胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程筆記

1、1. Immediate Constituent Analysis (直接成分分析法 )immediateDefinitionIt may be defined as: the analysis of a sentence in terms of itsconstituents-wordgroups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzedinto theimmediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimateconstituents are reach

2、ed. However, for the sake of convenience, in practice weusually stop at the level of word. The immediate constituent analysis ofa sentencemay be carried out with brackets or with a tree diagram.直接成分分析法先把句子分析為直接成分 - 詞組(或短語) ，再把這些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，層層切分，直到最終成分為止。實際操作中，為了方便，通常切到詞為止。直接成分分析法可以用括弧或樹形圖表示。A

3、dvantages ：Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence maybe demonstrated clearly,ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.通過IC 分析法，句子的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)可以清晰地展示出來，如果有歧義，也會被揭示出來。Problems At the beginning, some advocatorsinsisted on binary divisions. Anyconstruction, at any level, will be cutinto two par

4、ts. But this is not alwayspossible.開始的時候， 一些提倡者堅持二元切分。 任何結(jié)構(gòu)體在任何層面都分為兩個部分。 但實際上并不總是如此。 Constructions with discontinuous constituents will posetechnical problems fortree diagrams in IC analysis. The most serious problem is that there are structuralambiguities which cannot be revealed by IC analysis.含有

5、不連續(xù)成分的結(jié)構(gòu)體會給 IC 分析法的樹形圖造成技術(shù)困難。 最嚴重的問題是有些結(jié)構(gòu)的歧義不能用 IC 分析法來揭示和分析。2. Deep structure &Surface structure (深層結(jié)構(gòu) & 表層結(jié)構(gòu) )Deep structure (深層結(jié)構(gòu) )The deep structure is the abstract representation of the syntactic properties ofa construction, i. e. the underlying level of structural relations between its

6、different constituents.深層結(jié)構(gòu)是對一個結(jié)構(gòu)體的句法屬性的抽象描述，即不同成分之間的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系的潛在層面。Surface structure表層結(jié)構(gòu)）of aof aThe surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic derivation construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization construction people actually produce and receive.表層結(jié)構(gòu)是結(jié)構(gòu)體句法派生過程的最后階

7、段，與人們實際發(fā)送、接受的結(jié)構(gòu)組織相符合。3. The functional approach/ The Prague School功能學(xué)派 / 布拉格語言學(xué)派）Functional sentence perspective (FSP)The functional sentence perspective (FSP) is a type of linguistic analysis associated with the Prague School which describes how information is distributed in sentences. FSP deals pa

8、rticularly with the effect of the distribution of known information and new information in discourse.Theme:The known information (known as theme), refers to information that is not known to the reader or listener.主位指“已知的信息或至少在給定的語境中明確的，話語起點前的信息。Rheme:The rheme refers to information that is new，it ca

9、n be regardedaswhat the speakerstates about, or in regard to, the starting point of the utterance”)（ 述位是指“說話者陳述的有關(guān)，或者涉及話語起點的內(nèi)容。distributionFSP differs from the traditional grammatical analysis of sentences because thebetween subject-predicate is not always the same as theme-rhemecontrast. .(1) Johns

10、at in the front seatSubjectpredicateThemerheme(2) In the front seat satJohn.PredicatesubjectThemerheme(3) The manis running.subjectPredicaterhemeThemeJohn is the grammatical subject in both sentences, but theme in (1) and rheme in (2).Communicative dynamism (CD) (交際動力)By CD Firbas means the extent t

11、o which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.”)Firbas 用交際動力表示“句子成分對交際發(fā)展所起作用的程度。1) Ideational function (概念功能 )It is one of the functions of language， which means that language serves for theexpression of “ content ”: that is, through the speaker's experience of

12、 the realworld, including the inner world of his own consciousness.( 語言的功能之一，指語言用來表達“內(nèi)容” ，即表達說話者的現(xiàn)實世界經(jīng)驗， 包括其自我意識的內(nèi)心世界。 )2) Interpersonal function(人際功能 )It is one of the functions of language, through which social groups are delimited,and individuals are identified and reinforced, since by enabling h

13、im to interactwith others language also serves in the expression and development of his ownpersonality.（語言的功能之一，指通過這種功能人們被劃分成社會群體，個人身份得到確認和加強，因為借助語言和其他人交往時，語言也使人的個性得到表達和發(fā)展。3) Textual function (語篇功能 ）It is one of the functions of language which enables the speaker or writer to construct “ text ”, or

14、connect passages of discourse that is situationally relevant;and enables them to distinguish a text from random set of sentences.（語言的功能之一，指語言那種使說話者或作者有能力構(gòu)造“語篇”或者跟語境相關(guān)的連續(xù) 話語并且使他們有能力把語篇和隨意的句子組合區(qū)分開來的能力。4. Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relationsSyntagmatic relation組合關(guān)系）Syntagmatic relation is a relation

15、between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present, such as the relation between weather andthe others in the following sentence:If the weather is nice, we'll go out.組合關(guān)系是指一個詞項和同一序列中的其他詞項之間的關(guān)系或者說是共現(xiàn)的所有成分之間的關(guān)系。）Paradigmatic relation(聚合關(guān)系 ）Paradigmatic vertical / c

16、hoice) relation is a relation between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.聚合關(guān)系或稱聯(lián)想關(guān)系，是指在結(jié)構(gòu)的某個位置彼此可以互相替換的成分之間的關(guān)系。向心結(jié)構(gòu) &離心結(jié)構(gòu) ）5. Endocentric and exocentric constructions(Endocentric construction向心結(jié)構(gòu)）It is o

17、ne whose distributionis functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. Typical endocentric constructions are noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases. They may be further divided into two subtypes: subordina

18、te and coordinate constructions.典型的向心結(jié)構(gòu)包括名詞短語、 動( 向心結(jié)構(gòu)包含一個作為整體結(jié)構(gòu)的中心或核心的成分，.)詞短語和形容詞短語?？梢詮慕Y(jié)構(gòu)上分為兩類：主從結(jié)構(gòu)和并列結(jié)構(gòu)Those, in which there is only one head, with the head being dominant and the other constructions dependent, are subordinate constructions.(凡是結(jié)構(gòu)中只有一個支配性主詞，其他成分是該主詞的修飾成分，這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)成為主從向 心結(jié)構(gòu) )In the coordinate construction, there are more than on