé)的”。選項(xiàng)B“高傲的，自大的”。選項(xiàng)C“可憐的”。選項(xiàng)D“好戰(zhàn)的”。選項(xiàng)B、C、D均與題意不符，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thelanguageexpertsbelievethatthe（

）ageforlearningaforeignlanguageis6yearsold.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.conceptual

B.considerate

C.optimal

D.component

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意:語言專家相信學(xué)一門外語最佳的年齡是6歲。

conceptual概念上的。considerate體貼的；體諒的；考慮周到的optimal最佳的；最理想的。component組成的，構(gòu)成。

6.單選題

AngusGrahamisthepersonwhocanadviseyoubest.___,heiscomingheretomorrow.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itistrue

B.Evenso

C.Ineffect

D.Asamatteroffact

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)Itistrue“不是固定搭配，代入到句中會出現(xiàn)句意錯(cuò)誤，排除”；B選項(xiàng)Evenso“雖然如此，即使如此”；C選項(xiàng)Ineffect“實(shí)際上；生效”；D選項(xiàng)Asamatteroffact“事實(shí)上”。句意：安格斯?格雷厄姆是給你最好建議的人。___，他明天要來這里。本句表達(dá)“事實(shí)上，他明天要來這里”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Totestthe（

）ofborrowingfromonefieldofstudytoenrichanother,simplyinvestigatetheextenttowhichtermsfromtheonemay,withoutforcing,beutilizedbytheother.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.universality

B.rate

C.decorum

D.efficacy

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。universality普遍性；廣泛性；一般性；多方面性；rate比率；速度；價(jià)格；等級；decorum禮儀；禮貌；端正；恪守禮儀；efficacy功效，有效性。句意：為了測試借用一個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容去充實(shí)另一個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)容的有效性，要簡單地調(diào)查源于一個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域的術(shù)語在多大程度上可以自然地被其他研究領(lǐng)域所利用。由“simplyinvestigatetheextenttowhichtermsfromtheonemay,withoutforcing,beutilizedbytheother可知“有效性”符合。故D項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Theeconomicrecessionhasmeantthatjob（）isararething.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.security

B.safety

C.protectionfor

D.secureness

【答案】A

【解析】句意:這場經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退己經(jīng)意味著工作保障是罕見的事情。

考查名詞辨析。security安全，保障；safety安全，保險(xiǎn);protection保護(hù)，防衛(wèi);secureness安全，（船）停泊，固定。因此A符合句意。

9.單選題

Egyptianauthoritiesaretryingtopreventtheirhistoricalmonumentsfromsuccumbingtotheravagesoftime.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.standingby

B.countingon

C.yieldingto

D.holdingup

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析?！癶istoricalmonuments歷史遺跡”與"theravagesoftime時(shí)間的摧殘"之間的關(guān)系是時(shí)間能摧殘歷史遺跡。句意：埃及政府正努力阻止歷史遺跡（）時(shí)間的摧殘。可推斷出succumbingto是屈服的意思。standby支持，袖手旁觀；counton依賴，依靠；yieldto屈服，讓步；holdup舉起，阻擋。故C項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Onthesideofthehill,thereisa______whichwasoncetheentrancetoagoldmine.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deepholeinground

B.holedeepinground

C.deepholeintheground

D.deepinthegroundhole

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.deepholeingroundB.holedeepinground

C.deepholeinthegroundD.deepinthegroundhole

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】搭配。

【解題思路】hole是名詞，deep是形容詞，故deep應(yīng)該放在hole前面，而intheground是固定搭配，表示“在地下”，所以該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)inground用法不正確，故排除；

B、D項(xiàng)不符合句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)。

【句意】在山的一邊，有一個(gè)深洞在地面上，這個(gè)洞曾經(jīng)是金礦的入口。

11.單選題

Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.Thebulkygenerationbornbetween1946and1964isheadingtowardsretirement.Thelooming“demographiccliff”willseevastnumbersofskilledworkersdispatchedfromthelaborforce.Theworkforceisageingacrosstherichworld.WithintheEUthenumberofworkersagedbetween50and64willincreaseby25%overthenexttwodecades,whilethoseaged20-29willdecreaseby20%.InJapanalmost20%ofthepopulationisalreadyover65,thehighestshareintheworld.AndintheUnitedStatesthenumberofworkersaged55-64willhaveincreasedbymorethanhalfinthisdecade,atthesametimeasthe35-to-44-year-oldsdeclineby10%.

Giventhatmostsocietiesaregearedtoretirementataround65，companieshavealoomingproblemofknowledgemanagement,ofmakingsurethattheboomersdonotleavebeforetheyhavehandedovertheirexpertisealongwiththeofficekeysandtheire-mailaddress.Asurveyofhuman-resourcesdirectorsbyIBMlastyearconcluded:“Whenthebaby-boomergenerationretires,manycompanieswillfindouttoolatethatacareer'sworthofexperiencehaswalkedoutthedoor,leavinginsufficienttalenttofillinthevoid.”

Somealsofaceashortageofexpertise.Inaerospaceanddefense,forexample,asmuchas40%oftheworkforceinsomecompanieswillbeeligibletoretirewithinthenextfiveyears.Atthesametime,thenumberofengineeringgraduatesindevelopedcountriesisinsteepdecline.

Afewcompaniesaresosqueezedthattheyarealreadytakingexceptionalmeasures.EarlierthisyeartheLosAngelesTimesinterviewedanenterprisingAustralianwhowasstayinginBeverlyHillswhilehetriedtopersuadelocalstoemigratetoToowoomba,Queensland,toworkforhisengineeringcompanythere.Toowoombatoday;therestofthedevelopedworldtomorrow?

Ifyoulookhardenough,youcanfindcompaniesthathavebeguntoadapttheworkplacetoolderworkers.TheAARP,anAmericanassociationfortheover-50s,producesanannuallistofthebestemployersofitsmembers.Health-carefirmsinvariablycomenearthetopbecausetheyareoneoftheindustriesmostinneedofskilledlabor.Othersectorssimilarlyaffected,saystheConferenceBoard,includeoil,gas,energyandgovernment.

NearthetopoftheAARP’slatestlistcomesDeere&Company,ano-nonsenseindustrial-equipmentmanufacturerbasedinIllinois;about35%ofDeere’s46,000employeesareover50andanumberofthemareintheir70s.Thetoolsitusestoachievethat—flexibleworking,telecommuting,andsoforth—alsocoincidentallyhelpolderworkerstoextendtheirworkinglives.Thecompanyspends“alotoftime”ontheergonomicsofitsfactories,makingjobstherelesstiring,whichenablesolderworkerstostayatthemforlonger.

Likewise,formorethanadecade,Toyota,arguablytheworld’smostadvancedmanufacturer,hasadapteditsworkstationstoolderworkers.Theshortageofskilledlaboravailabletotheautomotiveindustryhasmadeitunusuallykeentorecruitolderworkers.BMWrecentlysetupafactoryinLeipzigthatexpresslysetouttoemploypeopleovertheageof45.

Needsmustwhenthedevildrives.Otherfirmsarepolishingtheiralumninetworks.IBMusesitsnetworktorecruitretiredpeopleforparticularprojects.Ernst&Young,aprofessional-servicesfirm,hasabout30,000registeredalumni,andabout25%ofits“experienced”newrecruitsareformeremployeeswhoreturnafteranabsence.

Butsuchexamplesareunusual.AsurveyinAmericalastmonthbyErnst&Youngfoundthat“althoughcorporateAmericaforeseesasignificantworkforceshortageasboomersretire,itisnotdealingwiththeissue.”Almostthree-quartersofthe1,400globalcompaniesquestionedbyDeloittelastyearsaidtheyexpectedashortageofsalariedstaffoverthenextthreetofiveyears.Yetfewofthemarelookingtoolderworkerstofillthatshortage;andevenfewerarelookingtothemtofillanothergapthathasalreadyappeared.ManyfirmsinEuropeandAmericacomplainthattheystruggletofindqualifieddirectorsfortheirboardswhenthepoolofretiredtalentfromthoseverysamefirmsisgrowingbyleapsandbounds.

Whyarefirmsnotworkinghardertokeepoldemployees?Partofthereasonisthatthecrunchhasbeenbeyondthehorizonofmostmanagers.Norishangingontoolderworkerstheonlywaytocopewithafallingsupplyoflabor.Theparticipationofdevelopingcountriesintheworldeconomyhasincreasedtheoverallsupply—whateverthelocaleffectofdemographicsintherichcountries.AvastamountofworkisbeingsentoffshoretosuchplacesasChinaandIndiaandmorewillgoinfuture.Somecountries,suchasAustralia,arerelaxingtheirimmigrationpoliciestoallowmuchneededskillstocomeinfromabroad.Otherswillavoidtheneedforworkersbyspendingmoneyonmachineryandautomation.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themostseriousconsequenceofbaby-boomersapproachingretirementwouldbe（）.

2.ThefollowingareallthemeasuresthatcompanieshaveadoptedtocopewiththeageingworkforceEXCEPT（）.

3.“Thecompanyspends‘a(chǎn)lotoftime’ontheergonomicsofitsfactories”meansthat（）.

4.Intheauthor’sopinion,Americanfirmsarenotdoinganythingtodealwiththeissueoftheageingworkforcemainlybecause（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sdevelopmentofargument?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.alossofknowledgeandexperiencetomanycompanies

B.adecreaseinthenumberof35-to-44-year-olds

C.acontinuousincreaseinthenumberof50-to-64-year-olds

D.itsimpactonthedevelopedworldwhoseworkforceisageing

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.makingplacesofworkaccommodatetheneedsofolderworkers

B.usingalumninetworkstohireretiredformeremployees

C.encouragingformeremployeestoworkoverseas

D.grantingmoreconvenienceinworkinghourstoolderworkers

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thecompanyattachesgreatimportancetothelayoutofitsfactories

B.thecompanyimprovestheworkingconditionsinitsfactories

C.thecompanyattemptstoreduceproductioncostsofitsfactories

D.thecompanyintendstorenovateitsfactoriesandupdateequipment

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyhavenotbeenawareoftheproblem

B.theyarereluctanttohireolderworkers

C.theyarenotsureofwhattheyshoulddo

D.theyhaveotheroptionstoconsider

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue—describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons.

B.describingtheactualstatus—introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue—offeringreasons.

C.citingwaystodealwiththeissue—introducingtheissue—describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons.

D.describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasonsintroducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)文章，嬰兒潮一代（指出生于生育高峰期的人，生育高峰兒），即將退休的最嚴(yán)重后果將是_________。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句話Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.Thebulkygenerationbornbetween1946and1964isheadingtowardsretirement.Thelooming“demographiccliff”willseevastnumbersofskilledworkersdispatchedfromthelaborforce.Theworkforceisageingacrosstherichworld.（上個(gè)月，嬰兒潮一代迎來了60歲生日。1946年至1964年出生的龐大一代正走向退休。即將出現(xiàn)的“人口懸崖”將導(dǎo)致大量熟練工人從勞動力市場流失。發(fā)達(dá)國家的勞動力都在老齡化。），所以D選項(xiàng)“它對勞動力老齡化的發(fā)達(dá)國家的影響”，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“對許多公司來說是知識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的損失”，在文中并未提及，故排除。B選項(xiàng)“35-44歲人數(shù)的減少”，C選項(xiàng)“50-64歲人數(shù)的持續(xù)增長”，都是工人年齡未來的趨勢而不是后果，所以不符合題意。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是D選項(xiàng)。

2.推理判斷題。題干：以下是各公司為應(yīng)付勞動力老化而采取的所有措施，除了_______。根據(jù)文章第六段第二句話Thetoolsitusestoachievethat—flexibleworking,telecommuting,andsoforth—alsocoincidentallyhelpolderworkerstoextendtheirworkinglives.（用來實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的工具—靈活工作、遠(yuǎn)程辦公等等—也巧合地幫助了年長的員工延長了他們的工作壽命。），可知A選項(xiàng)“使工作場所適應(yīng)年長工人的需要”和D選項(xiàng)“給年長的工人在工作時(shí)間上提供更多的便利”，是公司采取的措施，故排除A，D選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)文章第八段第二句話Otherfirmsarepolishingtheiralumninetworks.（其他公司也在完善他們的校友網(wǎng)絡(luò)），可知B選項(xiàng)“利用校友網(wǎng)絡(luò)來雇傭退休的前雇員”，也是公司采取的措施之一。只有C選項(xiàng)“鼓勵(lì)前雇員到海外工作”，在文中沒有提及。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是C選項(xiàng)。

3.推理判斷題。題干：“公司在工廠的人體工程學(xué)上花費(fèi)了‘大量時(shí)間’”，意味著_______。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第六段最后一句話Thecompanyspends“alotoftime”ontheergonomicsofitsfactories,makingjobstherelesstiring,whichenablesolderworkerstostayatthemforlonger.（該公司在工廠的人體工程學(xué)上花費(fèi)了“大量時(shí)間”，使那里的工作不那么累人，從而使年老的工人在那里呆的時(shí)間更長。），A選項(xiàng)“公司非常重視工廠的布局”，B選項(xiàng)“公司改善了工廠的工作條件”，C選項(xiàng)“公司試圖降低工廠的生產(chǎn)成本”，D選項(xiàng)“公司打算更新工廠和設(shè)備”，以上選項(xiàng)只有B選項(xiàng)才能是在人體工程學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上使工作不那么累人。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是B選項(xiàng)。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：在作者看來，美國公司沒有采取任何措施來解決勞動力老齡化問題，主要是因?yàn)開______。根據(jù)題干定位到文章最后一段第一句話Whyarefirmsnotworkinghardertokeepoldemployees?Partofthereasonisthatthecrunchhasbeenbeyondthehorizonofmostmanagers.Norishangingontoolderworkerstheonlywaytocopewithafallingsupplyoflabor.（為什么公司不努力留住老員工？部分原因是，問題已經(jīng)超出了大多數(shù)管理者的能力范圍。抓住老員工不放也不是應(yīng)對勞動力供應(yīng)下降的唯一辦法。），所以D選項(xiàng)“他們會考慮其他選擇”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“他們還沒有意識到這個(gè)問題”，B選項(xiàng)“他們不愿意雇傭年長的工人”和C選項(xiàng)“他們不確定他們應(yīng)該做什么”，在文中均沒有提及。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是D選項(xiàng)。

5.推理判斷題。題干：下面哪一個(gè)最好地描述了作者的論證過程？文章第一段第一句話就引出話題，描述現(xiàn)狀Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.（上個(gè)月，嬰兒潮一代迎來了60歲生日）。接下來第一、二、三段具體展開了帶來的問題。第四、五、六、七、八段都在說明公司采取的一些措施，第九，十段則是在說明公司對勞動力老齡化問題不采取措施的原因，所以只有B選項(xiàng)符合文章的論述過程。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是B選項(xiàng)。

12.單選題

Nancy’sgonetoworkbuthercar’sstillthere,she（）bybus.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.musthavegone

B.shouldhavegone

C.oughttohavegone

D.couldhavegone

【答案】A

【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。A選項(xiàng)musthavegone表示肯定的猜測，“她一定是坐公交車去的”；B選項(xiàng)shouldhavegone和C選項(xiàng)oughttohavegone表示本來應(yīng)該，“她本應(yīng)該坐公交車去的”；D選項(xiàng)couldhavegone表示本來可以，“她本可以坐公交車去的”。句意：南希去上班了，但她的車還在那兒，她一定是坐公