英語段落寫作課件

LectureFiveParagraphWriting(2)英文段落主題句的寫作ITheComponentsofaParagraph段落是文章的基本構(gòu)成部分,寫好段落是些好文章的第一步.文章的段落有若干相互有聯(lián)系的句子組成,說明一個主題思想,或從某一角度對文章的主題進行闡述.然而,段落不是有一組句子任意砌成.它具有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)模式和基本特征,并遵循一定的展開手法。LectureFiveParagraphWriting4typesofparagraphs:thetopicalparagraphtheintroductoryparagraphthetransitionalparagraphtheconcludingparagraphTheTopicalParagraph:Ifaparagraphhasacentralidea,andallthesentencesaredevelopedcloselyaroundtheidea,theparagraphiscalledatopicalparagraph.The

IntroductoryParagraph:agoodideaofthemainsubjectofthewriting,asuggestionofyourattitudetowardsthesubjectandthedirectioninwhichyouressayistobedeveloped.TheTransitionalParagraph:asignalofachangeincontentinapieceofwriting.4typesofparagraphs:E.g.Inthemodernworldnewinventionsandnewscientificdiscoveriesaremadedaily.Newproductsofallkindsappearinshops.Socialrelationshipsandwaysoflivingchangerapidly.Whenpeoplewanttotalkorwriteaboutallthesenewthings,theyneednamesforthemandwordstodescribethem.Wheresoallthenewwordscomefrom?(introductoryparagraph)Herearetenwaysinwhichnewwordsarise.Thereareafewothers,buttheseareenoughtosuggestwhathappens.(transitionalparagraph)E.g.TheConclusionParagraphItstrengthensthemessagebyemphasizingthemainpointsofthewholeessayinasummary,drawingaconclusionfromprecedingparagraphs,evaluatingwhathasbeendone,expressingajudgmentorakindoffeeling,orechoingtheopeningparagraphtobringanessayfullcircle.E.gCompetingwithtelevisionsincetheearly1950’s,theAmericanfilmindustryhaschangeddramatically.Sohavefilmsthemselves.Butwhateverchangesarebroughtabout,motionpictureswillalwaysremainanimportantAmericanartformandssignificantculturalforce.TheConclusionParagraph1段落的結(jié)構(gòu)(StructureofParagraph)Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics..//Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever,forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago./Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.1段落的結(jié)構(gòu)(StructureofParagraph1)▲TheTopicSentenceinaTopicalParagraphInatopicalparagraph,thecentralideaortopicisusuallyexpressedinacompletesentence.(adescriptiveoranarrativeparagraphoccasionallymaynothaveatopicsentence;anexpositoryoranargumentativeparagraphusuallydoeshaveatopicsentence)☆Theplacementofthetopicsentence☆Therequirementsofthetopicsentence:①.TheCompletenessoftheTopicSentenceacompletesentence②.TheClarityoftheTopicSentencestatethecentralideaclearly,definitely,andunmistakably.PublichygieneinChangshaisadebatablesubject.PublichygieneinChangshaisaseriousproblem.1)▲TheTopicSentenceinaT

Toplayanykindofmusicalinstrument,oneneedstoknowsomethingabouttheinstrument.Toplaythepiano,oneneedstospendmuchtimepracticingfingerexercises.③.TheSpecificityoftheTopicSentenceBeingspecificmeanslimitingthetopictothesizesuitableforaparagraph.Collegestudentslearnhowtowritegoodcompositions.Thetitleofacompositionshouldprovokethereader’sinterestandgivehimanideaofwhatthecompositionisabout.④.TheControllingIdeaoftheTopicSentence:keywordse.g.Ourlibraryisthesourceofspiritualwealth.Plasticwrappersworsentheenvironmentalpollution.Toplayanykindofmusical⑤.TheWriter’sPointofViewAgoodtopicsentenceshouldrevealthewriter’spointofvieworthepositionwhichthewritertakesindealingwiththesubject.e.g.Itisashametowastefood.TheEnglisheveningpartylastnightwasagreatsuccess.LastMondaymorning,Ihadanembarrassingexperienceonthebusonmywaytowork.ThegrowingheavypopulationisamajorprobleminChina.⑥.TheWordingoftheTopicSentence⑤.TheWriter’sPointofView

主題句(TopicSentence):說明段落的中心思想或段落主題的句子,是段落展開的依據(jù).它由兩部分組成,即主題(topic)和支配思想(controllingidea)構(gòu)成.支配思想規(guī)定段落發(fā)展的脈絡(luò),限制主題覆蓋的范圍.主題句起到概括段落中心思想作用,它往往是一個概括性的句子.如果太寬,太籠統(tǒng),則超出一段文章的范圍,無法把問題說清楚.通常在寫作時對自己提一個what,who,when,why,how這樣的問題..牢記主題的三個條件:Atopicsentenceisacompletesentence.DrivingonfreewaysTheimportanceofcommunicationHowtoregisterforcollegeclassesAtopicsentencecontainsbothatopicandacontrollingidea.DrivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertnessGold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.

Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents.AtopicsentenceisthemostgeneralstatementintheparagraphItgivesonlythemainidea.Itdoesnotgiveanyspecificdetails.Eg:TheArabicoriginofmanyEnglishwordsisnotalwaysobvious.(ok)ItiswarmerinGuangzhouthaninBeijingbecauseGuangzhouisinthesouthwhileBeijingisinthenorth.(toospecific)Englishistoodifficulttolearn.(toogeneral)Registeringforcollegeclasse2).TheSupportingSentencesofaParagraphOthersentencesthatexplain,clarify,orjustifythetopicsentencearesupportingsentences.Theyprovidedetails,facts,examples,reasons,testimony,etc.,toprovethetopicsentencesothatyourreaderwillbeconvincedthatwhatthetopicsentenceexpressesisright.2).TheSupportingSentences3)TheConcludingSentenceofaParagraphIthelpstoleaveadeeperimpressionofthemaintopicoftheparagraphonyourreaders.Noteveryparagraphhasaconcludingsentence,noristhelastsentenceinaparagraphnecessarilyaconcludingsentence:thelastsentencecouldbethetopicsentence.3) 結(jié)尾句(ConcludingSentence):對文章的內(nèi)容進行歸納總結(jié).結(jié)尾句必須與主題句相呼應(yīng).有些段落短不必有結(jié)尾句;有時主題句在段尾,主題句就是結(jié)尾句.Itmeansthelastsentencehasthesamemeaningasthetopiconebutnotinthesamesentencepattern.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.3)TheConcludingSentenceof▲擴展句(SupportingSentences):Theyexplainthetopicsentencebygivingreasons,examples,facts,statistics,andquotations.Someofthesupportingsentencesthatexplainthetopicsentenceaboutgoldare:擴展句對主題句的中心思想進行詳細解釋,舉例說明加以論證.一般展開句有下來特點(1)清楚詳實,不可含糊其詞或言之無物,必須有強烈的說服力.(2)條理分明,上句為下句鋪平道路,下句是上句的自然延伸.Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.▲擴展句(SupportingSentences)E.g.Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks;Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet;Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen;Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface,itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericanarenotgoodmannersinJapan,andinawaythisistrue.Butinanycountry,theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson’sbehaviorstowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.E.g.Bamboohasmanyuses.Itstenderyoungshootscanbeeaten.Bamboostemsaresostrongthattheyareusedtobuildhouses,andevenhighbridgesoverrivers.Thesoftpulpinsidebamboostemscanbemadeintofinepaper.Inwarmercountries,manypeoplehavetheirhousesmadeentirelyofbamboo:thewalls,thefloor,theroof.Nearlyeverythinginsidetheirhousesismadeofbamboo.…………Nowonderpeoplesaybambooisausefulplant.2段落的特點1)段落的整體性或一致性(Unity):一段文章只能討論一個中心思想,文章中所有的細節(jié)都要與主題相關(guān),利于說明這個中心思想.Unitymeansthatyoudiscussonlyonemainideainaparagraph.Themainideaisstatedinthetopicsentence,andtheneachsupportingsentencedevelopsthatidea.

Bamboohasmanyuses.I2)連貫性(Coherence):各句子的安排必須符合一定的順序和條理:句子與句子之間銜接要緊密,過度要流暢

Coherencemeansthatyourparagraphiseasytoreadandunderstandbecauseyoursupportingsentencesareinlogicalorderandyourideasareconnectedbytheuseofappropriatetransitionsignals.TheCoherenceandContinuityofaParagraphtransitionsandconnectors

可以通過倆列兩種手段來實現(xiàn)(1)內(nèi)容的安排方法-----按一定的邏輯順序(時間/空間/一般與具體/重要與非重要).所謂的一般與具體的順序主要是指段落的整體框架.通常,主題句在段首的段落按“一般到具體”,即演繹順序?qū)懗?主題句在段尾,則是按“具體到一般”,即歸納順序?qū)懗?重要與非重要的順序是針對段落內(nèi)部細節(jié)排列次序而言.從非重要到重要的順序是重要性遞增;從重要到非重要是重要性遞減。2)連貫性(Coherence):各句子的安排必須符合(2)使用過度性詞語------句與句之間使用適當?shù)倪^渡性詞語,起“啟,承,轉(zhuǎn),合”的作用.引導讀者全面了解句子見的邏輯,準確地理解段落的思想.3段落的展開手法1) 時間順序法:按事物發(fā)生的時間先后為線索展開段落,主要是敘述一件事物的經(jīng)過.主要用于故事,自傳等.動詞常用過去時E.g.Inmythirtyyearsasasecretary,Ihavehadtomasterthreedifferentkindsofwritingmachines.Ibeganmycareeronthemanualtypewriter……..Thentenyearslater,Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadapttoanelectrictypewriter………….Recently,Ihavetogiveupmyelectrictypewriterforawordprocessor……….Afterusingit,Idon’tbelieveIwouldreturningtotheageof………(2)使用過度性詞語------句與句之間使用適當?shù)倪^渡性按程序或步驟展開段落,主要用于敘述做一件事應(yīng)遵守的程序或步驟,多用于科技文章和操作說明書,動詞常用被動語態(tài)E.g.Doyouknowhowteaismade?First,……….Then,………….Next,…………Afterthis,……..Finally…………..atthebeginning/tostartwith/afterthat/later,intheend,finally/2) 空間順序法:主要用于描述一個場所或空間.幾天做法是:先選定一個位置,以此為出發(fā)點依次敘述和描寫.方法有:從上到下;從左到右;有遠到近;有表及里;按順時針方向inbetween/nextto/ontheleft/onthetopof/opposite/closeto

按程序或步驟展開段落,主要用于敘述做一件事應(yīng)遵守的程序或步驟3) 舉例法:在主題句中開門見山擺出自己的觀點,然后舉出具體事例對其進行說明.對具體細節(jié)的安排:一般到具體—具體到一般forinstance/suchas/take……..forexample/4) 對照比較法:比較是討論兩個或幾個問題相同點的方法;對比是討論兩個或幾個問題不同點的方法.比較對比的對象必須是同一類型的事物,比較項應(yīng)屬于同一范疇.具體做法有:先描述甲方的所有細節(jié),再描述乙方的所有細節(jié);兩方聽說描述,逐點比較atthesametime/similarly/comparedwith/justas/incontrastwith/insteadof/inspiteof//E.g.Catsmakebetterpetsthandogs.Dogsaremessyanddonotcleanupafterthemselves.Theyeattoomuchfood,andrequiretoomuchcare.Besides,Dogsjumpuponpeople,andknockoverfurniture.Cats,ontheotherhand,arecleanandtidy.Theyeatsparingly,andtakecareofthemselves.Catsareusuallywellmanneredpets.(先說甲再說乙的對比)3) 舉例法:在主題句中開門見山擺出自己的觀點,然后舉出具E.g.Carsandbicyclearebothprivatelyownedmeansoftransportation.Inotherswords,theyhaveincommonthefactthatownercandecidewhenandwheretogobythemselves.However,therearealotofdifferencesbetweenthem.Itcostsalotmoremoneytobuyacarthanabicycle.Inaddition,acarisfarmoreexpensivetorun.Forexample,acarusesgasoline,whichisexpensive,whereasabicycleusesonlyhumanenergy.Ontheotherhand,asfarascomfortisconcerned,acarisbetterthanabicycle.Acarprotectsyoufromweather,andhascomfortableseatsandplentyofroomtocarrypeopleandluggage.Furthermore,acarismuchfasterthanabicycle.(兩方同時描述,逐點比較)E.g.5) 因果法:解釋事物之間的原因與結(jié)果的關(guān)系.可以是先因后果,或者是先果后因.Owingto/forthisreason/bringabout/resultin(from)/beresponsiblefor/bedueto/haveaneffecton//EX:ThedivorcerateinChinaisontherise.Thereareatleastthreemainreasonscontributingtothisphenomenon.(socialattitude/economicactivities/legalchanges)6) 定義法:對引起歧義的詞或術(shù)語以及一些有多種解釋的抽象概念進行說明或解釋.Tobedefinedas/toreferto/tobeusedtodescribe5) 因果法:解釋事物之間的原因與結(jié)果的關(guān)系.可以是先因7) 分類法:把具有共同特征的事物按一定的標準進行歸類.每一類必須是同一范疇.Groupinto/divideinto/fallinto/accordingto/intermsof//E.g.Scienceaffectsthehumanlifeinmanyways.Byitsapplication,Inthefirstplace,itcreatesnewmethodstodealwiththediseaseswhichkillpeople.What’smore,itreducestheworkinghoursandincreasesworkingproducts.Themostimportantofallisthatsciencechangespeople’smind.7) 分類法:把具有共同特征的事物按一定的標準進行歸類.每8) 歸納法:先鋪敘細節(jié)后歸納出概括性的結(jié)論,講其主題句置于段尾,即從具體事例或現(xiàn)象歸納出一般性的,令人信服的道理或結(jié)論.E.g.Manypeoplegotoschoolforaneducation.Theylearnlanguage,…….othersgotoschooltolearnskillssothattheycanmakealiving.Schooleducationisveryimportantanduseful.Yetononecanlearneverythingfromschool.Ateacher,nomatterhowmuchheknows,cannotteachhisstudentseverythingtheywanttoknow.Theteacher’sjobistoshowhisstudentshowtoreadandhowtothink.So,muchmoreistobelearnedbythestudentsthemselves.8) 歸納法:先鋪敘細節(jié)后歸納出概括性的結(jié)論,講其主題句9) 演繹法:從一般性的結(jié)論推演至具體事例并加以論述,最后在回到結(jié)論;還可以通過若干具體事例或現(xiàn)象中歸納出一般性道理.E.g.Postcardsalwaysspoilmyholidays.LastsummerIwenttoItaly.Ivisitedmuseumsandsatinpublicgardens.AfriendlywaitertaughtmeafewwordsofItalian.Thenhelentmeabook……….Onthelastday,Igotupearlyandbought37cards.Ispentthewholedayinmyroom,butIdidnotwriteasinglecard.4主題句創(chuàng)作練習主題句+擴展句1+擴展句2+擴展句31)TheupwardtrendindivorcerateinChinareflectsthreeimportantchangesinoursociety.9) 演繹法:從一般性的結(jié)論推演至具體事例并加以論述,最2)WhydoIdecidetostayontheassembly-linetostudyfortwoorthreeyearsmore?Thereasonsareasfollows.3)Populationexplosionbecomesaseriousproblem.2)WhydoIdecidetostayontLectureFiveParagraphWriting(2)英文段落主題句的寫作ITheComponentsofaParagraph段落是文章的基本構(gòu)成部分,寫好段落是些好文章的第一步.文章的段落有若干相互有聯(lián)系的句子組成,說明一個主題思想,或從某一角度對文章的主題進行闡述.然而,段落不是有一組句子任意砌成.它具有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)模式和基本特征,并遵循一定的展開手法。LectureFiveParagraphWriting4typesofparagraphs:thetopicalparagraphtheintroductoryparagraphthetransitionalparagraphtheconcludingparagraphTheTopicalParagraph:Ifaparagraphhasacentralidea,andallthesentencesaredevelopedcloselyaroundtheidea,theparagraphiscalledatopicalparagraph.The

IntroductoryParagraph:agoodideaofthemainsubjectofthewriting,asuggestionofyourattitudetowardsthesubjectandthedirectioninwhichyouressayistobedeveloped.TheTransitionalParagraph:asignalofachangeincontentinapieceofwriting.4typesofparagraphs:E.g.Inthemodernworldnewinventionsandnewscientificdiscoveriesaremadedaily.Newproductsofallkindsappearinshops.Socialrelationshipsandwaysoflivingchangerapidly.Whenpeoplewanttotalkorwriteaboutallthesenewthings,theyneednamesforthemandwordstodescribethem.Wheresoallthenewwordscomefrom?(introductoryparagraph)Herearetenwaysinwhichnewwordsarise.Thereareafewothers,buttheseareenoughtosuggestwhathappens.(transitionalparagraph)E.g.TheConclusionParagraphItstrengthensthemessagebyemphasizingthemainpointsofthewholeessayinasummary,drawingaconclusionfromprecedingparagraphs,evaluatingwhathasbeendone,expressingajudgmentorakindoffeeling,orechoingtheopeningparagraphtobringanessayfullcircle.E.gCompetingwithtelevisionsincetheearly1950’s,theAmericanfilmindustryhaschangeddramatically.Sohavefilmsthemselves.Butwhateverchangesarebroughtabout,motionpictureswillalwaysremainanimportantAmericanartformandssignificantculturalforce.TheConclusionParagraph1段落的結(jié)構(gòu)(StructureofParagraph)Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics..//Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever,forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago./Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.1段落的結(jié)構(gòu)(StructureofParagraph1)▲TheTopicSentenceinaTopicalParagraphInatopicalparagraph,thecentralideaortopicisusuallyexpressedinacompletesentence.(adescriptiveoranarrativeparagraphoccasionallymaynothaveatopicsentence;anexpositoryoranargumentativeparagraphusuallydoeshaveatopicsentence)☆Theplacementofthetopicsentence☆Therequirementsofthetopicsentence:①.TheCompletenessoftheTopicSentenceacompletesentence②.TheClarityoftheTopicSentencestatethecentralideaclearly,definitely,andunmistakably.PublichygieneinChangshaisadebatablesubject.PublichygieneinChangshaisaseriousproblem.1)▲TheTopicSentenceinaT

Toplayanykindofmusicalinstrument,oneneedstoknowsomethingabouttheinstrument.Toplaythepiano,oneneedstospendmuchtimepracticingfingerexercises.③.TheSpecificityoftheTopicSentenceBeingspecificmeanslimitingthetopictothesizesuitableforaparagraph.Collegestudentslearnhowtowritegoodcompositions.Thetitleofacompositionshouldprovokethereader’sinterestandgivehimanideaofwhatthecompositionisabout.④.TheControllingIdeaoftheTopicSentence:keywordse.g.Ourlibraryisthesourceofspiritualwealth.Plasticwrappersworsentheenvironmentalpollution.Toplayanykindofmusical⑤.TheWriter’sPointofViewAgoodtopicsentenceshouldrevealthewriter’spointofvieworthepositionwhichthewritertakesindealingwiththesubject.e.g.Itisashametowastefood.TheEnglisheveningpartylastnightwasagreatsuccess.LastMondaymorning,Ihadanembarrassingexperienceonthebusonmywaytowork.ThegrowingheavypopulationisamajorprobleminChina.⑥.TheWordingoftheTopicSentence⑤.TheWriter’sPointofView

主題句(TopicSentence):說明段落的中心思想或段落主題的句子,是段落展開的依據(jù).它由兩部分組成,即主題(topic)和支配思想(controllingidea)構(gòu)成.支配思想規(guī)定段落發(fā)展的脈絡(luò),限制主題覆蓋的范圍.主題句起到概括段落中心思想作用,它往往是一個概括性的句子.如果太寬,太籠統(tǒng),則超出一段文章的范圍,無法把問題說清楚.通常在寫作時對自己提一個what,who,when,why,how這樣的問題..牢記主題的三個條件:Atopicsentenceisacompletesentence.DrivingonfreewaysTheimportanceofcommunicationHowtoregisterforcollegeclassesAtopicsentencecontainsbothatopicandacontrollingidea.DrivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertnessGold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.

Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents.AtopicsentenceisthemostgeneralstatementintheparagraphItgivesonlythemainidea.Itdoesnotgiveanyspecificdetails.Eg:TheArabicoriginofmanyEnglishwordsisnotalwaysobvious.(ok)ItiswarmerinGuangzhouthaninBeijingbecauseGuangzhouisinthesouthwhileBeijingisinthenorth.(toospecific)Englishistoodifficulttolearn.(toogeneral)Registeringforcollegeclasse2).TheSupportingSentencesofaParagraphOthersentencesthatexplain,clarify,orjustifythetopicsentencearesupportingsentences.Theyprovidedetails,facts,examples,reasons,testimony,etc.,toprovethetopicsentencesothatyourreaderwillbeconvincedthatwhatthetopicsentenceexpressesisright.2).TheSupportingSentences3)TheConcludingSentenceofaParagraphIthelpstoleaveadeeperimpressionofthemaintopicoftheparagraphonyourreaders.Noteveryparagraphhasaconcludingsentence,noristhelastsentenceinaparagraphnecessarilyaconcludingsentence:thelastsentencecouldbethetopicsentence.3) 結(jié)尾句(ConcludingSentence):對文章的內(nèi)容進行歸納總結(jié).結(jié)尾句必須與主題句相呼應(yīng).有些段落短不必有結(jié)尾句;有時主題句在段尾,主題句就是結(jié)尾句.Itmeansthelastsentencehasthesamemeaningasthetopiconebutnotinthesamesentencepattern.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.3)TheConcludingSentenceof▲擴展句(SupportingSentences):Theyexplainthetopicsentencebygivingreasons,examples,facts,statistics,andquotations.Someofthesupportingsentencesthatexplainthetopicsentenceaboutgoldare:擴展句對主題句的中心思想進行詳細解釋,舉例說明加以論證.一般展開句有下來特點(1)清楚詳實,不可含糊其詞或言之無物,必須有強烈的說服力.(2)條理分明,上句為下句鋪平道路,下句是上句的自然延伸.Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.▲擴展句(SupportingSentences)E.g.Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks;Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet;Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen;Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface,itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericanarenotgoodmannersinJapan,andinawaythisistrue.Butinanycountry,theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson’sbehaviorstowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.E.g.Bamboohasmanyuses.Itstenderyoungshootscanbeeaten.Bamboostemsaresostrongthattheyareusedtobuildhouses,andevenhighbridgesoverrivers.Thesoftpulpinsidebamboostemscanbemadeintofinepaper.Inwarmercountries,manypeoplehavetheirhousesmadeentirelyofbamboo:thewalls,thefloor,theroof.Nearlyeverythinginsidetheirhousesismadeofbamboo.…………Nowonderpeoplesaybambooisausefulplant.2段落的特點1)段落的整體性或一致性(Unity):一段文章只能討論一個中心思想,文章中所有的細節(jié)都要與主題相關(guān),利于說明這個中心思想.Unitymeansthatyoudiscussonlyonemainideainaparagraph.Themainideaisstatedinthetopicsentence,andtheneachsupportingsentencedevelopsthatidea.

Bamboohasmanyuses.I2)連貫性(Coherence):各句子的安排必須符合一定的順序和條理:句子與句子之間銜接要緊密,過度要流暢

Coherencemeansthatyourparagraphiseasytoreadandunderstandbecauseyoursupportingsentencesareinlogicalorderandyourideasareconnectedbytheuseofappropriatetransitionsignals.TheCoherenceandContinuityofaParagraphtransitionsandconnectors

可以通過倆列兩種手段來實現(xiàn)(1)內(nèi)容的安排方法-----按一定的邏輯順序(時間/空間/一般與具體/重要與非重要).所謂的一般與具體的順序主要是指段落的整體框架.通常,主題句在段首的段落按“一般到具體”,即演繹順序?qū)懗?主題句在段尾,則是按“具體到一般”,即歸納順序?qū)懗?重要與非重要的順序是針對段落內(nèi)部細節(jié)排列次序而言.從非重要到重要的順序是重要性遞增;從重要到非重要是重要性遞減。2)連貫性(Coherence):各句子的安排必須符合(2)使用過度性詞語------句與句之間使用適當?shù)倪^渡性詞語,起“啟,承,轉(zhuǎn),合”的作用.引導讀者全面了解句子見的邏輯,準確地理解段落的思想.3段落的展開手法1) 時間順序法:按事物發(fā)生的時間先后為線索展開段落,主要是敘述一件事物的經(jīng)過.主要用于故事,自傳等.動詞常用過去時E.g.Inmythirtyyearsasasecretary,Ihavehadtomasterthreedifferentkindsofwritingmachines.Ibeganmycareeronthemanualtypewriter……..Thentenyearslater,Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadapttoanelectrictypewriter………….Recently,Ihavetogiveupmyelectrictypewriterforawordprocessor……….Afterusingit,Idon’tbelieveIwouldreturningtotheageof………(2)使用過度性詞語------句與句之間使用適當?shù)倪^渡性按程序或步驟展開段落,主要用于敘述做一件事應(yīng)遵守的程序或步驟,多用于科技文章和操作說明書,動詞常用被動語態(tài)E.g.Doyouknowhowteaismade?First,……….Then,………….Next,…………Afterthis,……..Finally…………..atthebeginning/tostartwith/afterthat/later,intheend,finally/2) 空間順序法:主要用于描述一個場所或空間.幾天做法是:先選定一個位置,以此為出發(fā)點依次敘述和描寫.方法有:從上到下;從左到右;有遠到近;有表及里;按順時針方向inbetween/nextto/ontheleft/onthetopof/opposite/closeto

按程序或步驟展開段落,主要用于敘述做一件事應(yīng)遵守的程序或步驟3) 舉例法:在主題句中開門見山擺出自己的觀點,然后舉出具體事例對其進行說明.對具體細節(jié)的安排:一般到具體—具體到一般forinstance/suchas/take……..forexample/4) 對照比較法:比較是討論兩個或幾個問題相同點的方法;對比是討論兩個或幾個問題不同點的方法.比較對比的對象必須是同一類型的事物,比較項應(yīng)屬于同一范疇.具體做法有:先描述甲方的所有細節(jié),再描述乙方的所有細節(jié);兩方聽說描述,逐點比較atthesametime/similarly/comparedwith/justas/incontrastwith/insteadof/inspiteof//E.g.Catsmakebetterpetsthandogs.Dogsaremessyanddonotcleanupafterthemselves.Theyeattoomuchfood,andrequiretoomuchcare.Besides,Dogsjumpuponpeople,andknockoverfurniture.Cats,ontheotherhand,arecleanandtidy.Theyeatsparingly,andtakecareofthemselves.Catsareusuallywellmanneredpets.(先說甲再說乙的對比)3) 舉例法:在主題句中開門見山擺出自己的觀點,然后舉出具E.g.Carsandbicyclearebot