英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法入門筆記(崔榮容-)

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法入門崔榮容第一講語(yǔ)序和五種基本句式He learns English every day.他每天學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。（中英語(yǔ)序不同）英語(yǔ)五種基本句式一、主 +謂二、主 +系 +表系動(dòng)詞：起到聯(lián)系作用的動(dòng)詞，連接主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)：描述主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)三、主 +謂 +賓主語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作發(fā)出者謂語(yǔ)：作出的動(dòng)作賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作的對(duì)象四、主 +謂 +間賓 +直賓間賓：通常是人直賓：通常是物五、主 +謂 +賓+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)：對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明一、主 +謂The universe remains.宇宙長(zhǎng)存中英文語(yǔ)序一致二、主 +系 +表The food is delicious.這個(gè)食物很好吃中英文語(yǔ)序一致三、主

2、+謂 +賓He took his bag and left.（ left 是第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)）他拿著他的包離開(kāi)了中英文語(yǔ)序一致1四、主 +謂 +間賓 +直賓Her father bought her a dictionary.buy sb sth（雙賓語(yǔ)）她爸爸給她買了一本詞典（her 與 a dictionary ，兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是人、一個(gè)是物）中英文語(yǔ)序一致五、主 +謂 +賓+賓補(bǔ)We made him our monitor.我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)（ him 與 our monitor ，都是指同一個(gè)人， our monitor 是對(duì) him的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明）中英文語(yǔ)序一致Nothing is imposs

3、ible to a willing heart!有志者事竟成！第二講 be 動(dòng)詞的形式和用法一、be 動(dòng)詞的形式： be、am、is、are、was、were、being 、been 1、 The man is back.2、They are back.3、He was back.4、They were back.5、They have been back.6、Illbe back.上述“ back”是副詞，構(gòu)成主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。二、 be 動(dòng)詞的用法：起到 聯(lián)系前后的作用 ( 一般翻譯為“是” ，或無(wú)實(shí)意而不作翻譯 ) ，多用于主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。后面接名詞、形容詞、地點(diǎn)副詞或短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)成分。1、 Th

4、e man is a teacher.a teacher 是名詞2、Marys new dresses are colorful.colorful 是形容詞3、My mother was in the kitchen.in the kitchen 是地點(diǎn)副詞。24、I am 20.數(shù)詞也可做表語(yǔ)5、It sme.代詞也可做表語(yǔ)三、 be 動(dòng)詞的練習(xí)1、他們是老師They are teachers.2、他曾是一名老師He was a teacher before.3、他已經(jīng)當(dāng)了3 年的老師He has been a teacher for 3 years.第三講 be 動(dòng)詞的否定 / 提問(wèn) /

5、回答一、 be 動(dòng)詞的否定在 am、 is、are、 was、were 后面加 not縮略式 am not，isnt,arent,wasnt,weren t1、The man isntback.2、I am not back.3、They arentback.4、He wasntback.5、They weren tback.二、使用 be 動(dòng)詞提問(wèn)和回答Is he a teacher？Yes,he is./No,he isnt.Are you a teacher?Yes,I am./No,I am not.Were they teachers?Yes,they were./No,they w

6、erent.三、 be 動(dòng)詞的練習(xí)：1、他是醫(yī)生嗎？3Is he a doctor?不，他不是No,he isnt.2、他們昨天在教室嗎？Were they in the classroom yesterday?Yes,they were./No,they werent.3、他們昨天不在教室They werentin the classroom yesterday.第四講代詞的主格和賓格主格代詞： I he she it you we they1、I am a teacher.2、He is a teacher.3、You are teachers.賓格代詞： me him her it yo

7、u us them1、He likes me.2、We like her.3、I like them.練習(xí)1、我喜歡它I like it.2、他們認(rèn)識(shí)他They know him.第五講名詞性 / 形容詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞： （后接名詞）單數(shù)形式： my your his/her/its one s復(fù)數(shù)形式： our your their1、This ismy book.42、We love our motherland.3、Those are your socks.名詞性物主代詞：?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式： mine yours his/hers/its ones復(fù)數(shù)形式： ours yours t

8、heirs1、The book is ours.2、The apple is hers.練習(xí)1、我的老師是中國(guó)人My teacher is Chinese.2、這個(gè)電腦是他們的This computer is theirs.3、我們的書(shū)在書(shū)架上Our book is on the shelf.主格賓格形容詞性物名詞性物 反身代詞主代詞主代詞Imemyminemyselfyouyouyouryoursyourselfhehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselfweusouroursourselvesyouyouyouryoursyo

9、urselvestheythemtheirtheirsthemselves第六講反身代詞單數(shù) myself yourself himself herself itself復(fù)數(shù) ourselves yourselves themselves反身代詞的用法：（指某人自己，通常是主語(yǔ)的“自己”）1、Please help yourself to some fish.請(qǐng)隨便吃些魚(yú)吧5yourself在動(dòng)詞 help 后作賓語(yǔ) 。2、We enjoyed ourselves last night.我們昨晚玩得很開(kāi)心ourselves在動(dòng)詞 enjoyed 后作賓語(yǔ) 。3、The thing itself

10、 is not important.這件事本身不重要反身代詞 itself 在名詞 The thing 后作同位語(yǔ)，起到解釋、說(shuō)明名詞的作用。練習(xí)1、Take good care of （yourself）照顧好2、She gained control of (herself )控制住了第七講實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的特征實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 come go read watch play fly1、He comes from Shenyang.實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 comes作謂語(yǔ)，后接介詞短語(yǔ) from Shenyang 作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 come 有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)“單三”的變化2、She is reading story books.實(shí)

11、意動(dòng)詞 reading作謂語(yǔ)，后接動(dòng)詞story books作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 read 有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的變化3、They went to America yesterday.動(dòng)詞 go 有一般過(guò)去時(shí)“ went ”的變化4、We have watched the game for three times.動(dòng)詞 watch 有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“ watched ”的變化現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在造成影響5、My mother will fly back to China next month.一般將來(lái)時(shí)： will+動(dòng)詞原形總結(jié)：實(shí)意動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)與數(shù)量（三單）上的變化6練習(xí)：1、他昨天來(lái)上海了He cam

12、e to ShangHai yesterday.2、我們正在寫(xiě)作業(yè)We are writing homework.3、他們讀這本書(shū)已經(jīng)讀3 遍了They have read this book three times.第八講實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的否定 / 提問(wèn) / 回答( 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí))使用助動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行否定在助動(dòng)詞 do does did后面加 notdo not/don tdoes not/doesntdid not/didnt例句：1.I dont go to school by bus.2.She doesn t watch TV everyday.3.They didnt swim las

13、t night.使用助動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn)1. He often plays golf. Does he often play golf?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.2. They go to school by bus. Do they go to school by bus?Yes they do./No,they dont.3. Sam had breakfast yesterday.7Did Sam have breakfast yesterday?Yes,he did./No,he didn t.練習(xí)：1. 他每天都學(xué)英語(yǔ)嗎？Does he learn English

14、 everyday?是的，他每天都學(xué)英語(yǔ)Yes,he does.2. Tom昨天沒(méi)吃早飯Tom didn t have breakfast yesterday.第九講使用疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn)和回答（1）( 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí))使用疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn)when,where,who,what,how時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、干什么、怎樣例句He bought three books yesterday.1231. Who bought three books yesterday?對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)，原語(yǔ)序不變2. What did he buy yesterday?對(duì)賓語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí)，將助動(dòng)詞提前，并還原動(dòng)詞。3. When

15、did he buy three books?對(duì)狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí)，將助動(dòng)詞提前，并還原動(dòng)詞。They wanted to go to ShangHai by air.1231. Who wanted to go to ShangHai by air?2. Where did they want to go by air?3. How did they want to go to ShangHai?8第十講使用疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn)和回答（2）使用疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn)how long, how far, how often, why多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，多遠(yuǎn)，多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間一次，為什么1. They have been in Chi

16、na for three years.How long have they been in China?對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)2.It is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing to Xian.How far is it from Beijing to Xi an?3.They come to visit me once a week.How often do they come to visit me?4. She came late, because she missed the bus. Why did she come late?練習(xí)：1. 他們學(xué)漢語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間

17、了？How long have they learned Chinese?2. 你多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間看一次電影？How often do you watch movies?3. 你的家離學(xué)校多遠(yuǎn)？How far is it from your house to your school?第十一講名詞代表事物的詞，包括具體和抽象的事物名詞分兩類：1可數(shù)名詞：是指數(shù)得過(guò)來(lái)的概念。 如 applepencilstudent 可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分apple-apples9pencil-pencilstomato-tomatoes2不可數(shù)名詞：無(wú)法計(jì)算的數(shù)量或抽象概念。如(historylove抽象 )不可數(shù)名

18、詞無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)，只用單數(shù)表示salt-saltcoffee-coffeewater-water3可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則：（ 1） 一般末尾加后綴 -s ，friend-friends（2）以 szxchsh結(jié)尾的詞，在該詞末尾加后綴-es ，bus-buses（3）輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾的名詞，將y 改變?yōu)?i, 再加 es，candy-candies (除 a e i o u以外的字母為輔音字母 )（4）以-o 結(jié)尾的名詞，如果不是外來(lái)詞或縮寫(xiě)， 就加 -es.tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippos縮寫(xiě)( 從非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家引進(jìn)的詞匯為外來(lái)詞，如madam是從法國(guó)引進(jìn)的外來(lái)詞)3、可數(shù)名詞前

19、可加a(an) 或量詞，有復(fù)數(shù)變化以元音開(kāi)頭的名詞前加an，以輔音開(kāi)頭的名詞前加a，表示一個(gè)。apple an apple apples a box of apples量詞Tomato a tomato tomatoes a bag of tomatoes量詞4、不可數(shù)名詞前不可加 a(an) ，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)，但前面可以加量詞。 Coffee a cup of coffee練習(xí)：He bought me (a box of chocolate )一盒巧克力10(a bike)一輛自行車第十二講代詞：指示代詞和不定代詞指示代詞（特指） ：標(biāo)識(shí)人或事物的代詞，用來(lái)代替前面已提到的名詞。常用的： thi

20、sthesethatthoseThis is his book.Those apples were his.不定代詞（泛指）：指代不確定的人或事物。常用的： onethe othersomeanysomethingnothing 例：No one knows where he is.沒(méi)人知道他在哪兒Someof the boys want to go to Shanghai,butthe otherswantto go to Xian.一些男孩想去上海，其他人想去西安Each of the students hasgot abook.每個(gè)學(xué)生都有一本書(shū)。練習(xí)1. （These） teacher

21、s are from China.這些教師都是中國(guó)來(lái)的。2.I know(nothing )about this person.我對(duì)這個(gè)人一無(wú)所知3.I have (something)to tell you.我有事要告訴你第十三講形容詞1、形容詞通常形容人或事物的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、大小等， 通常用在名詞前， be 動(dòng)詞后beautiful-beautiful girlThe girl is beautiful.2、The+形容詞 =復(fù)數(shù)名詞（表示一類） ，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞11使用復(fù)數(shù)的相應(yīng)格式。old-the old老的老年人（一類人、復(fù)數(shù)名詞）young-the young年輕的年輕人（一類

22、人、復(fù)數(shù)名詞）The old need more care than the young.The old是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，后面的動(dòng)詞need 不能用三單的格式。3、練習(xí)：（1）She is a ( good )student.她是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。(2)This bike is ( expensive )這輛自行車很貴（ 3）（ The rich）sometimes complain theirempty life.富人有時(shí)抱怨他們空虛的生活第十四講副詞1、副詞可以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其它副詞以及其他結(jié)構(gòu)。一般表程度。He runs fast.She is very beautiful. very修飾形容詞

23、beautifulThey work very hard.副詞的位置（ 1） 根據(jù)情況，放在助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前或之后（ 2） 形容詞之前，其它副詞之前或之后（ 3） 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后He speaks very fast.fast在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞speak 之后 , 在其它副詞very 之后。They have already left.already在助動(dòng)詞 have 后They have already been repaired.already在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞have 后2、常用的頻度副詞12（alwaysusuallyoftensometimesnever ）的位

24、置通常放在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞前面， be 動(dòng)詞后面，助動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之間。They always come early.Sam often writes homework at 7:00.練習(xí)：1、Please write the word( slowly)(慢慢地 )2、They (sometimes)come here. (有時(shí) )3、The tree is ( very )tall.(非常 )第十五講不定量表達(dá)法（ 1）不確定數(shù)量的表達(dá)法，用不確定的數(shù)量詞來(lái)限定名詞 Some any most every all1some,any 都表示 “一些”，后面接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。 some主

25、要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答時(shí)，也可用在疑問(wèn)句中。any 主要用在否定和疑問(wèn)句中。Id been expecting some letters thewhole morning,butthere werent any for me.2. most 作形容詞時(shí)表示“大部分的” ，后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞Most people here are from China.3. every 表示“每一個(gè)、所有”，后面接單數(shù)名詞。Every one likes the film.4. all 表示“所有”，后面接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。All the cars are parked in the parki

26、ng lot. All the coffee is served on time.練習(xí)：1.Some boys went camping yesterday.(一些 )2.All the children like to play football.(所有的 )3.Most teachers want to work here.（大多數(shù)）13第十六講不定量表達(dá)法（ 2）1. both表示“兩者都” ，可作形容詞、代詞和副詞，either是“兩者之一” ，neither是“兩者都不”。Both his eyes were severely burned.There are trees on ei

27、ther side of the street.Neither answer is correct.2. many修飾可數(shù)名詞， 表示“許多”； much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表示“許多”。 a lot of(lots of)、plenty of均可修飾可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞。many booksmuch watera lot of/lots of books/water練習(xí)：1.Both the hands are washed.(兩個(gè)都 )2.Xiaowang drank much (a lot of )coffee last night.(很多)第十七講不定量表達(dá)法（ 3）1.a few, 為肯定含

28、義“幾個(gè)” ；few ，為否定含義“沒(méi)幾個(gè)” ，以上兩個(gè)詞均和可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用。A few books are put into the box.Few books are put onto the box.2.a little 為肯定含義“一點(diǎn)兒” ， little 為否定含義“沒(méi)多點(diǎn)”，以上兩個(gè)詞均可和不可數(shù)名詞連用。There is a little water in the bottle.There is little water in the bottle.3. none 和 no one 的意思相同，主要作代詞，翻譯為“一個(gè)也不，一點(diǎn)也不” ，用法稍有區(qū)別。none 可以接 of

29、短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。14no one 不能接 of 短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù)。No one knows the answer.None of us have(has)arrived.練習(xí)：A few books are put into the box. (幾本 )There is a little water in the bottle. (一點(diǎn)兒 )None of us have(has) arrived. (沒(méi)有一個(gè) )第十八講 There/Here be句型1.There/Here+be ，根據(jù)上下文，有多種翻譯方法，可以翻譯成“有”、“是”， be 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)后面的名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)變

30、化。There is a book on the bookshelf.有There are some books on the bookshelf.有Here is the bus stop.這兒是Here are your books.這兒是如 Here are your books的正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)閅our books arehere ，主語(yǔ)是 Your books ，are 是 be 動(dòng)詞， here 就表語(yǔ)，所以， There/Here+be 為倒裝句，實(shí)質(zhì)為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。練習(xí)：1.There is a lot of water in the bottle.(有)2.Here is your

31、car.(這是 )3.There are many students in the room.(有)第十九講一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：表示通常性、規(guī)律性、習(xí)慣性的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)第三人稱，動(dòng)詞有單三的變化，主語(yǔ)是非第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞為原形。They often get up at 7:00.He often gets up at 7:00.15一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的單三變化:(1) 在動(dòng)詞尾直接加 -s ，如： play plays(2) 以字母 s、x、 ch 或 o 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加 -es ，如 :guess guesses(3) 以輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先變 y 為

32、 i, 再加 -es ，如：Studystudies一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)否定和疑問(wèn)句用do、does 幫助構(gòu)成He doesn't like the car.Does he like the car?Yes,he does./No,he doesn't.They don't like the car.Do they like the car?Yes,they do./No,they don't.2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。句中通常有now等時(shí)間副詞呼應(yīng)，基本構(gòu)成形式為be+doing 。They are watching TV.He is watchin

33、g TV.I am watching TV.動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則：（ 1）一般情況下，直接在動(dòng)詞后加 -ing ，如 work-working(2) 動(dòng)詞以不發(fā)音的 -e 結(jié)尾，要去 e 加 ing ，如 take-taking(3) 重讀 閉 音節(jié) 的 動(dòng)詞 ， 要雙 寫(xiě)詞尾 字 母 ，再 加 -ing ，如:cut-cutting(4) 以-ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變y 再加 -ing ，如 :lie-lying現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變否定句和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，將be 動(dòng)詞否定或提前。（ 1）They aren't watching TV. Are they watching TV?(2)He isn

34、9;t watching TV.Is he watching TV?16(3)Am I watching TV?Yes,you are./No,you aren't.練習(xí)：1. He works (work) very late every day.2. Doyou study English yourself?Yes, I do.3. They are playing (play)soccer now.第二十講一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里 發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)； 過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的行為 。基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 +其他，一般動(dòng)詞在動(dòng)詞后面加ed，還有

35、一些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有不規(guī)則變化。Play playedcomecame1. He worked very hard last night.2. They came here by car.動(dòng)詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)變化規(guī)則：（ 1） 一般在動(dòng)詞后加 -ed 。如： play played（ 2） 在以字母 e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，只加 -d 。如： like liked（ 3） 在以“輔音字母 +y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后， 改 y 為 i, 再加 -ed 。如： supply supplied（ 4） 在以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后，雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加-ed 。如： plan planned2.

36、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去 某一時(shí)刻 或某一段時(shí)間 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 其形式為 was/were+doingThey were waiting for you.He was talking with his friends just now.17練習(xí)：1. They went (go)swimming yesterday.2. Sam was watching (watch)TV at 7:00 last night.第二十一講將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或?qū)?lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 常常和表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： tomorrow（明天）next week（

37、下周）in the future (將來(lái) )1. “助動(dòng)詞 will 或 shall+ 動(dòng)詞原形”，表示將要發(fā)生的事情。（ 1） They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.（2）We shall leave for Shanghai next month.離開(kāi)去上海2. “be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”用來(lái)表示近期或事先考慮過(guò)的將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作以及已有跡象表明必將發(fā)生某事，意為“ 打算、就要”。They are going to play football this afternoon.She is going to learn French ne

38、xt year.3.“ be doing ”表示 位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞。如：go,come,leave,start,arrive,可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)。（1） They are leaving for Japan.離開(kāi)去日本(2)She is arriving tomorrow.練習(xí)：1. They are coming (come)here soon.2. Sam is going to learn (learn)Chinese next month.will learn也可以3. Peter and Mike will finish(finish) the job tomorrow mori

39、ng.18第二十二講完成時(shí)1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（ have+p.p. ），動(dòng)作過(guò)去發(fā)生， 已經(jīng)完成，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響 或后果，動(dòng)作 可能還會(huì)持續(xù) ，可使用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為： already( 已經(jīng) ) 和 yet （還）。（ 1） They have already arrived in Shanghai.（ 2） She has played soccer for 3 hours.（ 3） She hasn t finished the homework yet.2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)（had+p.p. ），表示句中的動(dòng)詞發(fā)生在過(guò)去之前，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去，已經(jīng)完成，對(duì)過(guò)去造成了一定的影響或后果。（ 1） The

40、y had arrived in Shanghai.（ 2） She had played soccer for 3 hours.（ 3） She hadnt finished the work yet.練習(xí)：1. He has stopped (stop)the car outside.2. She hasn t been (not be)to Sichuan yet.3. Have they planned (plan) to stay here?第二十三講動(dòng)詞的用法1. 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)功能分為四類：實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 （Notional Verb ）：有實(shí)際意義的動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞 （Link Verb ）：起

41、聯(lián)系作用的動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞 （Auxiliary Verb）：幫助構(gòu)成句子成分的動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 （ Model Verb ）：有情態(tài)含義的動(dòng)詞，后接實(shí)意動(dòng)詞原形。（ 1）動(dòng)詞有 數(shù)量和時(shí)態(tài) 的變化 ，時(shí)態(tài)通常有三大時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去和將來(lái)時(shí)。（ 2）根據(jù)動(dòng)作進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)可分為：一般時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成時(shí)（ 3）使用動(dòng)詞時(shí)通常將（ 1）和（ 2）結(jié)合，如 : 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成19時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)He goes to school every day.He went to hospital last night.動(dòng)詞形態(tài)變化總結(jié)：動(dòng)詞原形單三現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞

42、playplaysplayingplayedplayedhavehashavinghadhadgogoesgoingwentgone第二十四講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（ 1） can/could/may/might1. can/could ：“能怎樣”，表示“現(xiàn)在 / 過(guò)去”的能力，可用 be able to 代替；“可能怎樣” ，表示客觀可能性（ can 的可能性大）；“可以怎樣” ，通常用“ can/could I ”表示請(qǐng)求和允許的語(yǔ)氣， could 更委婉。He can/could/is able to swim.能He can/could come tomorrow.可能來(lái)Can/could I s

43、tay here?可以留下嗎？Can he sing an English song?Yes,he can./No,he cant.2.may/might ：表示可能性（may 的可能性大） ；通常用“may/might I”表示請(qǐng)求、允許的語(yǔ)氣，might 更委婉。口語(yǔ)中常用的回答：(1)May I smoke here?Yes, please.No, you can t/mustn t. （禁止、不準(zhǔn)）(2)He may/might come here by bus.(3)May/might I join you?Yes, please./No, you can t./No, you mu

44、stnt.對(duì) may/might I 開(kāi)頭的提問(wèn)，肯定回答時(shí)，通常用“ Yes, please. ”。否定回答時(shí)，通常用 “cant( 不能 ) ”, 慎用禁止性20的“ mustnt( 不準(zhǔn) ) ”，一般不用“ may not （可能不）表猜測(cè)，語(yǔ)氣很弱”。3. 練習(xí)：（1） She could speak French before, but now she cant.（ 2） Might/May/Could/Can （按語(yǔ)氣程度排序） I come in? Yes, please.第二十五講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（ 2） must/have to/should/ought to1. must/have

45、 to ：“必須怎樣”，表示必須、必要（ must 主觀多一些、 have to 客觀多一些，表“不得不” ）have to有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)量的變化，而must 無(wú)此變化。Must 和 have to二者的否定意義不大相同。如： You mustn t go.你不準(zhǔn)去。You dont have to go.你不必去。You neednt go.你不必去。（1）You must get up early.主觀必須（2）It s going to rain, I have to go home now.不得不對(duì) must 和 have to 提問(wèn)的否定回答，須用“ neednt 和 dont have

46、 to ”, 表示“不必”：Must I come here early tomorrow?No, you needn t./No,you dont have to.2. Should/ought to ：“應(yīng)該怎樣”，表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是 ought to ；should 強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法，而 ought to 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀要求。在疑問(wèn)句中，通常用 should 代替 ought to. You should/ought to do the job right now. Should they stay here now?21練習(xí)：1.Imust （必須） go and see my m

47、other in hospitaltomorrow.2.You should（應(yīng)該） work harder than that.第二十六講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（ 3） need1. need：“需要”a. 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞He need come here early.He neednt come here early.Need he come here early?Yes, he need./No, he neednt.b. 作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，有第三人稱單數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，可用作不定式 need to do sth。He needs to come here early.He doesn t need to come here early.Does he need to come here early?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.練習(xí)：1、 You neednt/don t need to do it again.你不需要重復(fù)做了2、 He neednt/doesn t nee