托福寫作課上內(nèi)部課件

Youarewhatyouwrite！托福寫作很重要，語法詞匯不可少，多練多看多比較，表達句式用得巧，有理有利還有節(jié)，滿分一定能拿到。課程設置托福寫作介紹獨立寫作：語言修飾：綜合寫作：題目串講：揭開托福寫作的神秘面紗寫作是表達，而不是翻譯美中不足：AmericanChinanofoot;Aflyintheointment心花怒放：Heartflowerangryopen;bewildwithjoy紅顏知己：Redfaceknowme;Female/MaleIntimate人山人海peoplemountainpeopleseahugecrowdsofpeople馬馬虎虎HorsehorsetigertigerFairtomiddling不三不四Nothreenofourneitherfishnorfowl我們?yōu)槭裁纯纪懈?？試試看出國留學可以學習知識，增強閱歷，為未來打下基礎！Bystudyingabroad,weaccumulateknowledge,gainnewexperienceandprepareourselvesforthefuture.Studyingabroadhelpsusaccumulateknowledge,gainnewexperiencesandprepareourselvesforthefuture.Ourknowledgeandexperiencesforfuturedevelopmentscanbeaccumulatedbystudyingabroad.Studyingabroad,wecangainknowledge,experiences,andskillsforfuturedevelopments.Bringingnewknowledgeandmoreexperiences,studyingabroadisbeneficialforourfuturedevelopments.

句子三種訓練方法多種方法表達同一句意；擴充豐富已有句型；對句式進行各種變換。再試試我認為，我同意這個觀點：勤奮才能成功。Iagreewiththeidea:IwillsucceedifIworkhard.用高級詞匯替換低級詞匯Isupporttheannouncement:IwillsucceedifIsparenoeffortforworking.

添加副詞和形容詞Istronglysupporttheclassicalannouncement:IwilldefinitelysucceedifIsparenoeffortforworking.

找出潛在的邏輯關系Accordingtomypersonalexperienceandeducation,Istronglysupporttheclassicalannouncement:finalsuccessresultsfromhard-work.Basedonmypersonalexperienceandeducationalbackground,Istronglysupporttheclassicalsaying:finalsuccesscomesfromcontinualhard-work.Iagreewiththeidea:IwillsucceedifIworkhard.Basedonmypersonalexperienceandeducationalbackground,Istronglysupporttheclassicalsaying:finalsuccesscomesfromcontinualhard-working.如果既不了解敵人，又不了解自己，你就完蛋了！“Ifyouknowneitheryourselfnoryourenemy,youwillalwaysendangeryourself”

Ifyouknowneithervocabularynorgrammar,youwillalwaysendangeryourself!你了解自己嗎？Peopleworkinginbigcompanyaresupposedtousecomputer.Thereisanevidencethatadvertisingprofoundlyaffectshumanbeingtheworldover.Thepersonwithbroadandprofoundknowledgecanhaveabetterlifethanthepersonwhodoesnot.Themanbittenbythehomelessdoghasdied.ThemajorityofChinesearefondofwatchingtelevision.Alargeamountofpeoplegoabroadtolearnknowledge.

Judgmentsmadeinmostofthebookarebelievable.Dinosaurshaveextincted.

拼寫重要嗎？pattimepronouncationchangeablewrittingtruelysuceedninteenthmaintenance

一、托福寫作介紹

分值換算表RawScoreScaledScore5.00304.75294.50284.25274.00253.75243.5223.25213.0020PercentileRankiBTScaledScorePercentileRank3097.92995.92893.42790.52587.22482.92277.42172.4

IntegratedwritingReading:3mins,200-300wordsListening:2mins,200-300wordsWriting:20mins,150-225wordsIndependentWritingWriting:30mins，300-400wordsETS會做的是：數(shù)字數(shù)數(shù)每段句子數(shù)、每個句子的平均字數(shù)單詞的字母數(shù)邏輯銜接詞的使用數(shù)量是人數(shù)的！寫作須知不要寫標題禁止使用啟示語氣寫作格式：縮行式（首句空4到6個字母）空行式（段與段之間空一行）標點符號后面要空格句子首字母要大寫，專有名詞首字母大寫I，China，Japanese（日語）,ShanyuanStreet,ThePulitzerPrize。英式英語還是美式英語？colo(u)r,program(me),labo(u)r書面語還是口語？當然是書面語BTW，Udunno，&，@∵∴♀♂4u2Bornot2B,that’sa?推薦書目TPOOG,Delta’sKey,Kaplan,Barron,Princeton詞匯：俞敏洪《TOEFL詞匯：詞根+聯(lián)想記憶法》張洪偉、戴云《托福10000詞》語法：戴云《托福語法滿分精要》張道真《實用英語語法》

推薦網(wǎng)站托福機經(jīng)網(wǎng)小馬過河太傻、寄托天下新東方批改網(wǎng)

二、獨立寫作5分標準EffectivelyaddressesthetopicandtaskWellorganizedandwelldevelopedAppropriateexplanations,exemplificationsanddetailsUnity,progressionandcoherenceDisplaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoiceandidiomaticity.Minorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors

4分標準butmaycontainoccasionalredundancy,orlackofclarity,digression,orunclearconnectionsandcontainssentencevarietyandarangeofvocabulary,butmayhaveoccasionalnoticeable

minorlanguageerrorsthatdonotinterferewithmeaning.3分標準butconnectionsamongideasmaybeoccasionallyobscured,unclear;orinconsistentinusinglanguageeffectively,witherrorsingrammarandvocabularythatoccasionallyobscuremeaningbutlimitedrangeofsyntacticstructuresandvocabulary

《官方指南》的話

考生是否贊同某一觀點并不重要，評分人員經(jīng)過培訓可以接受所有不同類型的觀點重要的是考生在議論中具備的能力：⑴直接切入問題的能力，⑵明確提出主張的能力，以及寫出⑶結構嚴謹⑷例證恰當⑸句子多樣化且⑹結構正確文章的能力。獨立寫作圣經(jīng)1第一要義，觀點要表達清楚不基于考生的真實身份，可以造假只考語言水平，不側(cè)重思想水平不測試考生的真實想法寫作基于表達，不基于翻譯獨立寫作圣經(jīng)2不同于平時的寫作內(nèi)容、語言同等重要，不要過分追求語言觀點的層次比觀點的數(shù)量更重要邏輯錯誤比語言錯誤重要跑題你就完蛋了

關于字數(shù)通常，一篇作文大約需要300詞。少于300詞的作文也能獲得高分，但是經(jīng)驗表明，較短的作文無法對一些論點展開討論，而要獲得5分的成績，對論點的討論是必須的。

比字數(shù)更重要的作文數(shù)字沒有上限，但是不要為寫而寫，應針對話題有的放矢。觀點的數(shù)目固然重要，但評分人員更看重觀點的質(zhì)量和陳述觀點的有效性。1、獨立寫作分類

題型分類-11、觀點選擇：Whichwouldyouprefer…2、比較對比：ratherthan;as…as;compare3、自主定義：在一定范圍內(nèi)自主選擇

觀點選擇類

Someprefertoworkforalargecompany.Othersprefertoworkforasmallcompany.Whichwouldyouprefer?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.

Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown,Othersprefertoliveinabigcity,whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.

比較對比類

Ithasbeensaid,“Noteverythingthatislearnediscontainedinbooks.”CompareandContrastknowledgegainedfromexperiencewithknowledgegainedfrombooks.Inyouropinion,Whichsourceismoreimportant?Why?Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Beingcreative，ratherthanplanningcarefully,helpspeoplecomeupwiththebestsolutiontoproblems.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplethinkitismoreenjoyabletoworkthreedaysaweekforlongtimethantoworkfivedaysaweekforshortertime.

Acompanyhasannouncedthatitwishestobuildalargefactorynearyourcommunity.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisnewinfluenceonyourcommunity.Doyousupportoropposethefactory?Explainyourposition.

自主定義

Youhaveaopportunitytovisitaforeigncountryfortwoweeks.Whichcountrywouldyouliketovisit?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyourchoice.判斷題型類別

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldnotbepermittedtousemobilephonesonpublictransportationvehicles,suchasbuses,trains,oraeroplanes.

Somepeopleprefertofinishaprojectcompletelybeforestartinganother.Othersprefertodotwoorseveralprojectsatthesametime.Whichwaywouldyouprefer?

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecanbenefitmorefromtravelingintheirowncountrythantravelinginforeigncountries.

Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecansolveimportantproblemsbythemselvesorwiththehelpfromtheirfamilymemberssothere'snoneedforthegovernmenttohelpthem.

Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.

Itisbettertouseourpersonalknowledgeandexperiencetosolveproblems,ratherthanaskingotherpeopleforadvice.

Ifyoucouldinventsomethingnew,whatproductwouldyoudevelop?

Ifyoucouldchangeoneimportantthingaboutyourhometown,Whatwouldyouchange?Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouranswer.獨立寫作分類-2單一事物利弊Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldnotbepermittedtousemobilephonesonpublictransportationvehicles,suchasbuses,trains,oraeroplanes.多事物利弊Somepeopleprefertofinishaprojectcompletelybeforestartinganother.Othersprefertodotwoorseveralprojectsatthesametime.Whichwaywouldyouprefer?事實類Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.因果類Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecansolveimportantproblemsbythemselvesorwiththehelpfromtheirfamilymemberssothere'snoneedforthegovernmenttohelpthem.獨立寫作分類—題材(詞匯積累）1、學校和教育（schoolandeducation）2、科學技術（Technology）

3、媒體（Media）4、工作和成功（Workandsuccess）5、政府（Government）

6、交通運輸（Transportation）

7、環(huán)境(Environment)8、生活（life）：友誼、休閑9、金錢和工資（Money/Salary）

托福作文容易跑題

更容易寫得不嚴謹2、審題Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentsarethebestteachersfortheirchildren.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Apersonshouldnevermakeanimportantdecisionalone.

Youhaveaopportunitytovisitaforeigncountryfortwoweeks.Whichcountrywouldyouliketovisit?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyourchoice

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Totrulyunderstandanyeventshappenedintheworld,weshoulddrawournewsfromnewspapers;televisioncannotprovideenoughinformation.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Scientistsshouldberesponsibleforthenegativeimpactoftheirscientificresearch.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentsfindithardtocontroltheirchildrenforthechildrenarenowinfluencedbymanythingsoutsidehomeliketelevisionormovies.

Peopleattendtouniversityorcollegeformanydifferentreasons(forexample,newexperiences,careerpreparation,increasedknowledge).Whydoyouthinkpeopleattendtouniversityorcollege?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouridea.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplewhodonotworkbecausetheyhaveenoughmoneyarerarelyhappy.

Somepeoplesaythatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.Otherpeoplebelievethatstudentsshouldspendthewholeschooldayonacademicstudies.Whichopiniondoyouagreewith?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Childrenshouldbeginlearningaforeignlanguageassoonastheystartschool.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyourposition.

Youneedtotravelfromyourhometoaplace40miles(64Kilometers)away.Comparethedifferentkindsoftransportationyoucoulduse.TellWhichmethodoftravelyouwouldchoose.Givespecificreasonsforyourchoice.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Intwentyyears,studentswillnotuseprintedbooksanymore.Manyteachersassignhomeworktostudentseveryday.Doyouthinkthatdailyhomeworkisnecessaryforstudents?

審題方法★判斷題型★找絕對詞（only/never/best/anything/always/no/forever/entire)★找限定詞twoweeks/city,town/oneofthefollowings/40miles)★找爭論的焦點便健經(jīng)交幸，成環(huán)品科國3、寫作原則寫作原則——KISS有理：符合社會規(guī)范、合乎常理不涉及宗教、政治等敏感議題有利：分論點有利于總論點，細節(jié)、例子有利于分論點有節(jié)：只寫會寫的，只寫好寫的，節(jié)制感情，節(jié)制時間。有話可說、有例可舉Keepitsimple,systematic!4、文章結構開頭（1段）主體（3段）結尾（1段）

段落劃分

文章結構★一邊倒★讓步

★折中一邊倒中間倒3段：支持方的3個優(yōu)點詳寫，比重相當；支持方的2個優(yōu)點詳寫，反對方的1個缺點稍略寫；中間倒2段：支持方的2個優(yōu)點詳細論證，比重相當。住校內(nèi)好還是校外好讓步中間3段：支持方2個優(yōu)點詳細寫，反對方1-2個優(yōu)點簡略寫。打工還是創(chuàng)業(yè)？讓步段三大“杯具”對讓步內(nèi)容沒有展開；對讓步內(nèi)容沒有進行削弱和反駁；對讓步內(nèi)容態(tài)度堅定，內(nèi)容過長，且感情強烈。讓步段寫法主題句（topicsentence）支持句（supportingsentence）舉例（example）段內(nèi)小結（sum）讓步段與支持段結構一致，只是主題句和段內(nèi)小結的寫法不同。讓步段要對讓步內(nèi)容不斷削弱。讓步段主題句寫法四種方法可以削弱讓步內(nèi)容：從語氣上削弱：admittedly/Iconcede/Icompromise/Iconfess從可能性上削弱：may/might/possibly/probably從數(shù)量上削弱：one/oneortwo/acoupleof/minor/several從程度上削弱：tosomeextent/tosomedegree讓步段主題句說話方式兩種說話方法：我坦誠的說/我坦白的說/我妥協(xié)的說另一個方面也可能/或許有一個/兩個好處；Admittedly,Bmayhaveoneadvantage.我坦誠的說/我坦白的說/我妥協(xié)的說某物/某事在一定程度上也可能有點……Admittedly,Bmaybehelpfultosomeextent.“杯具”與“洗具”AlthoughBmayhaveoneadvantage,theadvantageswegainfromAfaroutweighthem.Admittedly,Bmayhaveoneadvantage.開頭結尾與中間段落配合我選A；A的好處1；A的好處2；A的好處3；我真的選A哈！盡管B有一個好處，但是A的好處比B多；A的好處1；A的好處2；B也有一個好處，但是A的好處比B多；盡管B有一個好處，但是A的好處真的比B多哈！對讓步內(nèi)容削弱和反駁的方法辯證法次要法少數(shù)法提解決方案辯證法好處從某種角度來看也是壞處，壞處從某種角度來看也是好處；However,theonlyadvantageofBmayshifttoanightmare/drawbackifwelookatitfromadifferentangle……住大城市還是住小鎮(zhèn)？在家看電影還是在電影院看電影？次要法讓步方的好處比支持方的好處次要，或支持方的壞處比起好處來次要；嚴禁“霸王硬上弓”，強說別人次要；However,theadvantagesofAaremoreimportantthanthoseofB.住大城市還是住小鎮(zhèn)？在家看電影還是去電影院看電影？少數(shù)法讓步方優(yōu)點與支持方優(yōu)點比起來較少，或支持方缺點與優(yōu)點比起來較少；嚴禁“霸王硬上弓”，人多欺人少；However,theadvantagesofAarefarmorethanthoseofB.However,theadvantagesofAoutnumberthoseofB.住大城市還是住小鎮(zhèn)？在家看電影還是去電影院看電影？提解決方案對方的好處我方也可以有辦法得到，我方的壞處可以有辦法消除；However,theproblemcanbesolvedby……However,thenegativeinfluencecanbeeliminatedby……住大城市還是住小鎮(zhèn)？在家看電影還是去電影院看電影？讓步的精髓是讓一小步

讓步段要避免“杯具”讓步段同樣要對讓步內(nèi)容進行展開；讓步段內(nèi)容展開要適度，每個讓步觀點展開比重不宜超過支持段；讓步段結尾要對讓步內(nèi)容進行削弱和反駁。讓步段主題句Admittedly,watchingtelevisionmayalsohaveoneadvantageforchildren.讓步段支持句Theyarepossiblyabletoincreasesomeknowledgefromwatchingsomeprograms,suchasDiscoveries.讓步段例子及細節(jié)Forinstance,theymightknowtheevolutionaryprocessofhumansociety.對讓步內(nèi)容進行削弱和反駁However,thedisadvantagesfaroutweightheonlybenefit.Moreover,theknowledgefromtelevisioncanbealsoaccumulatedbyreadingbooks.讓步結構的好處避免了寫支持面第三個觀點，轉(zhuǎn)而寫不利于支持方的一個理由（容易湊字數(shù)）；顯得考慮問題比較周全；對方比較容易接受。讓步的方法用不利于己方的觀點進行讓步；單一事物讓步多事物讓步程度讓步（去絕對化）自己玩好還是跟團玩好？哪種類型的題目？結構設計1+1+1comparison2+1（反對方缺點）2-1（反對方優(yōu)點）2-1（支持方缺點）折中高薪工作時間長還是低薪工作時間短？住大城市還是住小鎮(zhèn)？住校內(nèi)還是住校外？跟導游玩還是自己玩？買房子還是買企業(yè)？推薦方案讓步一邊倒3段一邊倒2段折中一邊倒1段5、論證

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:Themostimportantaspectofajobisthemoneyapersonearns.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.立論方法法1：如果有了錢≠只有有了錢，才能······法2：如果沒有錢，惡劣后果1、2、3法3：比較：最重要的因素有A、B、錢錢比A重要錢比B重要駁論方法法1：盡管錢重要，但最重要的是A，A比錢重要：1、2、3、法2：如果錢是最重要的：惡果1、2所以錢不值最重要的

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Oneshouldneverjudgeapersonbyexternalappearances,Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.

立論更簡單立論1：盡管外表有用，但是A更重要立論2：如果以貌取人，惡果1、2、3，所以不能以貌取人。駁論駁論1：讓步？+某種情況可以通過外表判斷（臉紅了—Shy）駁論2：讓步？+如果永遠不用外表判斷，惡果1、2、3

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatements:Playingagameisfunonlywhenyouwin.Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswers.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Television,newspapers,magazines,andothermediapaytoomuchattentiontothepersonallivesoffamouspeoplesuchaspublicfiguresandcelebrities.

Theyoungshoulddecidewhattheywanttodoandwhattheywanttobeassoonastheycan,inordertosavethetimefordevelopinghiscareer.

論證注意事項第三人稱復數(shù)Some···other···；Therearemanypeople······Itiswellknownthattakingsportsnotonlybuildspeople’sbodies,butalsobuildstheirminds.AndIreallyagreewiththeideathatpeoplecanlearnalotfromthebuildingprogressthatsportsboastonbothsides.

6、論點

論點一定要展開展開論點就是用各種支持內(nèi)容（事例、細節(jié)、理由等）來支持文章的觀點。不要為了增加文章的字數(shù)而死記硬背一些冗長的句、段。必須是并列關系堅持很重要：1、工作中重要；2、學習中重要；3、Wrightbrother發(fā)明飛機不能過于細致：建餐館導致水污染、空氣污染。論點從何而來？利弊類：萬金由講義第4頁住校內(nèi)好，還是校外好？

住大城市好，還是小城市好？萬金由—萬能應用理由（1）健康和安全（Health/FitnessandSafety）營養(yǎng)(Nutrition)緩解壓力(relievethestress/pressure)食品安全(foodsafety)生活習慣(livingstyle)體育鍛煉(sports/exercise/games)身體傷害(bodyinjury)財產(chǎn)安全(propertysafety)（2）便利（convenience）

節(jié)省時間(Savingtime)時間靈活(flexible)交通(traffic)休閑(recreation)娛樂(entertainment/relaxation)健身(fitnessactivity)購物(shopping)教育(education)醫(yī)療(medicalcare)（3）經(jīng)濟economy/economical/economic就業(yè)問題(unemployment/employment)職業(yè)(occupations)農(nóng)業(yè)(agriculture)工業(yè)(industry)heavy/lightindustry;serviceindustries工資(wage/salary)agoodwage收入(income)onahighincome支出(spending/expenditure/expense)利潤(profit)稅收(tax/tariffs)旅游(tourism/journeys/traveling)（4）交流communication交友(makingfriends)集體活動(collectiveactivity)談話(conversation)聊天(chatting)人際關系(interpersonalrelationship)社交圈子(socialcircle)（5）幸福與情感Happiness/Love/Affection激情(passion/enthusiasm)興趣(interests)親情(familylove)友情(friendship)愛情(Love)樂趣(fun/happiness)好惡(personalchoice/favor/preference/taste)（6）成功（success）成就感(asenseofachievement)榮譽感(asenseofhonor)財富(wealth)自信(self-confidence)競爭(competitions)潛力(potentialities)動機(motivations)壓力(pressures/stress)（7）環(huán)保environmentalprotection

生態(tài)平衡(ecologicalbalance/eco-balance)沙漠化(desertification)砍伐森林(deforestation)沙塵暴(sandstorm)干旱(drought)洪水(flood)瀕危動物(endangeredanimals)環(huán)境污染(environmentalpollution)（8）品格（virtue）聰明(clever/brilliant)合作(cooperation/collaboration)堅忍不拔(perseverance/persistence)勤奮(industrious/diligence)獨立(independence)負責任(beresponsibleto)寬容(tolerant/forgiving)體貼(considerate)謙虛(modest/humble)誠實(honesty/integrity)（9）科技、教育、培訓science/education/training科技的發(fā)展發(fā)明(Scientificdevelopmentandinventions)效率(efficient)實習(intern/internships)教育(education)（10）國家和文明（nationandcivilization）慈善事業(yè)(charities)志愿者(volunteers)人與自然的和諧(harmoniousrelationshipbetweenpeopleandnature)社會公平(socialjustice)便健經(jīng)交幸，成環(huán)品科國7、開篇方法開篇——背景法是否同意建工廠？背景-論題-各方觀點、理由-我的觀點理由背景-論題-反面-過渡-正面（我的觀點、理由）背景-論題-我的觀點、理由論題+他人的觀點、理由-我的觀點、理由★一定要有論題，我的觀點后一定要有理由背景句型SomepeoplethinkA,otherpeoplethinkB…Accordingtoarecentstatisticontheinternet,thenumberofsingle-childfamilyoccupies75%ofChinesefamilies,andundoubtedlyhasatendencyofincreasing.Itisnotraretoseemanystudentsdozingoffordoingotherthingswhiletheprofessoristryinghisbestexplainingatheory.withthedevelopmentofeconomyandscience/technology，moreandmorecompaniesarefound,buttherearenotenoughpeopletotakethesepositions.是否同意建工廠？

緊扣題目，提出普遍現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)象（人們越來越關注生活環(huán)境了）開篇——事例法事例-論題-各方觀點理由-我的觀點理由時態(tài)：例子，一般過去時；論述，一般現(xiàn)在時老人去世-中毒-工廠由頭：媒體報道+朋友、鄰居、家人的故事舉例句式熟練應用

Oneday,mywife,whohasbeenpregnantforsixmonths,caughtacold.Shewantedtotakemedicineforhercoldbutshewonderedwhetherthemedicinewilldoharmtothebaby.Sheturnedonthecomputerandgoogledinformationonthesafetyofthecoldmedicine.Afterthat,shemadearightdecision.Theimpactthatcomputerhasonourlivesisundeniable.開篇——引語法引語-論題-各方觀點理由-我的觀點理由舉例：老年人不能從年輕人那里學到任何東西。Amonganythreepeople,Iwillfindsomethingtolearnforsure.文章開頭之定義法給題目中某個概念下定義，圍繞你下的定義進行討論，即定一下一個前提；優(yōu)點：適當創(chuàng)新，突出個性；缺點：定義偏差大，人們不能接受；很多題目不適合下定義。定義法舉例老師的親和力affinity更重要，還是學術能力更重要？8、主題句★每段都有主題句：第一段最后一句。其他段第一句。主題句要求1必須是陳述句；Isn’titbetterforustochooseaforeignuniversity?主題句要求2必須表明觀點任何事實，必加推論，將結論置于段首。主題句要求3態(tài)度要堅決Inmyhumbleopinion…I’mnotsureaboutthis,butIstillwanttosay…主題句要求4主題句簡短有力ThefirstreasonIwanttoputforwardattheverybeginningshouldbeconsideredas…主題句要求5主題句必須能夠統(tǒng)領全段；讀完主題句讀者應該能夠掌握本段內(nèi)容；段落展開其實是對主題句進行展開?！昂推接押谩焙希河^點是否合適寫；平：每個觀點之間是否平行？有：每個觀點是否都有展開的余地？好：每個觀點是否好寫？是否有能力寫？主題句范例Therearemanyqualitiesthatmakeupagoodfriend,butthemostessentialofthesearehelpfulnessandbeingconsiderate.Istronglysupporttheideaofouterspaceexplorationforitbenefitshumansnotonlyinthepresentbutalsointhefuture.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownoftenhaveamuchcomfortablelifestyle.

結尾必須要有結尾！總結全文，重述各方觀點理由（讓步）、主題觀點理由，首尾呼應。提出建議、解決問題、深化意義

結尾舉例是否應該建工廠？結尾：建工廠時一定要注意環(huán)保。住大城市好、小城市好？結尾：改善大城市環(huán)境，解決壓力，使大城市更美好。在小區(qū)建學校不僅對現(xiàn)在有意義，對未來也有意義。結尾范例Inconclusion,peoplearelivinglongernowowingtothedevelopmentsofmedical,cokingandmatchingfoodinrightwaysandsoon.Inaword,Ibelievethatuniversitiesshouldrequirestudentstotakeclassesinmanysubjects,ratherthanrequirestudentstospecializeinonesubject.Eventhoughstudentsshouldlearntheirmajorsubjectsdeeply,theyarefullypreparedtomangetheworldonlywhentheyhaveaccumulatedabundantknowledgeandsocialskills.9、段落展開

段落展開例證法比較法因果法并列法

例證法論點+舉例論證+重述觀點每個論點后必須有例子。注意時態(tài)和人稱的變化。很多例子后+此類例子不勝枚舉。名人的名字一定要寫對。多例：數(shù)量、種類（≥2）科學技術給我們帶來了什么？觀點：科學技術給人類帶來了許多方便。哪些方便？——舉例怎么方便了？——細節(jié)總結：科學技術給人類帶來了許多方便哪些方便？微波爐microwaveoven

、電冰箱fridge、手機、電腦、汽車等細節(jié)用微波爐烹飪食物又快又衛(wèi)生；冰箱節(jié)約我們每天去買菜的時間；手機使得人們更高效的通訊和處理事務；電腦使我們聯(lián)絡親朋好友更方便，可以了解到最新的信息；汽車給我們的旅行帶來方便和安全舉例takesth(只能是名詞、不能是句子)forexampleforinstance;forexample，suchas:后面只能跟名詞不能放在句首consider+名詞（that引導的從句）forexample名詞+isacaseinpoint舉例Thepointisbestillustratedwiththeexampleof+名詞Thepointcanbeconfirmedbytheexampleof+名詞舉例Examplesofaltruismabound,bothamonghumansandothermammals.舉例History(Oursociety/Mycountry/Ourworld)isfilledwiththeexamplesof…舉例It(This)provides(offers/proves/shows)agood(typical/concrete/notable/strikinginstance/example/case)inpointof…舉例Thestory(case/instance/situation)isnotrare(isolated/unique);Itisoneofmanyexamples(typicalofdozens)Ihaveheard(read/encountered)…

因果法論點+提出原因+分析條件+討論結果不同意建工廠+因為導致污染+排廢水、廢氣+小區(qū)環(huán)境污染因果法Aleadto/resultinB=BresultfromAbecauseof/dueto/thanksto/owingto/byreasonof/onaccountof（介詞）+陳述?+動名詞短語因果法for/since/as/because/but（連詞）for不能放在句首，是并列連詞Inconsequence/intheend/consequentlytherefore/thereby/hence/thus(副詞);however······；，andhowever······

比較法整體比較：A的優(yōu)點1、2、3B的有點1、2、3分項比較：方面1：方面2：方面3：結論，總體而言······住校內(nèi)好還是住校外好？整體比較：校內(nèi)的好處1、2、3校外的好處1、2、3分項比較：交流：校內(nèi)好/方便：校外好經(jīng)濟：校內(nèi)好/環(huán)境：校外好安全：校內(nèi)好/情感：校外好總之，和校外比較，住校內(nèi)更好

比較對比句型TheadvantagesofBoutweighanybenefitwegainfrom(carrymoreweightthanthoseof/aremuchgreaterthan)A…Contrarytowidely(commonly/generally)acceptedbelief(ideas/views),Ibelievethat…Thereisabsolutely(infact)noreasonforustobelieve(accept/resist/reject)that…ConsiderablethoughtheadvantagesofAare,theycannotcompetewiththedisadvantagesthatAbrings/theadvantagesthatBbrings.

并列分類法

總論點分論點1：A方面B方面C方面分論點2：A方面B方面C方面分論點3：A方面B方面C方面一個企業(yè)是否應該盡一切可能賺取利潤？（想一想如何寫）對于企業(yè)來說，不利于企業(yè)誠信的建立、長遠的發(fā)展對于工人來說，福利得不到保障，安全得不到保證對于政府來說，稅收會有困難、商業(yè)秩序維護有困難便健經(jīng)交幸，成環(huán)品科國

建成科國幸，便品交環(huán)經(jīng)

成品建環(huán)經(jīng)，科友便幸國10、銜接手段連接詞、連接短語、連接句子Differentpeopleholddifferentperspectivesonthisissue.代詞語義粘連:十點了，我回家了。

寫作流程

審題→謀篇布局→細化→寫→檢查（≥2分鐘)托福滿分作文應考步驟1、審題區(qū)分是利弊、事實還是因果，找到相應的解題辦法；利弊：萬金由；事實：找事發(fā)原因；因果：另尋他因、另尋他果；注意題目中的絕對詞和細節(jié)詞，分析何為爭論焦點。2、簡要提綱各分論點如何安排？用何種論證結構？讓步論證還是絕對論證？最好先記下來，否則容易遺忘。3、文章開頭優(yōu)先嘗試簡單描述現(xiàn)象，引出話題；亦可重述原題；擺出雙方觀點的同時給出個人觀點；個人觀點要配合論證結構，中間段落一邊倒，則開頭觀點一邊倒；中間段落讓步，則開頭觀點用讓步句型。4、文章結尾結尾必須重述主題；結尾可以提出建議，也可以暢想未來；個人觀點要配合論證結構，中間段落一邊倒，則結尾觀點一邊倒；中間段落讓步，則結尾觀點用讓步句型；可以先寫完開頭結尾，再寫中間段落；開頭結尾總計100字左右為宜。5、支持段寫法主題句；支持句；舉例及細節(jié)；段內(nèi)小結；6、讓步段寫法主題句四種削弱方法；支持句；舉例及細節(jié)；對讓步內(nèi)容進行削弱和反駁。11、范文賞析三、語言潤色

Varietyisthespiceoflife.

1、重述語義

重述語意技巧（1）同義詞：發(fā)展：progress/development/advance學習知識：gain/obtain/accumulate/acquireknowledgelarge/big/massive/enormousannounced/claimed/declaredwishes/wants/hopes/expects/anticipatesbuild/establish/constructdisadvantages/drawbacks/weaknesses/defects/shortcomingsinfluence/impact/effectcommunity/neighborhoodsupport/favor/advocate/prefer（2）同根詞：development/developable/capable/ability/capability/enableoppose/opposition/objectto/objection

（3）短語替換Build/setupobjectto/beopposedto/argueagainst/voteagainstsupport/backup/arguefor/votefor/infavorof

（4）全新表達法AisimportanttoBAiscritical/vital/essential/significanttoBAisofgreatimportancetoBWithoutA,Bcannotsurvive/develop.AistoBWhatwateristofish.AcompanyhasannouncedthatItwishestobuildalargefactorynearthecommunity.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisnewinfluenceonyourcommunity.Doyousupportoropposethefactory?Explainyourposition.Acompanyhasannouncedthatitwilltobuildalargefactorynearthecommunity.Alargefactoryissupposedtobebuildnearthecommunityaccordingtotheannouncementissuedbyacompany.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisnewinfluenceonyourcommunity.Thereisagrowingawarenessofboththepositiveandnegativeinfluencesthatthenewconstructionplanbringstoourcommunity.2、語法注意事項從小學習藝術幫助孩子們展現(xiàn)內(nèi)心世界、表達感情。Learningartatayoungagehelpsthechildexpresshisemotions,byexposinghisinsidefeelings.Learningart,suchasdrawing,atayoungage,isbeneficialforthechildtoexposeinsidefeelingsandexpressemotions.run-onsentencesRun-onsentenceshappenwhenwejointwosentenceswithoutaconjunctionorthecorrectpunctuation.Mysisterlovetodancesheisverygoodatit.

Mysisterlovestodance,andsheisverygoodatit.Mysisterlovesdancingwhichsheisgoodat.Mysisterlovestodancebecausesheisverygoodatit.Mysisterlovestodance;sheisgoodatit.3、多樣表達

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