一輪復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)人教·全國(guó)版學(xué)案語(yǔ)法 第三部分 第五講 名詞性從句

第五講名詞性從句從屬連詞that,whether與if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句[全析考法]單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò)1．(2018·11月浙江高考)Itispossible________caffeinemaycausebirthdefects(缺陷)inhumans,too.解析：that分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，it作形式主語(yǔ)，that從句為真正的主語(yǔ)。2．(2017·天津高考改編)Sheaskedme________Ihadreturnedthebookstothelibrary,andIadmittedthatIhadn't.解析：whether/if句意：她問我是否已經(jīng)把書還給圖書館了，我承認(rèn)說我還沒有還。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，且在從句中不作任何成分，只起連接作用；又根據(jù)句意可知此處表示“是否”，故用whether或if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。3．(2016·北京高考改編)Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonis________onecanbeentirelyfreefromdust.解析：that句意：雨季最令人高興的事情就是人們可以完全遠(yuǎn)離灰塵。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句包含一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句，且表語(yǔ)從句中句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，故使用that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，that在表語(yǔ)從句中不作句子成分，只起連接作用。4．(2016·天津高考改編)Themanagerputforwardasuggestion________weshouldhaveanassistant.Thereistoomuchworktodo.解析：that句意：經(jīng)理提出了一個(gè)建議，我們應(yīng)該有一個(gè)助手。工作太多了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，解釋說明suggestion的具體內(nèi)容，故填that。5．(2016·江蘇高考改編)Itisoftenthecase________anythingispossibleforthosewhohangontohope.解析：that句意：通常情況下，對(duì)于那些堅(jiān)持希望的人來說，一切皆有可能?？仗幰龑?dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，從句中不缺少任何成分且意思完整，故使用that引導(dǎo)。6．(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Afterlookingatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundwherehisparentsweremissing.________________解析：where→that或去掉wherefound后是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，不缺少句子成分且句意完整，所以不能用where，應(yīng)該用that引導(dǎo)，that也可省略。[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則](一)that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)本身無意義，只起連接作用，也不在句中作任何成分。它引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義都完整，往往用于陳述事實(shí)。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，that不能省略。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在口語(yǔ)和非正式文體中，that可省略。但下列情況下，that不可省略：1．that從句作介詞的賓語(yǔ)；Idon'tknowexactlywherehelives,exceptthatit'ssomewhereoutinthewilds.他具體住在哪里我不是很清楚，只知道是遠(yuǎn)離城市的邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)。2．that引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首時(shí)；Thattheearthgoesaroundthesunisknowntousall.眾所周知，地球圍著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。3．賓語(yǔ)從句前有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)；Wehope,onthecontrary,thathewillstayathomewithus.恰恰相反，我們希望他和我們待在家里。4．動(dòng)詞后有多個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只有第一個(gè)that可省略，從第二個(gè)從句開始that不可省略；Hetoldme(that)hehadtoleaveandthathewouldbebacksoon.他告訴我他得離開并且很快就會(huì)回來。5．it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中that往往不可省略。Hehasmadeitclearthatthemeetingwillnotbepostponed.他清楚地表明會(huì)議不會(huì)被推遲。(二)that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可用it作形式主語(yǔ)的四大句式1．It＋be＋形容詞(necessary,right,likely,unlikely,wrong,important,certain,clear,obvious,strange,normal等)＋that從句Itisn'tlikelythatIshouldacceptsuchanofferasthat.我不可能接受像那樣的幫助。2．It＋be＋名詞(短語(yǔ))(apity,ashame,goodnews,afact,anhonour,awonder,nowonder等)＋that從句It'snowonderthathedidn'twanttogo.難怪他不想去。3．It＋be＋過去分詞(said,told,heard,reported,decided,suggested,advised,ordered,remembered,thought,considered,well-known,announced等)＋that從句ItisdecidedthatthemeetinghasbeenputoffuntilnextMonday.會(huì)議被推遲到下周一已經(jīng)定下來了。[特別注意]在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。Itissuggestedthatyou(should)spendmoretimeinstudyingEnglish.建議你花更多的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。4．It＋特殊動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)(seem,appear,happen,matter,turnout,occurto,makenodifference等)＋that從句ItsuddenlyoccurredtoherthatJoewasafraidofbeingalone.她突然想到喬害怕獨(dú)自一個(gè)人待著。(三)whether與if的用法1．用whether或if均可的情況(1)whether可引導(dǎo)各種名詞性從句。引導(dǎo)大部分動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，兩者均可。(2)it作形式主語(yǔ)，且主語(yǔ)從句在句末時(shí)，兩者均可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。It'suncertainwhether/ifhe'llethisevening.他今天晚上是否會(huì)來還不確定。2．用whether而不用if的情況(1)主語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句置于句首時(shí)；Whetherwecanhavecleandrinkingwaterliesinwhateffectivemeasureswillbetakenbythegovernmentaboutwaterpollution.我們能否有干凈的飲用水取決于政府將采取什么樣的有效措施處理水污染問題。(2)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；Theproblemiswhethertheairpollutioncanbecontrolled.問題是空氣污染能否被控制住。Heaskedmethequestionwhetherweshouldgivemoneytothehomeless.他問了我我們是否該給無家可歸者錢的問題。(3)引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.這取決于我們是否有充足的時(shí)間。(4)引導(dǎo)詞與ornot連用時(shí)；Idon'tknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.＝Idon'tknowwhetherthereportistrueornot.我不知道這個(gè)報(bào)道是否是真的。(5)引導(dǎo)詞后接todo時(shí)；Theydon'tknowwhethertogothere.他們不知道是否去那里。(6)有些動(dòng)詞如leave,put,discuss,decide等后的賓語(yǔ)從句；Wediscussedwhetherweshouldholdameeting.我們討論了我們是否應(yīng)召開一個(gè)會(huì)議。(7)避免用if引導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生歧義。Letmeknowwhetheryouareingtoourparty.讓我知道你是否來參加我們的宴會(huì)。連接代詞與連接副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句[全析考法]單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò)1．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)I'mnotsure________ismorefrightened,meorthefemalegorilla(大猩猩)thatsuddenlyappearsoutofnowhere.解析：who分析句子成分，空格處作從句的主語(yǔ)，根據(jù)后面的“meorthefemalegorilla”可知，作者把自己和大猩猩作對(duì)比，表示“我不知道我和大猩猩誰(shuí)更害怕”，故填who。2．(2018·北京高考改編)Thisis________myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.解析：what句意：這就是父親教給我的——永遠(yuǎn)面對(duì)困難并且寄予最大的希望。表語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞taught缺少直接賓語(yǔ)，且表示“……的東西”，故填what。3．(2018·北京高考改編)Withouthissupport,wewouldn'tbe________wearenow.解析：where句意：要是沒有他的幫助，我們就不會(huì)是現(xiàn)在的情形了。空處引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，表示的是具有抽象意義的地點(diǎn)，故用where引導(dǎo)。4．(2018·天津高考改編)Thegoldmedalwillbeawardedto________winsthefirstplaceinthebicyclerace.解析：whoever句意：這塊金牌將頒發(fā)給在這場(chǎng)自行車比賽中獲得第一名的人。從句中缺主語(yǔ)且表示“人”，因此填whoever引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。5．(2018·江蘇高考改編)Byboatistheonlywaytogethere,whichis________wearrived.解析：how句意：坐船是到達(dá)這里唯一的方式，我們就是這樣來的。how引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，表示方式。6．(2017·北京高考改編)Everyyear,________makesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.解析：whoever句意：每年，在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上，制作出最漂亮風(fēng)箏的人將會(huì)獲獎(jiǎng)。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意可知，主語(yǔ)從句中缺少表示人的主語(yǔ)，故填whoever。7．(2017·北京高考)Janemovedaimlesslydownthetree-linedstreet,notknowing________shewasheading.解析：where句意：簡(jiǎn)在綠樹成蔭的街道漫無目的地走著，不知道她要去哪里。本句考查名詞性從句中的賓語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，賓語(yǔ)從句中缺少表示地點(diǎn)的連詞，故填where。8．(2017·江蘇高考改編)Wechoosethishotelbecausethepriceforanighthereisdownto$20,halfof________itusedtocharge.解析：what句意：我們選擇這家賓館是因?yàn)檫@里住一晚上的價(jià)格降到了20美元，這是它以前要價(jià)的一半。此處考查賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，在of后面what既引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，又在從句中作charge的賓語(yǔ)。9．(2016·北京高考改編)Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.________youcandohelps.解析：Whatever句意：你們的支持對(duì)我們的工作很重要，你們做的任何事情都有幫助。根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知，whatever引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句，主語(yǔ)從句中缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞do的賓語(yǔ)，表示事物，故用Whatever引導(dǎo)。10．(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Asnaturalarchitects,thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactly________thicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.解析：how分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句?？崭窈蟮膖hick為形容詞，因此空格處應(yīng)用副詞，故填how。11．(2014·廣東高考)Ididn'tunderstand________thiswouldhappenandmycreditcardhadalreadybeenchargedforthereservation.解析：why根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，“我”不知道/不明白為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的事情。不明白的一定是原因，故用why引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。12．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetothatIlive.________________解析：that→where分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，介詞to之后為賓語(yǔ)從句，而賓語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用where引導(dǎo)。[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]引導(dǎo)詞類別常見引導(dǎo)詞作用連接代詞what,which,who,whose,whom,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever有詞義；在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)等連接副詞how,when,where,why,however,whenever,wherever有詞義；在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語(yǔ)Whatworriesusmostiswholetoutthesecret.最令我們擔(dān)憂的是誰(shuí)泄漏了秘密。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.無論誰(shuí)觸犯法律都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。Goandgetyourcoat.It'swhereyouleftit.去把你的大衣拿來。就在你原來放的地方。IhavenoideahowIcangettotherailwaystation.我不知道怎么能到火車站。That'swhyIwantyoutoworkthere.那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。Whereverhegoesmakeshisparentsworry.他無論去哪兒父母都擔(dān)心。語(yǔ)法填空解題“3步驟”1．根據(jù)兩句之間的意義和邏輯關(guān)系，或者根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)判斷是否是名詞性從句。2．一旦判斷是名詞性從句，就根據(jù)名詞性從句中缺少什么句子成分來確定選用什么連接詞。若從句中缺少主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，用連接代詞；若缺少狀語(yǔ)就用連接副詞。3．如果不缺少成分則要考慮意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if;如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。缺少成分1．Makethemostofyourstrengths,andyoucanbesuccessfulregardlessofwhichtypeyoufallintoand_how_fastorslowlyyouwalk.2．Itiswhat_iswrittenonthesignsinsidethebusthathaspeopletalking.3．Theynevergetangryandarealwayskindtothestudents.That'swhythechildrencanalwaysgetonwellwiththeirrobotteachers.4．WhatsurprisedusmostwasthatherworksofartsoonbecamefamousandwereondisplayintheBritishMuseum.5．Besuretobewithastrongawarenessthatyouarewhatyoueat!6．MyfriendJuliabroughtoutallherdressesandtoldmetotake_whichever_suitedmebest.7．Fromthem,theWestlearnswhat_isuniquelyChinese,forexample,fengshui.8．Whoeveresheretohavethemeetingwillbetreatedtoawonderfuldinner.9．Wonderingwhoitwas,Terry,anewertothiscity,wenttothedoorandopeneditimpatiently.不缺少成分10．Iwonderfirstofallwhattheywant,andthenwonderif/whether_theyaresoeagertoacceptadvicethemselves.11．Itneveroccurredtomethatyoucouldsucceedinpersuadinghimtochangehismind.12．Thereisnodoubtthatitisofgreathelptotheirstudyandfuturelife.短文改錯(cuò)解題“3視角”1．檢查連接詞是否誤用：尤其注意容易混淆的that與what,that與which,which與what,if與whether;2．檢查連接詞是否漏掉或多余，以及使用連接代詞時(shí)從句中是否存在多余的句子成分；3．檢查賓語(yǔ)從句與主句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)是否正確。據(jù)第1條解題1．IhavetheconfidencewhatyoucanlearnhowtomakeChineseknots.what→that2．Aboveall,Iwonderthatitisconvenientforyoutoinformmeofthespecificscheduleinadvance.that→whether/if3．HowIdoeverydayistolistentolectures,takenotesanddomyhomework,whichseemstobeendless.How→What4．Ialsofeelgratefultomydadjustbecauseofwhichhehasbeendoingformeeversince.which→what5．WheneverIwanttoseeit,thatImustdoistoclosemyeyes,anditwillappearinfrontofme.that→what據(jù)第2條解題6．Thepolicetoldhimwhatithadhappened:hiscarhadbeenonaprivateparkinglotandhadbeentakenawaybythepolice.去掉it7．Tomakemattersworse,IhadtoshareadoubleroomwithsomeoneIdidnotknow,despitethefactIhadpaidforasingleroom._fact后加that8．AstheCollegeEntranceExaminationswillbeheldinJune,thestudentsshouldmakefulluseoftimetoreviewthatwhattheyhavelearned.去掉that據(jù)第3條解題9．Howmuchoneenjoyshimselftravellingdependslargelyonwhathegoeswith,whetherhisfriendsorrelatives.what→who10．I'mafraidhe'smoreofatalkerthanadoer,whichisthatheneverfinishesanything.that→whyeq\a\vs4\al([語(yǔ)篇綜合檢測(cè)])Ⅰ.語(yǔ)法填空Astheeffectsofglobalwarming,risingseasandnaturaldisasters__1__(gradual)beeobvious,somelocalmunitiesaretakingaction.Amongthem__2__(be)onemunityinFloridawherelocalpeopleandgovernmentofficialsareproving__3__(success)inprotectingcoastalcitiesfromthedangersofrisingsealevels.Themunityhasstudied__4__muchsealevelswillriseandhassuggestedwaystoaddresstheproblem.Ithaspersuadedthestategovernmenttobannewdevelopmentsonlandnearthecoastlineandremended__5__(build)sanddunes(沙丘)alongbeaches.KristinJacobs,oneofthegroup'sfounders,__6__(decide)totakeactionin2008afteritbecameclearthatherstate's27waterauthoritiescouldn'tagreeonjoint(聯(lián)合的)action.WhilesomeFloridagovernmentofficialsareskeptical__7__theeffectsofclimatechangeandthecausesofenvironmentaldamage,thepeoplelivingintheselocationsarecertainoftheneed__8__(protect)theirmunities.Atpresent,ingupwithwaystofightagainsttheeffectsofclimatechangeundera(n)__9__(limit)budgetisapressingconcern.Onlytimewilltellwhetherthesecoastalmunitieswillsucceedin__10__end,butfornow,quickthinkingbylocalcitizensishelpingtosecurethefuture.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了佛羅里達(dá)州一沿海社區(qū)為應(yīng)對(duì)因全球變暖而日益上漲的海平面而采取了一系列措施。1．gradually考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。設(shè)空處修飾連系動(dòng)詞bee，故填副詞gradually。2．is考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。由上下文可知此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，且本句是倒裝句，be動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)