莎士比亞生平 人文主義 詩歌鑒賞

1、 William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare(1564-1616)l1. Birth lBorn April 1564 in Stratford-upon-AvonlThe 3rd of 8 kids.lBirth date credited as April 23.lBaptized (洗禮洗禮) April 26, 1564 at Holy Trinity Church(圣三一教堂) in Stratford.I. LifeStratford-on-AvonWilliam Shakespeares Home2. EducationlAttended the

2、 Stratford Grammar School for children of prominent (杰出的 ) citizens.lMandatory (強(qiáng)制的) attendance at church provided exposure (宣傳 ) to the Bible.lInfluenced by the beautiful countryside indicated by his use of images from nature, gardening, agricultural pursuits, and country folklore (民間傳說 ).Shakespea

3、res school3.MarriagelMarried Anne Hathaway, daughter of a farmer, Richard Hathaway on November 28, 1582.lEight years older than William.lThree months pregnant when married.4.Life in Londonl1582 at age 18 married Anne Hathaway.l15861587 went to London and served as apprentice (學(xué)徒 ) in a dramatic trou

4、pe (劇團(tuán) ).l 15931594 published his long poemsl 1609 published his Sonnetsl 1590-1612 wrote his 37 playsl 1616 died and buried in Stratford Church5. Shakespeare Prospersl1598 built Globe Theatre, owned shares in it. lRecognized as a genius in his own time lHe is often called Englands national poet and

5、 the Bard of Avon“ (埃文河詩人). 6.Non-dramatic Poems l1. Venus and Adonisl2. The Rape of Lucrece l3. Sonnets (154)lConcerned with love, broken trust of friend, loss of love, forgivenessl4. Features of Shakespeares SonnetslThree quatrains and a coupletlConstituting a vast landscape of metaphor, 7.Literar

6、y Ideaslcombination of beauty, kindness and truthltruly reflect nature and reality8. Death and Burial at Stratfordl1610 retired from theatrelDies on April 23, 1616 at age 52lIn death, he leaves a final piece of verse as his epitaph (墓志銘墓志銘 ):lGood friend, for Jesus sake forbearlTo dig the dust enclo

7、sed here.lBlessed be the man that spares these stones,lAnd cursed be he that moves my bones.l蒙天主仁慈，朋友們請不要碰觸我的墓。那些讓我的墓地保持原樣的人會(huì)被保佑，而碰到我身體的人將遭到詛咒。 Shakespeare is not of an age, but for all time. He contributed 154 sonnets, 37 plays, and 2 long narrative poems to the literary legacy of the world.Humanis

8、m General DefinitionlThe welfare of human being is very important. It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being.The Origin of Humanism(6th-century BCE )lThaleslXenophanesl The Development of Western Humanism lThe rise of the Sophists(智者學(xué)派):lSkepticismlAgainst superstit

9、ionlEmphasis on the value of manThe Development of Western HumanismlSocratess HumanismlPay attention to humans ethics and moralslKnowledge is virtue lKnow yourself The Development of Modern Western HumanismlRenaissance（ 14th17th ）-spring up lAgainst religious asceticism（禁欲主 義） and obscurantism（蒙昧主義）

10、 lHighlights the significance of human， deny godlIn the pursuit of happiness and freedom lAdvocate personality liberation lRespect and promote science and rationalityEnlightenment（17th18th）-Climax Measure everything by human rationality Personal freedom and right Natural rights(天賦人權(quán)) ;social contrac

11、t（社會(huì)契約） Liberty and equality Separation of powers（三權(quán)分立） Father of the HumanismFrancesco Petrarca(1304-1374)lExplain classic works with new visionlChallenge medieval theologylPraise mans right and dignitylEncourage the pursuit of happinesslIt was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind has s

12、o far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.“ EngelsThe Positive Influence of Humanism lThe essence of Renaissance.lHelped to civilize man, to make him realize his potential powers and gifts. lI

13、t represented the new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie. The Negative Influence (limitations) of the humanism lThe humanism emphasized too much on the individuals, which may be easy to cultivate the subjectivity and extreme individualism.WILLIAM SHAKESPEARESSONNET 73SONNETl十四行詩十四行詩lA fourteen-line lyr

14、ic poem, traditionally written in iambic pentameter （抑揚(yáng)格五音（抑揚(yáng)格五音步）步）.l抑揚(yáng)格抑揚(yáng)格l如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié)，前者為輕，后者為重，則這種音步叫抑揚(yáng)格音步，其專業(yè)術(shù)語是（iamb, iambic.）。輕讀是“抑”，重讀是“揚(yáng)”，一輕一重，故稱抑揚(yáng)格。l讀下面這兩句詩：lAlone she cuts and binds the grain,lAnd sings a melancholy strain.l這兩行詩的重讀與輕讀的固定搭配模式是：輕重。在每行中再現(xiàn)四次，這樣就形成了這兩行詩的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot

15、），相當(dāng)與樂譜中的“小節(jié)”。一輕一重，就是這兩行詩的音步。一行詩中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù)，這兩行詩的音步數(shù)都是四，所以就稱其為四音步詩。l四行詩四行詩（英文：Quatrain，又稱四行連四行連、四行連句四行連句）是一種歐洲常見的詩節(jié)體裁，每一首詩有4行。押韻構(gòu)成是aabb、abab、abba、abcb。 l雙韻體1、五音步抑揚(yáng)格 2、押尾韻對偶句 3、韻尾為AA BB CC DD.不重復(fù)。4、風(fēng)格簡潔。由十音節(jié)雙韻詩體演化而來，每行五個(gè)音步，每個(gè)音步有兩個(gè)音節(jié)，第一是輕音，第二是重音（即，五步抑揚(yáng)格）。句式均衡、整齊、準(zhǔn)確、簡潔、考究。l拿四行詩的押韻方式為例：l有abab型，有abcb型

16、，有abba型，有aabb型， 還有aaab型。第四種（aabb型）實(shí)際上是雙行押韻，英語稱之為couplet,如果每行五音步，則稱之為“英雄雙押韻”(heroic couplet)。lThat time of year thou mayst in me behold （a)When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang (b)Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,(a） Bare ruind choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.（b ）In me th

17、ou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west, Which by and by black night doth take away, Deaths second self, that seals up all in rest. In me thou seest the glowing of such fire That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, As the death-bed whereon it must expire Consumed with that which it was nourishd by（四行詩）（四行詩）lThis thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong, To love that well which thou must leave ere long. （雙韻體）（雙韻體）lThat time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang metaphor Yellow leaves/ twilight / the glowing